Фибулы Тарасовского могильника на Средней Каме (III—V вв.)

Author(s): Rimma D. Goldina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2019

A 1st—5th centuries Tarasovo burial ground located on the Middle Kama River is the largest among the Finno-Ugric sites in Eurasia. Its 1,880 burials with 2,096 buried and over 37,000 artifacts were excavated and thoroughly studied over the area of over 16,000 sq. m. The graves’ descriptions and drawings were published, the burial ritual was studied, and the chronological division by centuries and half-centuries, if possible, was developed. Fibulae (147 pcs) hold a specific place among the accompanying grave goods. They were found in the 3rd—5th centuries graves only and include import (26 pcs, 9 types) and local (121 pcs, 10 types) versions. The analysis of the import fibulae allows to trace the 3rd—5th cen. historical ties of the Perm Finns mostly in the south-western direction, such as the Crimea, Kuban River Region and Lower Volga Region, as well as with the southern Sarmatians from the South Cis-Urals. Plenty and great variety of the local fibulae manifest the aesthetic views of the local populace and corroborate the existence of the Kama bronze-casting school.

Фибулы типа Удине-Планис

Author(s): Igor O. Gavritukhin / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The author examines the history of studies of the fibulae of Udine-Planis type, and distinguishes series of such fibulae. The Italo-Germanic series (ca. 490—530 s.) was related to the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. The Balkan-Pontic series was shaped under the influence of the Ostrogothic samples; after 530-s. an important production centre developed in Bosporus. The Danube-Dnieper series (ca. 6th c.) was formed in the Lower Danube area; this and the Middle Dnieper area have evidences of local production.

Философия классификации и археологическая практика в книге Адамсов

Author(s): Leo S. Klejn / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1999

Review: Adams W. Y. and Adams E. W. 1991. Archaeological typology and practical reality: A dialectical approach to artifact classification and sorting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Финал могильника Фронтовое 3 (к изучению миграций в Юго-Западном Крыму на закате античности)

Author(s): Igor O. Gavritukhin,Anna V. Mastykova,Alexey N. Sviridov,Evgeny V. Sukhanov,Sergey V. Yazikov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2020

The paper presents a discussion on the chronological indicators and features of the latest complexes of Frontovoye-3 burial ground (Nakhimovsky district, Sevastopol). This cemetery appeared around the end of the 1st century AD; it was completely investigated in 2018 (328 graves of the Roman time). The latest finds (some types of elements of belt sets, a glass cup with blue blobs) are dated around the beginning of the 5th century. In the extreme South-West of the burial ground, three groups of graves of the last quarter of the 4th — beginning of the 5th century have been distinguished. Similar date is represented by a number of other burial places of the South-Western and Piedmont Crimea. Obviously, the appearance of the Huns to the West of the Don (in 375 AD at the latest) and the resulting migrations had not initially affected the Crimea. Cemeteries of the settled population of the Piedmont Crimea and a number of cemeteries in the South-Western Crimea cease to function in the late 4th or early 5th century AD. Some of this population moved to the Southern coast of the Crimea, while the other founded several new cemeteries in the South-West Crimea.

Финальная линия развития мечей классической Скифии. Соотношение типов Чертомлык и Шульговка

Author(s): Denis A. Topal / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2014

Since the beginning of 20th c. many researchers have paid attention to a series of Scythian swords with rounded pommel, oval handle and pseudo-triangle hilt. It is proposed to assign to this phenomena the following term — Chertomlyk type. Chronological analysis of burial complexes showed that this type was developed throughout the 4th c. BC., and the chronological frames of its biggest distribution are 350—325 BC. Chertomlyk type of akinakai is closely related to a group of ceremonial single-edged blade weapons — so-called Shulgovka type. It is obvious that in 4th c. BC centers of production of bladed weaponry moved to the South. Also, it is clear that at the end of Classical period the area of Scythian swords and daggers significantly contracts (comparing to the earlier types): the Eastern boundary of burial complexes is along the Don river, although complexes with Solokha type akinakai reached the Urals. The trajectory of this final line of evolutionary lineage reflects centrifugal trends in Scythian culture of late 4th c. BC, particularly leading to dissappearance of akinakai as a cultural tradition. Besides that, all these observations contradict to the widespread assertion, that the number of Scythian burials with akinakai had notably increased by 4th—3rd cc. BC.

Финальный палеолит Дании

Author(s): Sergey A. Vasiliev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/1999

The change of the environment in the late Pleistocene opened the possibility for the penetration of a person on the territory of modern Denmark already in the second half of Bölling (about 12,5 thousand years). At the first the monuments of the Gamburg culture (Iels I and II, Slotseng-C, Solbjerg II and III), the bearers of which specialized in the bag of reindeer are widely spread. The most characteristic attributes of this culture are represented by tanged points and punches of the Zinken type. The Lamburg culture in Allerřd is changed by the monuments of the Federmesser type ( Slotseng b ande ), left by the hunters on elk. The given culture is characterized by the flint inventory with scrapers of the Veilen type and punches with backed points. On the following stage, by the end of Allerřd, the Bromme culture (Astrup Moze, Levenholm, Bro and others) spreads over. In many of its stratificated monuments there are found tanged points, with retouched machining of the distal point, scrapers on flakes and blades, various burins. To the last period of the Paleolithic of Denmark can be referred the Ahrensburgian culture (Solbjerg I), comparable with the Upper Dryas. The return to a specialized bag on reindeer is seen. In the flint inventory tanged points of the Ahrensburgian type with a distal end truncated by retouching, points of the Tsonhofen type, retouched blades-knives are present. All known sites are referred to the places of a short-term activity of an ancient man. They were supposed to be connected with the base-camps, situated along the connected with the base-camps, situated along the river valleys innondated at present. The sites are characterized by a relatively simple structure with the concentration of remnants around the hearths. The functional specialization of monuments is clearly revealed and their location has been repeated in the course of millenniums and on and the same places were being assimilated by the bearers of different cultural traditions.

Финальный палеолит Юго-Восточной Прибалтики: состояние изученности (по материалам Калининградской области)

Author(s): Olga A. Druzhinina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2010

History of archaeological explorations in South-Eastern part of the Baltic region (Kaliningrad oblast of the Russian Federation, former East Prussia) began more than 160 years ago. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the Final Palaeolithic stage of the regional prehistory leaves much to be desired. The Final Palaeolithic materials from Kaliningrad oblast can be divided into two categories: first, occasional old (before 1941) finds of bone, antler, and flint objects, most of which have subsequently been lost, and second, assemblages of several surveyed sites. Most of the latter are located in the northeast part of the region, in the lower reaches of the Sheshupe river. The sites near Nikolskoye on the right bank of the river have been known since 1972–1974, and the sites of Ryadino on the left bank were discovered and surveyed in 2006–2009. The collection of Nikolskoye consists of some 1,500 aeruginous flints, including blades with irregular dorsal pattern, endscrapers, two fragments of tanged points. The collection of Ryadino is dominated by endscrapers. There are also conical and prismatic cores. As to the cultural affiliation of the sites, it remains unclear. Judging by the evidence from the neighboring countries (Lithuania and Poland), the region under consideration seems highly promising for future archaeological explorations.

Фольклор культовых валунов Беларуси

Author(s): Ludmila Duchic,Valeriy Vinokurov,Aleksandr Karavanov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2006

Approximately 500 cult stones have been registered in the territory of Byelorussia. 1.Magic stones (fetishes). Legends about healing. Marks on stones have been attributed to the God, the Virgin, saints, the devil, and animals. Treasure (gold, silver, weapons, a carriage) has been hidden under the stone. 2. Animistic stones (people or animals turned into stone). Plowmen and their bullocks (bulls) were turned into stone because they had worked during Easter. There are various legends about stones-animals. People, mainly women, have turned into stone because they have broken ban and have looked back. There are also wedding guests, villages churches turned into stone as well as the stones 'tailors' and 'shoemakers'', who have been turned into stone as a result of a curse. 3, Avistic stones. These legends are connected with ancestors' cult. 4 Deistic stones. Legends about pagan deities (Perun killed the devil on the stone; the hollows were made by Perun, devils; the stone was illopped by the devil when he heard the rooster crow).

Форма для отливки нательных крестов и подвесок из Болгара

Author(s): Alsu Renatovna Nuretdinova,A. V. Gubaydullina,V. P. Morozov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2018

The paper is devoted to the attribution of the mold for casting of baptismal crosses (most likely, four-pointed, two-sided) and the lace pendants from the archaeological fund of the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan. The mold has not been fully preserved (5.7 × 4.65 × 1.85 cm). The material from which the bar is made is dolomite from mountainous areas, presumably from the Urals or the Caucasus. The presumable place of finding is Bolgar, Spassky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. In the hallmarks of the cross, there is a part of the Troparion of the Cross of the Lord “KRE//ST/UT/VO” (Krestu Tvoemu poklonyaemsya, Vladyko, i svyatoe voskresenie Tvoe slavim [Thy Cross do we adore, o Master, and thy holy Resurrection do we glorify]). The paper gives a number of analogies from Pskov, Novgorod, and Ilimsk ostrogs. Similar delicate pendants are also represented in the archaeological collection of A. Likhachev in the funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan. On the basis of the comparative-typological analysis of the subject, a version about its chronological frameworks in the 17th – 18th centuries has been put forward. The results of the radiographic analysis of the material from which the mold is made have been also discussed.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА В г. СОРТАВАЛЕ (1880–1939)

Author(s): Hannu Itkonen,Yuri Gennadievich Shikalov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 7 (168)/2017

The article deals with the history of the civil society development in Sortavala at the end of the XIX century and during the period when the city was part of the independent Finland. The year of 1880 was taken as a starting period of our research because a city teachers’ seminary was founded during this year. Its establishment served as a powerful impetus to the formation of the civil society. By the beginning of the Winter War, the civil society in Sortavala was already quite well developed. After the end of the war, in 1940s the city was annexed by the Soviet Union and the Finnish population was completely evacuated. According to the results of our research, during this period the most popular among the city’s residents were sports, music and public educational organizations. The purpose of this article is to identify how the activities of these organizations were formed and changed. The study showed that in the last decades of its”Finnish period” the city of Sortavala turned into a vibrant cultural and sports center with an active civil society.

Формирование культурного ландшафта Уральско-Мугоджарского региона в позднем бронзовом веке: освоение меднорудных ресурсов и стратегия адаптации к условиям горно-степной экосистемы

Author(s): Vitaly Tkachev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

The author uses archeological sources analysis and results of natural science researches with application of ethnographical data to reconstruct an economic-cultural model in one of the local variants of the Alakul culture in the context of the cultural landscape concept developed in geography. It is ascertained that in the late Bronze Age the life support system of population within the Ural-Mugodzhary region relied on nomadic cattle-breeding, while hunting played a secondary role, and both harmoniously combined with mining industry. An effective adaptation strategy supported a traditional cultural landscape relying on the capability of steppe geosystems to regenerate, maintaining their ecological function and dynamic equilibrium between human needs and natural resource potential. The geographical space, with the habitat it formed, was explored not only for utilitarian purposes, but also spiritual, semantic and symbolic ones.

Формирование окуневского канонического искусства

Author(s): Liudmila A. Sokolova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2004

The article discusses the problem of the emergence and origins of the Okunevo art in Southern Siberia. The author considers main manifestations of this art which are expressed in different forms: monumental sculpture, sculpture of small forms, small figurines and graffiti. The analysis of the Okunevo art shows that the bearers of these cultural traditions were not simple bands of taiga hunters but represented rather a complex society with developed hierarchical structure. It was ruled by leaders with theocratic nature of social power who possessed strong influence of non-economic character. The Okunevo art finds clear parallels in synchronous cultures of the Far East and Northern India. It can be supposed that certain similarity between the Yangshao and Okunevo iconographies are conditioned by a common ancestral tradition. However the influence of this ancestral tradition in the Yangshao culture was minimal. On the other hand, connections between the Okunevo and North Indian cultures were long-term and relatively stable including certain cultural borrowings and migrations. The author shares the opinion of D.G. Savinov that the Okunevo cultural tradition was shaped on the border of Northern and Central Asian cultural area on the basis of earlier Neolithic traditions and under influence of different cultural innovations.

Формирование раннескифского культурного комплекса Келермесского могильника в Закубанье

Author(s): Tatyana V. Ryabkova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2019

This article is devoted to an overview of groups of artefacts that were found in mounds in the Kelermes burial mound. A second exploration of Kelermes in the 1980s established the sequence of construction of the mounds, and this, along with changes in the collections of artefacts, makes it possible to trace the stages of the formation of the early Scythian cultural complex. The sequence of development can be traced on the basis of materials from the older Kelermes mounds, including mounds 1 and 2 excavated by Nikolay Veselovsky and mound 4 excavated by David Schultz: intensive peaceful contacts with Transcaucasia, characteristic of a population which had migrated from Central Asia at the time of Veselovsky’s mounds, ceased abruptly in the period of Schultz’s mound no. 4, which looks like a sort of ‘return to the sources’. Materials from mound 3 from Schultz’s excavations demonstrate the extent of cultural interaction with the peoples of Western Asia, Anatolia and Transcaucasia. At that time the fledgling nomadic culture was being enriched by the achievements of the Eastern-Greek world. The ‘royal’ class of artefacts from this complex show the unusually high social status of the deceased, comparable with that of an Assyrian king. There are numerous analogies of the materials from mound 24 in other mounds from the Ancient Scythian period, so it is possible to synchronize it with these monuments. Mound 24, one of the latest in the burial mound, appeared at a time when there was not yet any Greek pottery in Trans-Kuban, despite the fact that links with the Eastern-Greek world already existed. Finds from the 1st Razmenny (Kostromsky) mound and the settlement of Tarasova Balka are evidence of the large-scale import of ancient pottery into Trans-Kuban in the last quarter of the 7th century BC.The changes observed in the inventories from the Kelermes burial mound show the length of time the cemetery was in use, the incorrectness of applying the dates of monuments with ancient pottery to all its mounds and the impossibility of dating the burial mound to a narrow timeframe.

Фортификация Болгара в XIV в.: современное состояние проблемы

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The article reviews published materials and hypotheses concerning the fortification of Bolgar town in the 14th century, in the era of its heyday and reaching the maximum area. The hypotheses were verified based on the data obtained during excavations in 2014—2015. It is shown that the archaeological realities documented in the excavation reports do not match with O. Khovanskaya and Yu. Krasnov’s hypotheses on a buttress wall (or a cellular wall, ‘tarasa’) placed on the crest of the rampart and existence of pillar-basedtowers. In reality, during the excavations of 1946, 1953 and 1967, only irregular traces of pillar pits of different depths were discovered. Such traces could be left by a light fence supported by some separate pillars. Pillar-based towers in the Russian medieval fortifications are not known, because they would represent very fragile structures, vulnerable to stone-hurling artillery. It was suggested that the found pillar pits could be traces of some household structures of a Russian village dated by 17th—20th centuries. Defensive structures on the top of the rampart could consist of a light wooden fence without any towers. Some attempts are made to explain the difference between the Russian and Bolgar urban defense strategies. While the Russian strategy was based on use of vertical barriers (wood-earth walls), the Bolgar strategy was based on the construction of ramparts to prevent cavalry attacks on the town. Such ramparts were defended by cavalry detachments moving inside the town walls.

Фортифікаційні пам’ятки у культурному контексті: український досвід (ранній новий час та ХІХ ст.)

Author(s): Oleh Leonidovich Ivaniuk,Yevhen Arkadiyovych Kovalov / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 3/2018

The purpose of the article is to identify the cultural significance of urban fortification structures located on Ukrainian lands belonging to the Russian Empire. The methodology of the study includes the use of general logical methods of scientific knowledge: analysis, synthesis, analogy, as well as special historical research methods: genetic, used to identify the causes and consequences of events, and comparative – to clarify the general and particular in historical processes; In addition, an important methodological principle of research is the cultural contextualization of fortification monuments, which means treating them as part of the urban cultural landscape. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the article is in the study of the transformation of Ukrainian fortifications from military objects into historical and cultural monuments. Conclusion. From the second half of the 18th century, the concept of an "open city" free from fortifications spread to Ukraine, which was part of the Russian Empire. This caused the destruction of a significant part of urban fortifications. But thanks to the development during the 19th century archaeological science fortification monuments were assessed as an important part of the historical heritage and an element of the urban cultural landscape, worthy of study and preservation. An important role in this matter since the end of the 19th century played scientific societies.

Фотоальбом

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2020

To the Anniversary of Oleg Sharov

Фотоальбом

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2020

Block of photos with Maria Comşa

Фотоальбом В. А. Булкина

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2018

Фрагмент от „чаша с птици“ от Драма-Кайряка

Author(s): Ivo Karadzhinov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2012

The subject of study is a fragment from an East Greek birdbowl, found at the Drama-Kajrjaka site, Yambol district. The glaze coating over the interior of the vessel, certain features in the line of the bird and the presence of only one vertical dividing line between the basic ornaments, allow us to assign it to type IIIb after M. Kerschner, dated ca. 640 – ca. 610 BC. Recent research shows that the vessel is not an isolated find in the Middle Tundja valley. At a distance of about 30 km to the north, during the excavations of a settlement from the Early Iron Age/the beginning of the Late Iron Age (village of Zavoy), a fragment of a second birdbowl was found. The vessel belongs to type V or VI after M. Kerschner, dated ca. 630 – 590 BC. At this stage of research the single finds of tableware and amphorae of East Aegean origin dating to the last third of 7th – the beginning of 5th century BC show sporadic import along the river valley of Middle Tundja. In this case the concentration of Aegean materials in Drama-Kajrjaka can be explained both by the significance of the cult site and the availability of iron-ore around the village of Drama, where traces of ancient exploitation were registered.

Фрагмент от източната крепостна стена на Сердика II

Author(s): Alexander Stanev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

A fragment of the substructure of the Eastern wall from the Northern extension of the Late Antique Serdica fortification was registered during rescue archaeological excavation in the area of the Lion Bridge square. Detailed investigations have identified three construction levels of the foundation of the structure – stones bound with solid white mortar, stones bound with yellow sandy mortar and a leveling layer of loose mortar and single stones. The stratigraphy of the site consists of three chronological groups: Late Ottoman/Revival (17th-19th century), Medieval (11th-12th century) and Late Antiquity (4th-5th century). Artifacts and numismatic materials date the construction of the fortress wall between the last decades of the reign of Emperor Constantine I and the end of 4th/ beginning of the 5th century AD.