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Monede, castre şi schimburi comerciale în Peninsula Balcanică (sec. VI- începutul sec. VII)

Monede, castre şi schimburi comerciale în Peninsula Balcanică (sec. VI- începutul sec. VII)

Author(s): Florin Curta / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

The recent discussions surrounding the nature and character of the hilltop, fortified sites in the 6th- and early 7th-century Balkans have focused primarily on economic issues. Prominent in those discussions have been the rural character of the occupation of those forts, while over the last few years, the emphasis has shifted to the implications of the introduction in 536 of a new administrative unit called quaestura exercitus. It is therefore surprising that the numismatic evidence has so far played a minor role in those debates. Although there is by now a well-established tradition of studying 6th- and 7th-century coin hoards, single coins finds have received little, if any attention. This is partly because such finds have been almost exclusively used for the dating of various occupation or building phases, but a key element in understanding why single coins have been neglected is their poor publication—either without the necessary numismatic information (denomination and mint) or without the archaeological context.However, when examining the few cases in which coins with proper numismatic identification have been published together with a detailed description of the archaeological context in which they have been found, a number of features become clear, which can have a great significance for the discussion of the nature of the 6th-century forts in the Balkans.Monetary exchanges took place in the economic conditions set by the conspicuous absence of a local agricultural production and the heavy reliance on shipments of food and other goods by means of the annona, a system organized and monitored by the state.

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Comentarii asupra unor informaţii din Geografia şi Harta lui al-Idrīs

Comentarii asupra unor informaţii din Geografia şi Harta lui al-Idrīs

Author(s): Alexandru Madgearu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

The study discusses the previous Romanian contributions to the problem,many of them flawed by the perpetuation of some mistaken identifications, such as Disinafor Vicina. The present commentary is based on the latest translation of the source. The conclusion is that no place was recorded by the geographical treatise of al-Idrīsī in Dobrudja, except Dristra. Armkastrou was certainly somewhere on the Bulgarian shore, maybe at Kaliakra, not Enisala, as even up to recently it was maintained. Not even Chilia could be identified with Aqiliyya (which could be more probable Cetatea Albă). This ignorance about what we call now Dobrudja meant that the region was then out of the journeys made by the merchants, the informers of al-Idrīsī. In that time, the region was gravely depopulated and thus with no interest for trade. In the last part of the study are discussed the data about Cenad, Timişoara and another place which could be identified with Alba Iulia.

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Tehnici și metode constructive ale pavimentului de teracotă în epoca romană târzie în zona Dunării de Jos

Tehnici și metode constructive ale pavimentului de teracotă în epoca romană târzie în zona Dunării de Jos

Author(s): Ioana Iulia Manea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

The pavement of the terracota-tesserae was commonly used in the Roman Empire as a more lasting and less expensive alternative than the mosaic. The spaces with such pavement ranged from public spaces in baths to private spaces for receiving guests or gardens. The article presents the techniques and construction methods of pavement tile sand it is based on the study of such items from Troesmis kept in the collections of the Institute of Archaeology „Vasile Pârvan”, București.

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Un moule d’orfèvre de la période romano-byzantine découvert à la cité de Tropaeum Traiani (dèp. Constanta)

Un moule d’orfèvre de la période romano-byzantine découvert à la cité de Tropaeum Traiani (dèp. Constanta)

Author(s): Bartlomiej Sz. Szmoniewski / Language(s): French Issue: 50/2017

Le moule d’orfèvre qui fait l'objet de cet étude a été trouvé dans lafortification Tropaeum Traiani (1973), à l'interieur d’un édifice appartenant au niveau NVIA, daté à la fin du VIe siècle et le commencement du VIIe siècle.. Suivant les auteurs, les menues trouvailles faites à l'intérieur de cette construction suggèrent son appartenance à un bijoutier. Le moule de Tropaeum Traiani est une pièce unique dans les cités fortifiées de lapériode romano-byzantine en Dobroudja. Les moules d’orfèvre trouvés à Capidava,Aegyssus et a l’Argamum ne correspondent pas du point de vue du style à celui deTropaeum Traiani. Par rapport aux moules trouvés dans l’autres villes de l’Empire Byzantin (par exemple, Caričin Grad - Justiniana Prima en Serbie) les pièces de Dobroudja représentent des formes assez rustiques. Les moules en pierre datés de la période du VIe au VIIe siècle, avec les cavités analogues au moule de Tropaeum Traiani,sont connus en Europe centrale et occidentale, notamment sur les territoires des civilisations Praque et Pen'kovka. Les moules avec des pendentifs en forme de triangles sont aussi connus par plusieurs sites archéologiques de l’Europe du Nord-Est jusqu’au VIIIe – Xe siècles. Dans cette étude, en analysant ce moule trouvé à Tropaeum Traiani, l'auteur aessayé de démontrer que la problématique du contact entre Scythia Minor et le territoire entre le bassin du Dniestr moyen et du Dniepr moyen à l’aube du Moyen Âge est une question complexe et elle nécessite des recherches systématiques, menées en parallèle à une analyse des découvertes anciennes. La carte des découvertes (encore provisoire) confirmeles hypothèses antérieures à propos sur la concentration de ces objets dans les citésfortifiées de la période antique tardive et dans les environs de Dobroudja, associées aux Antes qui sont archéologiquement définies par la culture Pen’kovka.

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Cercetări arheologice la cetatea Carsium (Hârșova, jud. Constanța). Sectorul „Incinte nord”

Cercetări arheologice la cetatea Carsium (Hârșova, jud. Constanța). Sectorul „Incinte nord”

Author(s): Constantin Nicolae / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

In the campaign of 2008 carried on at Carsium there were achieved two trenches on the north side, in the area between the last enclosure and the Cetății street (Fig. 1). S1 was E-V oriented and it measured 15 m x 4 m (Fig. 2). There were recorded 17 archeological levels (Fig. 3). Most of them were formed as a result of the numerous restorations of the city in the ancient and medieval times. Every time deposits were rolled out from one place to another allowing new constructions to rise. Level 16 may represent the rest of a wall discovered also in sector „West Enclosures”. Two rests of walls from the east end of the trench show a great importance as their significance is unknown till these days (Fig. 4, 5). By their features the remains were a part of the ancient fortification. It is possible that the one of them to be connected with the discoveries from the „West Enclosures” sector. From this section were unearthed several materials that date back to roman times, roman-byzantine and medieval times also. S2 is N-V oriented and it measures 12 m x 2 m. It shows up the features of the large enclosure and allows to identify the linked elements with the west wall of the city that was analyzed in the latest campaigns. The stratigraphy presents great differences between the north and the south of the same enclosure (Fig. 6). In the southern area were discovered 5 levels that reveal the end of its functionality and its destruction in the 19th century. The enclosure preserved today is 2.60 m high and 2.2 m thick. As we can see, the northern side was truly affected by the outside facing (Fig. 7). The stratigraphy of the northern side is more complex (Fig.8). Here were recorded 10 levels, of which the most important is layer 2 (”Dridu” house), due to its direct connection to the demolished outside wall, thus representing a great chronological clue for dating the enclosure. The research had a great significance because it revealed that the ancient fortification, overlapped by modern dwellings, still follows an yet unknown route to the center of the actual city. In the same time, it could be observed that the great enclosure presents totally different features on its western and northern sides. According to our point of view, that still stands, the western side was integrated in the late restorations from Byzantine or Genovese epochs. The materials discovered during this research are typical for the Low Danube pottery categories.

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Cruci relicvar cu decor în relief descoperite la Pǎcuiul lui Soare (secolele X-XII)

Cruci relicvar cu decor în relief descoperite la Pǎcuiul lui Soare (secolele X-XII)

Author(s): Gheorghe Mănucu – Adameșteanu,Mihaela Mănucu – Adameșteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

Parmi l'inventaire archéologique, bien riche et diversifié, découvert à Păcuiul lui Soare, partiellement notifié en diverses publications, nous avons inventorié 30croix réliquaires pectorales (à décor en relief et gravé), dont quelques unes inédites. De cetotal, 20 exemplaires datent des Xe-XIIe siècles (plus précisement de la fin du Xe sièclejusqu’en 1122), tandis que les 10 autres sont à attribuer aux XIIIe-XIVe siècles (de lamoitié du XIIIe jusque à la seconde moitié du XIVe siècle). Notre étude est focalisée sur un ensemble choisi parmi la trentaine de croix réliquaires pectorales provenant de Păcuiul lui Soare: il s’agit de 14 réliquaires en bronze, que nous avons récensées dans les publications et, pour la plupart, vérifiées dans les collections des divers musées roumains. Le critère de cette séléction a été la technique dudécor (décor en relief). Les 14 exemplaires, dont on a dressé le catalogue, datent de lapériode médio-byzantine (971/972-1122). Ils ont été repartis, suivant leurs dimensions et l’conographie, en plusieurs catégories, chacune accompagnée de renvois à des analogies connues sur le territoire de la dép. Constanța: I. Croix réliquaires de petites dimensions (catalogue 1-7) I. A. Croix réliquaires à représentations classiques: sur l’avers l’image du Christ crucifié, sur le revers l’image de la Vièrge orante (catalogue 1-5) Cette catégorie compte les plus nombreuses découvertes dans la Dobroudja du Nord, dont on rappelle, à part les cinq réliquaires de Păcuiul lui Soare, les exemplaires provenant d’habitats situés au bord du Danube, tels que Capidava (une pièce), Hârşova (une pièce), Oltina – „Capu Dealului” (trois pièces), mais également en arrière-pays: Limanu (une pièce), Valu lui Traian (deux pièces). I. B. Croix réliquaires à représentations classiques et bustes (catalogue 6-7) C’est une catégorie plus rare parmi les découvertes de croix réliquaires rapportées jusqu’à présent en dep. Constanța: à côté des deux pièces enrégistrées à Păcuiul lui Soare, les seules analogies à mentionner sont à trouver à Capidava (un exemplaire) et Valu luiTraian (un exemplaire). II. Croix réliquaires de dimensions moyennes et grandes (catalogue 8-14) II. A. Croix réliquaires à représentations classiques: sur l’avers l’image du Christ crucifié, sur le revers l’image de la Vièrge orante (catalogue 8-9)Ce type de croix réliquaire pectorale résulte moins présent parmi les découvertes récensées, puisqu’aux deux pièces trouvées à Păcuiul lui Soare on peut ajouter seulementun exemplaire, entier, provenant de Capidava. II. B. Croix réliquaires à représentations classiques et bustes (catalogue 10-13) II. B. 1.Croix réliquaires à représentations classiques et bustes libres(catalogue 10-11) Suivant la documentation actuelle, c’est une catégorie assez bien représentée, caraux deux réliquaires inventoriés pour Păcuiul lui Soare on peut associer les découvertes semblables de Capidava (un exemplaire), Hârşova (un exemplaire) et Oltina – „CapuDealului” (deux exemplaires). II. B. 2. Croix réliquaires à représentations classiques et bustes enmédaillons (catalogue 12-13) Apparemment, ce groupe, constitué de deux pièces découvertes de Păcuiul lui Soare,ne trouve aucune analogie parmi l’ensemble des croix réliquaires provenant du dép.Constanța. L’étude des 14 croix réliquaires péctorales à décor en relief de Păcuiul lui Soare nousà permis d’y identifier de pièces dont on peut supposer une production régionale(Dobrudja), tel que l’exemplaire no. 14 de notre catalogue. L’analyse conjointe des découvertes provenant de Păcuiul lui Soare et de certains autres habitats de dép. Constanța nous a offert l’occasion d’y constater la présence descroix réliquaires péctorales en bronze à décor en relief à partir de la seconde moitié du Xe siècle jusqu’à la première moitié du XIIe siècle.

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Signet Rings with Mythical Creatures from Medieval Bulgaria

Signet Rings with Mythical Creatures from Medieval Bulgaria

Author(s): Stella Doncheva,Ivajlo Bunzelov / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2017

The subject of this article are several signet rings with mythological images found on the territory of medieval Bulgaria. They are dated back to the period of the Middle Ages (12th-14th centuries) and constitute one of the rarest category of monuments among the group of signet rings. Various mythological creatures are engraved on them – chimera, griffin, and dragon. Regarding the question about the place of manufacture of the rings, we cannot give a definite answer. Some of them were probably made in Constantinople while the others could be the products of local craftsmen. Recent studies have shown the existence of a well-organized and developed production of art metal in Bulgarian Middle Ages. Numerous examples of objects in various types have reached to our days. There are images of animals and mythical creatures on them which made entirely possible their local production.

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Deux notes sur les timbres thasiens de Callatis. I.Une nouvelle regravure de cachet sur un timbre thasien de Callatis. II.En marge d’un poster

Deux notes sur les timbres thasiens de Callatis. I.Une nouvelle regravure de cachet sur un timbre thasien de Callatis. II.En marge d’un poster

Author(s): Michel Debidour,Mihai Ionescu / Language(s): French Issue: 50/2017

On présente une regravure nouvelle qui vient d’être observée sur un timbre de Mangalia, l’antique Callatis, et on souligne combien il est important d’examiner avec soin toutes les trouvailles afin de repérer ces nouveautés qui, à partir d’un timbre isolé, peuvent changer beaucoup la reconstitution chronologique. Suivent des observations en marge d’un poster concernant les découvertes récentes de matériaux amphoriques à Callatis et dans son territoire et un catalogue des timbres thasiens (19 exemplaires).

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A Note on a Fragmentary List of Names from Noviodunum

A Note on a Fragmentary List of Names from Noviodunum

Author(s): Florin Topoleanu,Mihail Zahariade / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2017

The fragment of inscription found at Noviodunum (Isaccea) contains the names of five individuals. They hold each two names suggesting their initial peregrin origin. Given the importance of the find place and especially the position of Noviodunum as the headquarters of the Moesian Fleet (Classis Flavia Moesica), the five men must be considered most likely discharged classici from the same unit, apparently in the same headquarters. The piece may be part of a longer list of veterans from the fleet written up and exposed on the occasion of the discharge of a contingent likely in late 2 nd or early 3rd century.

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L’établissement d’Acic-Suat (commune de Baia, département de Tulcea). Méthodologie d’une enquête pluridisciplinaire

L’établissement d’Acic-Suat (commune de Baia, département de Tulcea). Méthodologie d’une enquête pluridisciplinaire

Author(s): Alexandre Baralis,Vasilica Lungu,Pierre Dupont,Maguelone Bastide,Guenaëlle Bony,Gabriel Caraire,Anthony Comfort,René Delfieu,Max Guy,Thomas Jubeau,David Kaniewski,Pascal Lebouteiller,Elena Marinova-Wolff,Blandine Montagne-Perruchon,Christophe Morhange,Alina Musat-Streinu,Tzvetana Popova,Mihai Petrescu,Ingrid Rossignol,Ivanka Slavova,Marius Streinu,Myriam Sternberg / Language(s): French Issue: 50/2017

Fondé sur les rives méridionales de la lagune de Goloviţa, l’établissement grec d’Acic Suat se développe dès le second quart du VIe s. av. J.-C. sur une péninsule disposée à l’entrée du golfe de Baia. Distinct des vestiges identifiés au XIXe s. par K. F. Peters, ce site peut correspondre, par sa chronologie et sa localisation, à celui désigné sous le nom de « Caraburun » dans les études consacrées au territoire d’Istros. Depuis 2011, la mission archéologique franco-roumaine à Orgamè a déployé autour de cet établissement un programme de recherche pluridisciplinaire qui permet désormais d’en esquisser la trajectoire historique, tout comme les contours. L’objet de cet article n’est pas tant de détailler l’ensemble des résultats obtenus que de présenter la méthodologie employée, laquelle offre une approche globale sur cette communauté coloniale installée à mi-chemin entre Orgamè et Istros.

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DNA Analysis of Two Sarmatian Funerary Contexts From Eastern Romania

DNA Analysis of Two Sarmatian Funerary Contexts From Eastern Romania

Author(s): Neculai Bolohan,Dragoș – Lucian Gorgan,Mitică Ciorpac,Florica Mățău / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2017

The aim of this study was to analyse the ancient DNA and their correspondent haplogroups, presenting also the first genetic results on bone samples selected from two funerary contexts assigned to the Sarmatian communities identified in Eastern Romania. The archaeological sites are located on the terraces integrated in the Jijia and Prut river basins, in the Vorniceni village (Vorniceni commune, Botoșani county) and Isaiia village (Răducăneni commune, Iași county) and were largely attributed based, mainly, on the grave goods, to the Sarmatian populations. The ancient DNA analysis performed on bone samples assigned to the Sarmatian population offered us the possibility to infer the ancient human population admixtures from Eastern Romania using amtDNA isolated from bone remains.

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Restaurarea unei amfore de masă de tip pergamenian

Restaurarea unei amfore de masă de tip pergamenian

Author(s): Valentina Luiza Ionescu,Octavian Mitroi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

In this article, the restauration process of a <<Pergamene>> - type table amphora is presented. The artefact was discovered in a cremation tomb containing many grave goods, uncovered during rescue archaeological excavations which took place in Constanţa, nr. 21 A, I. G. Duca Boulevard. The vessel, dating from the 2nd century BC,has a West Slope-style decoration and was made, most probably, in a workshop from the west coast of the Black Sea. Due to the recovery of most of the vessel’s fragments, the restauration process was not difficult. On the restauration flow, following the washing of the shards and their chemical treatment with citric acid, the conservation, assembly and reconstruction of the artifact in its original shape processes ensued. This artifact is now in a good state of preservation. Along with the description of the stages of restauration, a certificate of clay analysis is presented in this article.

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Despre comunitățile greco-autohtone din zona centrală și sud-vestică a Dobrogei în perioada elenistică. Evidențele arheologice și monetare

Despre comunitățile greco-autohtone din zona centrală și sud-vestică a Dobrogei în perioada elenistică. Evidențele arheologice și monetare

Author(s): Gabriel Mircea Talmaţchi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

An older desire of the author is the research of the pre-Roman vestiges from the territories of some well-known Roman fortresses in the late Roman period located in the center area (especially in the central-southern area) of the Dobrudjan Pontic province. This time, we analyze old and new discoveries from within late Roman centers such as Ulmetum (Pantelimonu de Sus, Constanţa County) and from Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi, Constanţa County), respectively of the immediate or relatively close surroundings. In addition to resuming the study of all previous information on the inventory of the pre-Roman archeological and numismatic results at each point, are presented new pre-Roman monetary discoveries (33 ex.). Those from the late fortifications were found in secondary positions, in chronological contexts long after their beaten and circulation period. Some, from outside the area of these cities, are isolated discoveries as a result after some surface research, and others can be considered as monetary deposits (Adamclisi 2/point Ispanaru and Șipote). In the order of the number of discovered pieces we enumerate the following issuing centers: Callatis (18 ex.), Histria (6 ex.), Tomis (3ex.), Dionysopolis (1 ex.), Olbia (1 ex.), Chersones (1 ex.), Phanagoria (1 ex.), Macedonia(1 ex.) and an unassigned piece (1 ex.). In addition to the observations on the monetary circulation and penetration of the specific parts of the mentioned centers, there are discussed a series of issues regarding the issuing of some monetary types in the callatian mint in Hellenistic period (types Dionysus/wreath and Apollo/tripod). All these findings are of particular importance for surprising the promoted economic and commercial directions on one side by Histria in the central dobrudjan area in the period of 6th-3rdcentury B.C. and on the other side by Callatis in the south and south-west of the Istro-Pontic area, especially in the second part of the Hellenistic period.

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Inscriptions   de   Scythie   Mineure   VolumeIV   Tropaeum-Durostorum-AxiopolisRecueillies,   traduites   et   acompagnées   de   commentaires   et   d’index   par   Emilian   Popescu, Editura Academiei Române, Editura Basilica.

Inscriptions de Scythie Mineure VolumeIV Tropaeum-Durostorum-AxiopolisRecueillies, traduites et acompagnées de commentaires et d’index par Emilian Popescu, Editura Academiei Române, Editura Basilica.

Author(s): Maria Bărbulescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

This review brings to the fore the national collection destined for the ancient inscriptions from Dacia and Scythia Minor, founded by D.M. Pippidi and I.I. Russu with May well over four decades ago, it has recently been enriched with vol. IV of the second series, Inscriptions de Scythie Mineure Tropaeum-Durostorum-Axiopolis, composed by Em. Popescu. The volume includes the epigraphic pieces discovered on the limes Danube, between Durostorum (to the S) and Axiopolis, Seimeni (to the N); inside Scythia Minor, in the established space conventionally as forming the western boundary of the territories the West Pontic Greek cities of Tomis and Callatis; are thus presented well-known urban centers as well Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi), Durostorum (Silistra), Sucidava (Springs), Altinum (Oltina), Sacidava (Muzait- Danube), Axiopolis (Hinog-Cernavoda) and of course, the discoveries from the them. The inscriptions, mostly Latin and less Greek, date back to majority from the sec. II - III AD, but also from the sec. IV-VI, thus completing the series previously published volumes, ISM I-III, V, signed by D.M. Pippidi, I. Stoian, A. Avram and Emilia Doruţiu-Boilă, completed by the volume due to the present author, Greek and Latin inscriptions from the 15th century IV-XIII discovered in Romania, Bucharest, 1976 and of later pieces, published in various publications.

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DAN   DANA,   Onomasticon   Thracicum   (OnomThrac).   Répertoire   des   noms   indigènes  de  Thrace,  Macédoine  Orientale,  Mésies,  Dacie  et  Bithynie, CLVIII+ 459 p., Mélétèmata 70, Athènes, 2014.

DAN DANA, Onomasticon Thracicum (OnomThrac). Répertoire des noms indigènes de Thrace, Macédoine Orientale, Mésies, Dacie et Bithynie, CLVIII+ 459 p., Mélétèmata 70, Athènes, 2014.

Author(s): Livia Buzoianu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

This review presents the onomastic documentation that is represented on geographical spaces and wider cultural sequences: the Mediterranean world, the northern tip, the Roman Empire, the late antiquity. Important observations are circulating on the mobility of Thracians in the Mediterranean world, their presence as a non-native element in the area north-Pontic, although the Thracian origin of the Spartokis is very probable; presentThracians and Dacians in the Roman army and the special contribution of information due military diplomas; the end or eventual transformation of thrace onomastics. (due to demographic changes) in late antiquity. Important sources in the construction of the onomastic repertoire were also the papyri and the oyster from Egyptas well as numismatic documents.

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Zonguldak’  ta  bir  antik  kent:  Tios  /  An  Ancient  City  in  Zonguldak:  Tios,  ed.  by  Sümer  Atasoy  &  Şahin  Yldirim,  Ankara  2015,  575 p;

Zonguldak’ ta bir antik kent: Tios / An Ancient City in Zonguldak: Tios, ed. by Sümer Atasoy & Şahin Yldirim, Ankara 2015, 575 p;

Author(s): Victor Cojocaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

The article highlights on the preliminary results of the field research carried out between 2006 and 2012 in the only ancient urban settlement on the South Pontic coast that did not overlap subsequent housing. The brief presentation we propose below is it is mainly based on the English summaries that preface each contribution in Turkish from the content of the paper.

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Un cuptor de uz meşteşugăresc descoperit în apropierea zidului de incintă roman târziu al Tomisului

Un cuptor de uz meşteşugăresc descoperit în apropierea zidului de incintă roman târziu al Tomisului

Author(s): Octavian Mitroi,Liviu Lungu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 48-49/2015

In this paper, we would like to point out the presence of a craftsman’s kiln situated at the crossroads between Ferdinand Boulevard and General Manu Street in Constantza, right next to the Tomis city’s Late‐Roman defensive wall. This archaeological complex was discovered and partly investigated during the public interest works in October 2013.

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Cercetări arheologice în aria funerară callatiană

Cercetări arheologice în aria funerară callatiană

Author(s): Laurențiu Radu,Mădălina Ungureanu,Corina Radu-Iorguş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 48-49/2015

The article presents the results of a small‐scale archaeological research made in the ancient city of Callatis’ necropolis, when an incineration tomb from the 2nd century AD and 11 inhumation tombs from the Roman‐Byzantine era were discovered.The location of these tombs is related to the already known three cores of the necropolis from the 4th – 6th centuries AD.

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THE OLDEST CLAY TOBACCO PIPES FROM VILNIUS, LITHUANIA: THE INTERPRETATION OF ORIGIN, CHRONOLOGY AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

Author(s): Atas Žvirblys / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Since the late 16th – early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch – the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.

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Development of Soviet Lithuania’s Urban Conservation System in the Baltic Context
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Development of Soviet Lithuania’s Urban Conservation System in the Baltic Context

Author(s): Viltė Janušauskaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04/2021

Systematic urban heritage conservation in Soviet Lithuania began in 1956, when the Vilnius Old Town reconstruction project was launched. Similar issues were being dealt with in the Soviet Estonian and Latvian Republics as well. By the mid1970s urban conservation systems in Lithuania and Estonia had developed, while in Latvia a complex, functioning system was never established. While most of the previous studies were limited to one particular country, this article analyses the development of an urban heritage protection system in Soviet Lithuania in the contexts of other Baltic countries by comparing urban conservation processes, influences and revealing similarities and differences. Comparative analysis is particularly relevant, considering the long-term testimonials regarding Lithuania’s and Estonia’s heritage protection systems’ exceptionality and level of advancement, as well as their correspondence with relevant international trends.

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