Фрагментация в археологии: собирая по кусочкам

Author(s): John Chapman,Bisserka Gaydarska / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

One important aspect of prehistoric material culture is its deliberate fragmentation and the re-use of the resulting fragments in other ways. The multiple possible causes of object and body fragmentation are considered and the intentional route is theorised. Underlying all recent fragmentation research is the ‘Fragmentation Premise’ — which is fully discussed here. A number of examples of deliberate fragmentation and later re-use is presented here, concentrating on material from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age of Central and Eastern Europe. Materials to be studied here include ceramics, fired clay figurines, Spondylus shell ornaments and the human body. A final discussion explores the advances made in fragmentation research over the past 15 years and identifies challenges for future research.

Фрагменты серебряных окладов богослужебных предметов из раскопок Большого Шепетовского городища

Author(s): Anna A. Peskova,Aleksandra Yu. Kononovich / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Fragments of plates of silver frames of liturgical objects with minted floral ornaments were found in the collection of archaeological materials stored in the State Hermitage Museum and among those originating from the excavations of the Large fortified settlement near Shepetоvka (second half of the 12th — first half of the 13th centuries). They differed stylistically and used to decorate once different objects. It was possible to reconstruct a large procession cross with a lush floral ornament and distinguish two crowns from the decoration of an icon, executed less luxuriantly, possibly by another master. The design and stylistic features of the cross find parallels among the Byzantine procession crosses of the 11th—12th centuries, covered with silver frames. At the same time, the reconstructed cross has significant differences, which allows it to be attributed to the first similar works of the ancient Russian masters of the 12th century (?) who followed Byzantine tradition.

Фракийцы в Нижнем Поднепровье

Author(s): N. A. Gavriliuk / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2009

The author studies some archival and fund evidence of post-Scythian settlements and forts. They serve as a basis for a more precise dating of the Thracian complexes in the Lower Dnieper basin. The time span of the Thracian horizon on this settlement is narrowed down to 3rd – early 2nd cc. BC. The life time of the Thracian complexes is limited to 2nd c. BC. The author has widened the list of features of the Thracian culture. Besides the handmade polished pottery described by M.I. Vyazmitina, another feature of the Thracian presence can be square houses with clay walls, sometimes placed on stone foundation, with open hearths, clay oval home altars and big vessels planted in the floor. Localization of Thracian sites has been established (or places of compact settlement of Thracian or related population) on the Zolotaya Balka settlement. Thracian complexes are concentrated in the northern part of the Zolotaya Balka settlement (northern settlement) and on the K section 500-600 m south of it – in the southern part of the Zolotaya Balka on the territory of Gavrilovka fort – in the northern part of the acropolis. The article also defines some buildings on the territory of Annovka, Velikaya Lepetiha and Znamenskoe forts. Thracians of the Lower Dnieper are identified with the known Thracian tribes. The analysis suggests that the population of the Thracian villages in terms of their material culture were closest to the tribes that left Poieneshti-Lucasheuca culture, rather than to the southern Thracian tribes. Material and spiritual culture of the populations of these forts, in their early stages, was dominated not only by Scythian traditions, but also by Thracian ones. The Thracian population appeared in the Lower Dnieper basin not after the Getian invasion but at least a hundred years earlier.

Фрако-гетские древности в южной лесостепи Среднего Днестра (культурно-хронологическая систематизация материалов из раскопок второй половины ХХ века)

Author(s): Maia T. Kaşuba,Vasile Haheu,Oleg Leviţki / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2002

The topicality of publishing the old archaeological collections of the period of the middle of I mil. BC is not only designed for the replenishment of the sources, but also, what is more important, for working out in detail the cultural and historical situation. Moreover, it is topical, since such important issues like the cultural genesis, the chronology and the division into periods have not been finalized or solved for the history of the Thraco-Getians and the historical fate of the bearers of this culture is not completely clear despite the fact that about five hundred Thracian-Getian sites are known by now and the appropriate bibliography is very abundant. It was not occasional, that the authors chose the territory of the Carpathian-Dniester area. For many years the Carpathian-Dniester area served as a contact zone, which was characterized by a particular dynamic development of its ethnic, cultural and social processes. It was the Middle Dniester area, which served during the first half of I mil. BC as a kind of cultural and genetic center, whose impulses were imperative for the cultural development of the forest-steppe regions of the Dnieper-Dniester-Prut interfluves.The research history of the Thracian-Getian sites of this area begins from the middle 40-s of XX century. There are three main research stages, whose turns are marked by important developments.81 Thracian-Getian sites are known in this area. Excavations were carried out in eight of them during various periods, but the materials were published in a very summarized form and did not become subject of specific studies. From the cultural-chronological viewpoint, the sites differ in their composition. Many layers represent all the sites. Bearing in mind the period, we are interested in, namely, the second half of the VII to the III centuries BC. From the viewpoint of the material culture (first of all the ceramic artifacts), all the historical periods (the final stage of the Basarabi-Sholdanesti culture, the early Getian and the Getian cultures) are represented by a number of various horizons.Proceeding from the above, one can conclude that it was this zone of the Middle Dniester area that played a particular role in the cultural transformations from this area during the Late Hallstatt time (the middle of the VII-VI centuries BC), it explains why the new, namely, Early Getian culture emerged from this period.Further on, the V century BC is represented by the appropriate horizon on the majority of the sites within this micro-zone. And finally, the classic period of the Getian culture is widely represented both for the micro-zone of the Middle Dniester area and for the entire Getian world.

Функции археологической теории

Author(s): Leo S. Klejn / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/1999

Is archaeological theory necessary? The answer is expected from the theoretical archaeology. Strange as it is, works devoted to this issue are nearly absent in archaeological literature. In this article various stages of full empirical archaeological inquiry are considered in order to detect whether in each of them archaeological theory plays any role, and if it does, which namely. There are the following functions analysed: 1) identificative; 2) integrative; 3) selective; 4) descriptive; 5) systematising; 6) explanative; 7) predictive; 8) instrumental; 9) heuristic; 10) controlling; 11) synthesising; 12) enlightening. Every of them is connected with difficulties, especially the explanative and predictive functions. So the sections devoted to these two functions are entitled not simply with the designation of the function but as «The problem of explanative function» or «The problem of predictive function». Properly speaking the explanative functions is expressed in archaeology as interpretative one (not in the sense which this word has in hermeneutics but rather which it has in translation practice). The predictive function (some theorists speak on retrodiction instead of prediction in archaeology) is expressed as reconstructive one.

Хазаро-русско-византийские отношения в середине Х в. и Крымская Хазария

Author(s): Vadim V. Maiko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2000

The middle of X c. in Crimea saw appearance of a new material culture with no genetic basis in previous Old Bolgarian antiquities of the peninsula. Most of the settlements of Crimean variant of Saltovo-Majaki culture perishes or is deserted; instead, material finds, new for Tavtica, are fixed in stratigrafical sections of the sites. At the same time, these new cultures have a number of features inherent to early medieval Turk cultures of East Europe and Northern Caucasus. Its last occurrence on the peninsula is connected with migration of the North Caucasus Turks to Crimea after the campaign of 941 under leadership of Pesach. It is described in Cambridge Anonim. This culture of the second half of X — begining of the XI c. appears to be an archaeological equivalent of Crimean Khazaria of the second half of X c. Karl von der Lohe. The Cemetery Skalistoe in Crimea and Early Phases in the Ethnic Genesis of Crimean Goths (Late IV – Early VI cc.) The article analyses finds on the site of cemetery in Skalistoe belonging to the epoch of the Great Migrations. The site is situated in Crimea, 20 km south-west of Simferopol. Owing to its continuous existence from late IV to early VIII c., as well as to the well expressed grouping of burials, this cemetery offers a unique possibility to reconstruct structural changes in the ethnic composition of Crimean population. The author considers its geographical situation and available records, the state of the matters in building Crimean chronology for the time of the Great Migrations and early Middle Ages, researches horizontal stratigraphy of the cemetery, distinguishes 4 phases of its development and provides their ethnic interpretation. The researcher makes a conclusion that the foundation of the cemetery in Skalistoe is due to two different ethnics – Sarmatians and Goths. Its further development, however, shows the process of unification of these two peoples, which is manifested in formation of a unified culture, both material and spiritual, including religious beliefs.

Характеристики на средновековните ислямски затвори на остров Сицилия (IX – XI век)

Author(s): Desislava Vladimirova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

The medieval prisons are part of the Islamic governing system as in the Near East as in the Magreb. The sources about their organization and working methods are rare and straggling. Whatever, medieval Islamic prisons deserve an attention because they are connected with the general institutional environment in the Islamic lands. This article surveys the Islamic prisons in Sicily in the period 9th-11th century. It begins with a review of the emergence of the first Islamic prisons. This information serves as both forming initial impressions and a basis of the subsequent analysis. An important contribution of the article is the collected information from different by language, type and time historical sources. Their careful readings, coupled with a compare analysis, allow us to draw conclusions about the characteristics and location of the medieval Sicilian prisons. Comparison with the prisons in the other Islamic lands over the same historical period shows us common features. This makes it possible to conclude that the penal institutions on the island follow and work on a well-established model.

Харпократ в Тракия през Гръко-римската епоха

Author(s): Vessela Atanassova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 25/2020

When Ptolemy I became ruler of Egypt (306 BC), he continued to have interests in Thrace and Asia Minor where Lysimachus, its ruler, married his daughter Arsinoe II. Most likely, their wedding was fixed with certain benefits, which led to the permanent presence of the Ptolemy in Southern Thrace. In fact, the whole 3rd century was marked by the presence of the Ptolemies in Thrace. This for sure, but also for some other unclear reasons facilitated the spreading of the Egyptian cults in that region. Several Egyptian deities, mainly Isis and Sarapis, but some other deities in relation with them, were found on various documents attesting their presence in Thrace from the Hellenistic period to the end of the Roman Era. Harpocrates, the presumed son of Isis and Sarapis in Greco-roman period, was one of those deities. Unlike his divine parents, he was a synnaos theos and his cult spread on a different manner. According to the monuments he was more likely worshiped because of his qualities as savior god and his magical competences. The study will examine the existing documentation and will discuss the mechanisms of spreading of the Harpocrates cult in Ancient Thrace from the Hellenistic period onward.

Хачкари – самобутні пам’ятники вірменського народу

Author(s): Kateryna Dannyk / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 9/2017

Purpose of Research. The research is devoted to the characterization stone- carving art of Armenians, to revealing its sources, existence of cross-stones features on the indigenous territories and in Ukraine. Methodology. The research methodology had been conducted historical and comparative analysis of Armenian monuments of sacred art from antiquity to the present day. To collect initial information on the cross-stones method the author has used interviews and questionnaires of spiritual leaders of Armenian churches in different regions of Ukraine. Scientific Novelty. The first time in Ukraine the author has examined, systematized and described modern Khachkars. Conclusions. The author has made the following conclusions. Khachkars played an important role in the Christianization of Armenia. The historical stages of typological cross stones were researched. The author is the first who has documented all known sanctified Khachkars (except gravestones), which are in Ukraine since independence. The author has proved that in Ukraine the sacred art cross stones are widely represented and they deserves further scientific analysis in the context of the phenomena and processes of inter-cultural interaction.

Хедебю/Шлезвиг в «Саге о Кнютлингах»

Author(s): Tatjana N. Jackson / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2018

The article addresses Hedeby, described in the Icelandic Knýtlinga saga presenting the history of Denmark from the 10th to mid-13th century, a (proto)town which could be defined by a term coined by V. A. Bulkin and G. S. Lebedev as an “unprotected trade and crafts settlement”. Hedeby was the most important Danish trade and crafts center of the Viking Age, located on a trade route connecting the Baltic and North Seas in the narrowest part of Jutland. However, turn of the 10th—11th centuries was crucial in its history: its coinage ceased in late 10th century, last building activities on the site date to 1020s, according to dendrochronological data; Hedeby was destroyed by Harald the Hard Ruler ca. 1050, and then, in 1066, it was ruined by West Slavic forces. Functions of the commercial and administrative center gradually shifted to Schleswig, which arose on the northern shore of the Schlei Bay. However, the author of Knýtlinga saga (mid-13th century) does not mention Schleswig but calls the place Hedeby. The fact that the bishopric founded in Schleswig in 948 is called “the episcopal chair in Hedeby” could be explained by the fact that the saga retained its original name. But in case of Schleswig duchy, which arose in the early 12th century, being called by the saga’s author the “duchy of Hedeby”, this argument does not work at all. Rather, the fact is that the traditional character of geographical ideas of the sagas was in conflict with historical and geographical reality that was changing in time.

Хенриета Тодорова (25.02.1933–12.04.2015 г.)

Author(s): Maria Gurova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2015

Химико-технологично изследване на монета (фалшификат на златна номизма тетартерон) от Плиска

Author(s): Plamen Bonev,Valeri Grigorov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2013

A fake coin found during excavations in Pliska was analyzed in the Laboratory for analyses, conservation and restoration in NIAM-BAS, Sofia in order to establish its chemical content. The coin was discovered within the levelling stratum that overlays a building burnt in the 30s – 40s of XI century. The coin is a fake of a nomisma tetarteron of Basil II (976-1025) – Constantinople, type F (1005-1025). Chemical technological analysis shows that the coin has a copper-tin core, an intermediate silver-lead layer and a gold-plated upper layer. The core alloy consists of at least two major components – copper (Cu) – around or above 75% and tin (Sn) – not more than 12%, as well as eventually silver (Ag) – up to 15%. The silver-lead layer has several percents of lead. The gold in the upper layer is at least 60% on the obverse and at least 78% on reverse. The amount of mercury is 4% on the obverse and 8% on the reverse and it is a clear indication for ‘mercury gilding’. The difference in the quantity of gold and the accompanying elements in the two sides of the foil suggests that the gilding took place in stages and at separate episodes for the two sides, resulting in different thickness of the upper layer.

Химический состав изделий из цветных металлов с золотоордынских поселений северных районов Нижнего Поволжья

Author(s): Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2018

Earlier published and not published results of analyses of the chemical composition of wares from the non-ferrous metals occurring from the Golden Horde settlements of the central part of the Saratov region dated by the second half of the 13th—14th centuries were generalized in the article. The description of the chemical composition of wares is given for the groups distinguished by their functional purpose. The studied Golden Horde wares were compared by types of alloys with the materials of Novgorod of 13th—14th centuries. The materials of the Hmelevskoe I settlement (town) are the closest to Novgorod by composition of alloys, slightly farther are the materials of rural settlements of Ulus Jochi. Among the Golden Horde wares in general, in comparison with the Novgorod materials, it is much less made of lead-tin bronzes and much more from tin bronzes; it is slightly less brass objects in our materials, it is more wares from multicomponent alloys (copper, tin, zinc and lead) and ‘pure’ lead, and wares from ‘pure’ tin are absent at all. In the materials of Pskov of 13th—14th centuries, in comparison with ours, there are much fewer wares from ‘pure’ copper, and many more objects (even in comparison with the Novgorod materials) from brass and multicomponent alloys, with prevalence of zinc. These data allow the possibility of import of brass to the territory of the Golden Horde, as well as to Old Rus, from Western Europe, perhaps, through the Baltic region.

Химический состав металла нательных крестов из поселений Устье 2, 3 на Куликовом поле

Author(s): Mikhail I. Gonyanyi,Tatiana G. Saracheva / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

A study of chemical composition of metal used in 16 breast crosses found in Ustye 2,3 settlements (Kimovsky district of the Tula Oblast) helped to identify different types of copper-base alloys. It was found that the tin-lead bronze, typical for the non-ferrous metalworking of this territory in the 12th — first half of the 13th century, was still in use in production of crosses during the Golden Horde time. A breast cross of the 17th century was made from a different raw material — multicomponent bronze containing zinc. The sample included well-known and rarely found types of crosses. Planygraphic analysis of finds showed that Ustye 2, 3 settlements stand out among other sites of the Upper Don area by concentration of crosses.

Химический состав стекла Болгара и Сувара

Author(s): Svetlana I. Valiulina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2016

The article presents the results of the analysis of a representative series of glass products from Bolgar, reflecting all the stages of the history of Bolgar (10th —15th centuries) and Suvar (10th —12th centuries). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used as the main method. Excavation materials (mainly of recent years) made up an analytical sample. The article analyzes the most representative in both cities chemical type (sodium ash glass), which corresponds to Islamic glassmaking tradition, as well as the chemical composition of some special products from Bolgar, complementing broad international relations of Bolgar and the state of Volga Bulgaria. Data on the chemical composition of products (from the decorations of the Viking Age and early Islamic vessels to the Middle Eastern products with gold and enamel painting of the 13th —14th centuries and products of the glassmaking workshop in Bolgar), supported by historical interpretations and a wide range of parallels, allowed to identify the role of Bolgar and Suvar in the system of the medieval glassmaking. Priority was given to the materials of the Golden Horde period.

Хора Борисфена, Ольвии, Нимфея и Гермонассы: опыт сравнительного анализа

Author(s): Sergei L. Solovyov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2004

The article treats the issue of four important polises in the Northern Black Sea area: Borysthenes, Olbia, Nymphaeum and Germonassa, founded by natives of Miletus and, possibly, of other Ionian towns, and therefore culturally and ethnically homogenous. They all are classical colonies founded by the first wave of Greek settlers; they all played important roles of economic, political and religious centers of their regions. Each of these polises has been systematically researched for a very long time. The comparative analysis showed that the early stages of existence of these regions marked significant differences in what concerns the nature and ways of development of the rural neighborhood of the Greek urban centers. It is also obvious that the reason behind such differences are to be found in the structure of the local population around these Greek polises, namely in its economic, cultural and demographic characteristics. Later on, with enhanced social and economic basis of the Greek colonies in coastal Scythia and in connection with the enhanced domination of the steppe Scythians in hinterland, increasing influence upon formation of the ancient rural areas in the Northern Black Sea region had the military-political factor of relations, not only between the Greek and the local ethno-political unions but also between the ancient states themselves.

Хора Ольвии (дополнения к этнокультурной характеристике сельскохозяйственной территории полиса)

Author(s): Konstantin K. Marchenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2013

This monograph presents an original view on the problem of the “inner“ Greek Colonization of one of the earliest “border“ regions from the North-Western Pontic Area — Lower Bug region — in the Scythian time. The main result of the research is the possibility to give an expanded characterization of some newly discovered agrarian settlements in the Chora of Olbia, which are of Scythian and Greek origin (6th — first third of the 3rd century BC). The emergence and existence of these settlements in the agrarian neighbourhood of Olbia is directly linked to the history and culture of the Polis itself. Nevertheless, we should not regard this relationship between Olbia and its Chora as a singular and exclusive binding force, although all the political and economical efforts of the Greek colonists were directed towards establishing such a relationship. One of the arguments in this sense is the foundation by the Greeks already in the Late Archaic period of a local and, possible, sacral centre on the northern outskirts of the Chora — Staraia Bogdanovka 2. Yet, at the same time, another populated locality — Kutzurub I — emerges in the south, with material culture quite different from the Greek one. The efforts of the Greek colonists towards establishing a solid base for the functioning of the state is traced also in the Classical period of the Chora’s occupation. But even at that time their possibilities were quite modest — a fact, reflected in the historical fate and the peculiarity of the cultural remains from the Kozyrka 12 site.

Хорезмский дирхем из Северо-Восточной Болгарии

Author(s): Lăchezar Lazarov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2000

The publication is the first scientific research of the rarest coin found in North-Eastern Bulgaria – a dirham minted in Khorezm in 1367-1368. The author makes a link between its penetration into the lands so remote from the Middle Asia with migration of some groups of the declining Golden Horde to the Danube.

Хотынецкая агломерация скифского культурного круга и ее значение для интерпретации культурных связей раннего железного века на пограничье Центральной и Восточной Европы

Author(s): Sylwester Czopek,Katarzyna Trybała-Zawiślak,Tomasz Tokarczyk / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2020

The article presents the results of the latest discoveries that have been made in recent years in south-eastern Poland. In the vicinity of the town of Chotyniec (6 km away from the current Polish-Ukrainian border), a cluster of the early Iron Age sites was identified. It can be associated with the forest-steppe variant of the Scythian cultural circle. Its central part is a hillfort (Chotyniec 1), where the so-called “zolnik” (cult area) was excavated. It contained interesting material — bronze arrow heads and pins, fragments of golden objects, fragments of Greek wine amphorae and a large series of hand made ceramics, analogous to those found in many forest-steppe groups from 7th—5th century BC. The hillfort is surrounded with settlement sites with the same set of objects. This interesting cluster was identified as the Chotyniec agglomeration. It is a new, the farthest north-western enclave of the Scythian world. The article contains a preliminary assessment of discoveries in the context of territorial and chronological relations with other cultural groupings of the early Iron Age.

Храм „Св. Пророк Илия", с. Беласица (Елешница), Петричко

Author(s): Vladimir Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

The paper focuses on a monument painted by the Minovs family of iconographers in the National Revival period. I came across it after publishing my study on the heritage of this family of icon-painters. The church is located in the village of Belasitsa (Eleshnitsa) in the region of Petrich and is dedicated to the Holy Prophet Elijah. The text presents the murals and the icons at the church.