Стратегии обработки каменного сырья в начале верхнего палеолита Горного Алтая (по материалам культурного горизонта ВП2 стоянки Кара-Бом)

Author(s): Natalia E. Belousova,Evgeny P. Rybin,Alexander Yu. Fedorchenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2019

The article presents the results of a new research cycle devoted to the reconstruction of stone raw material treatment strategies in the early stages of the Kara-Bomian tradition in Gorny Altai. The study was based on the analysis of materials from the cultural horizon UP2 of the Kara-Bom site (50,000—45,000 yrs cal BP). The study of the industry showed that the primary knapping was aimed exclusively at the production of blades with a straight profile. The blades obtained in the process of bidirectional knapping of flat-faced, cylindrical and narrow faces cores served as the basis for secondary cores for bladelets and tool blanks — retouched blades, points with ventral base thinning, end scrapers, etc. The utilization strategy of flat-faced cores reflects the preservation of elements of non-volumetric blade knapping in the technological repertoire of the inhabitants of the site. The knapping control in the production of blades with right proportions was achieved by combining various techniques of fracture zone preparation, including special one — pecking.

Стратиграфия и некоторые проблемы истории Староладожского поселения VIII-X вв.

Author(s): Sergei L. Kuzmin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2000

The city of Ladoga is mentioned in some of the chronicles as the first residence of Rjurik, the founder of the princely dynasty of Rus’, but its recent fame is mostly due to extensive archaeological study. Conducted on a scientific basis for more than a century, this has produced in the last few decades a unique dendrochronological scale allowing scholars to attach precise dates to the successive strata. Located on the lower Volhov, close to its junction with Lake Ladoga, the site provided Scandinavian migrants and merchants with convenient access to the river system of the Eastern Europe, and the first Scandinavian colony appeared there as early as the mid-750s. It is often presented as the nucleus of the future city, rather prematurely in fact as it was soon destroyed by the local, probably Slavic population. The emergence of the city of Ladoga was by no means a linear process. In the confrontation between Scandinavians and indigenous tribes, the settlement was burned to the ground several times and its population changed. Its history is traced here stage by stage and stratum by stratum. The stratigraphy, different1ly described by three generations of scholars, is brought to a unified system of reference. Eleven strata or levels are distinguished in all, from the mid-8th to the late 10th century, each dated by dendrochronology. The buildings of the different levels are presented on a series of plans which allow the reader to follow the evolution of settlement on the site; (he material culture typical of each level is briefly characterised. The most remarkable outcome of this evolution is the emergence of a new synthetic culture, typical of Ladoga (and sometimes improperly described as the sopki culture), which combines Nordic and Slavic elements and which announces the culture of the medieval Rus’.

Стратиграфия покровных отложений и реконструкция условий обитания древнего человека на позднепалеолитической стоянке Каменная Балка II

Author(s): Natalia B. Leonova,Sergey A. Nesmeyanov,Elena A. Spiridonova,Svetlana A. Sycheva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2002

The archaeology and paleoecology of the Steppe Zone of Southern and Eastern Europe are critical to understanding of prehistoric adaptation in this enormous but poorly known region. An essential element of this research is the reconstruction of paleoenviroments and their relation to subsistence practices and settlement systems on local and regional levels. This article is an example of such a research for the Don river delta and immediately surrounding area. This delta and the adjacent coast of the Azov Sea contains one of the richest known concentrations of Russian Upper Paleolithic sites, the Kamennaya Balka sites. In this article we discuss the available paleoenviromental data (stratigraphy, evolution of the vegetation cover and paleosoil layers) and propose a model for the reconstruction of the living conditions at the site Kamennaya Balka II. Many of traditional ideas and views about Pleistocene time in the Noth Black Sea area are revised and replaced with a new model.

Строительная кашинная керамика городища Конские Воды

Author(s): Mikhail V. Elnikov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the construction Qashan ceramics from the Konskie Vody hillfort in the North-Western Azov Sea Area. Functionally, ceramics is divided into bricks and decorative facing glazed tiles covered with monochrome glaze. The first category of products is spread on the sites of the Don Region, the Volga region and the North Caucasus in the middle — the second half of the 14th century. Ornamental motifs from the hillfort find analogies among Volga region centers. The use of two- and three composite glazes occurs among items found on Madzhar and New Saray, where where they appeared under the influence of Khwarezm. Local production of Qashan is not excluded, which is demonstrated by finds of ceramic cores on the site.

Строительная периодизация т. н. мечети Узбека в Старом Крыму

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

This article represents the first full publication of the materials from restoration works (1984—1985) at one of the famous cult Muslim buildings of Medieval Crimea. An inscription above its door way states that the construction was made by Abdul-Asis, son of Ibrahim al-Arbeli, during the reign of khan Uzbek in 714 anno Hegirae (= 1314 AD). The field survey of the monument allowed the author to specify its chronology and architectonics, as well as to get an idea about some of its completely or partly lost architectural and construction details. Three building periods were distinguished: second half of 15th century, 1512—1513 and late 19th — early 20th century. The research has shown, that the mosque, despite of some Ottoman elements, was still influenced by Seljuk building traditions, involving reuse of some architectural and construction details from some earlier Golden Horde buildings, including the previous mosque of Uzbek from 1314, whose location is still unknown. The architectonics of the building clearly illustrates the beginning of a new stage in Muslim cult construction of Medieval Crimea and makes the so called Uzbek mosque a unique building of the transitional period between two architectural styles.

Структура и социальные модели культуры Кукутень А — Триполье ВІ

Author(s): Natalia B. Burdo / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2018

For more than two thousand years of the history of the Cucuteni-Trypillia cultural complex we can observe a dynamic picture of the formation and change of various local-chronological groups, which determine well-devepoped and sophisticated structure of this cultural complex. The emergence of Cucuteni culture marks the second stage of the transformation of the Precucuteni-Cucuteni-Trypillia cultural complex. The genetic link with the Precucuteni culture is not in doubt, however, the emergence of a new ceramic tradition in the form of painted ceramics can not be explained by the development of the technologies of the previous stage. Having examined in detail the structure of the cultural complex at a certain stage of its existence and its changes, primarily on the basis of a detailed analysis of ceramic traditions, we can try to restore the history of the transformation of related social structures.

СТУДИЈЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЈЕ У ПРАИСТОРИЈСКОЈ АРХЕОЛОГИЈИ

Author(s): Selena Vitezovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 137/2011

Technology studies have always been the most important focus of archaeology, as a science which analyzes human past through the study of material culture. To say that something is technological in archaeology, means to put the concept of technology in the centre of theoretical studies, and to study not only the form of the object, but also the entire sequence of technological factors, from raw material choice, mode of use, up to the reasons for abandonment. The concept of technology in anthropology and archaeology is based on the original meaning of the word τεχνη in ancient Greek, meaning the skill, i. e., to study how something is being done. Such a concept of technology as a skill or mode of doing something was for the first time outlined by the French anthropologist Marcel Mauss, whose starting point was that every technological statement was at the same time social or cultural statement and that technological choices have social foundations. Pierre Lemonnier further developed the anthropology of technology, focusing on the question of technological choices, as well as numerous other anthropologists. In archaeology, the most important contribution to the study of technology was the work of André Leroi-Gourhan, who created the concept of chaîne opératoire, as an analytical tool for studying the mode of creating, using and discarding an artefact, starting with raw material acquisition, mode of manufacture, final form, use (including caching, breaking and repairing) up to the final discarding. It is not only about reconstructing the algorithmic sequence of operations in creating one object, but it is a complex analysis of operational chain within one society which includes the analysis of technological choices. The analyses of technologies today include a variety of different approaches, most of them with emphasis on the cultural and social aspects of technology. The analysis of bone industry in the Early and Middle Neolithic in central Balkans (Starčevo culture), which included not only final objects, but also manufacture debris and semi-finished products, revealed a well developed industry, with a high level of technological knowledge on the properties of raw materials, skillful manufacture, well organized production, as well as possibility of a certain degree of specialization on the micro and macro level (within one settlement and within a group of settlements). Both raw material choices and manufacturing techniques, as well as the final forms, demonstrated a high standardization level. Also certain symbolic value was attributed to some raw materials, and there is a possibility that skill itself was valued. Further analyses of multiple technologies will help in reconstructing the organization of production, social and economic aspects in Neolithic societies, as well as the role of technology in everyday and ritual life.

Судьба и книги. Памяти Виталия Михайловича Зубаря (5.II.1950—20.III.2009)

Author(s): Serghei B. Sorochan / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2010

Суррогатные экзагии средневекового Боспора

Author(s): Vladimir N. Shalobudov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2015

The author considers artisanal weights-exagies made from disused antique coins. On the grounds of material, collected on the Taman Peninsula, he makes an attempt to establish the time of their existence and relationship with the coins made of precious metals, which had circulated on the Bosporus in the Middle Ages. The histogram obtained by weighing 1200 surrogate exagies demonstrates the most frequently used weight standards. The author also attempts to explain the reason of this wide spread of the surrogate exagies in the region.

СУЧАСНА ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ ПРАВОСЛАВНИХ МОНАСТИРІВ КИЄВА: ПОСТАНОВКА ПИТАННЯ

Author(s): Oksana Lastovska / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 1/2014

The most popular in the modern studies are Monasteries in Kyiv. Such factors contribute to this: 1) Kyiv is one of the oldest Ukrainian cities where the first monastery was founded; 2) The monasticism exists over the most long period of time there; 3) In many points exactly monasteries of this city became a models for monastic practice of other regions; 4) There exactly the monasteries emerged which became the shrines for the entire Orthodox world and the centers of the Orthodox culture.The central place in the historiography of the monasteries in Kyiv study occupies the history of Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery. In the post-Soviet period perhaps the greatest amount of scientific and popular researches was written about this monastery. Their characteristic feature is their versatility in different scientific areas and genres: purely historic, archaeological, biographical, art, source and monuments studies, etc. However a lack of historiographic researches is obvious among them.Often the researches have been published by the scientists of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Preserve. Chronologically these studies have a fairly broad framework that goes beyond the existence of only one monastery. The same can be said about other aspects of scientific interest (biographical, cultural contacts, interchurch relations, social situation, etc.). "Lavra Almanac" and "Mohyla Reading" are the leading scientific editions, where most materials on Kyiv-Pechersk monastery history have been published.St Sophia, St Cyril, Presentation of the Virgin, Mezhyhirsky, St Michael, St lor monasteries etc. were the other Kyiv monasteries to which researchers have paid much attention. In some cases, you can meet also summarizing re-searches on the history of Kyiv monasteries (like M. Yaremenko’s studies on the history of Kyiv monasticism of the 18th century). Of particular importance in modern historiography of Kyiv monasteries are monuments study because their goal is not only to study the existing monuments, but also lost ones (like the monograph of I. Margolina and V. Ulyanovsky about destroyed in 1936 bell tower of St Cyril monastery). Also the new direction in history was the study of Kyiv monastic cemeteries (St Flor, the Pechersk Monasteries). Archaeological researches are able to provide answers to the important questions on the history of the monasteries in the new social conditions and new methods of scientific work. In the post-Soviet period they have become regular in Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery. They showed the possibility to study the monastery territory using archaeological methods in diversity of chronological material as well as other aspects ( e.g. using anthropology). You must pay attention to the research of cave monastery complexes in the context of monuments studies. Most attention was given to Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery caves. At the same time the other cave complexes were studied. One of the first scholars who paid them attention was T. Bobrowsky. The idea of the existence of a number of cave monasteries in the vicinity of Kyiv is one of his concepts. They weren’t known from written sources, but archaeo-logical finds testify to them. The cave complexes of Hnyletsky, Zverynetsky monasteries and Kytayevo hermitage etc. have been studied also. Thus, we should note today the presence of a sufficient for the quantitative characteristics and diverse historiographical basis to create a generalizing historiographical research on the history of monasteries in Kyiv.

СФЕРОКОНИЧЕСКИЕ СОСУДЫ В ФОНДАХ ИСТОРИКО-КРАЕВЕДЧЕСКОГО МУЗЕЯ КЮРДАМИРСКОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН

Author(s): Elmira Idrisovna Abbasova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2014

The article discusses one of the most mysterious types of medieval tableware – sphero-conical vessels. In search of the centers of production of these vessels and the possible routes of their entry to Volga Bulgaria, we paid our attention to the Transcaucasian region, where sphero-conical vessels were not only found but also produced. The research led to the attribution of a small set of sphero-conical vessels represented in the exhibition of the Kurdamir Local History Museum in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Сцената "Носене на кръста" от наоса на църквата "Рождество Христово" в Арбанаси

Author(s): Plamen Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2004

Сцены сражения на золотом конусе из Передериевой Могилы и скифский миф о Колаксае

Author(s): Yurii B. Polidovych / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2019

The article addresses the gold object found in 1988 in a grave-mound Perederieva Mogyla of the 4th century BC. It relates to objects of unknown purpose, which are conventionally called cones. Two battle scenes are depicted on the Perederieva Mogyla cone. An analysis of the iconography suggests that the scenes consistently represent two key episodes of the legend (myth) about three brothers. The first scene shows the conspiracy of the elder brothers, the second scene — the death of the younger brother. The legend of the three brothers is well known in the Iranian mythological and epic traditions. It tells about the sons of the hero Fereydun (Thraetaona in the Avesta) — Salm, Tur and Iraj. Fereydun divided the world into three kingdoms and gave them to his sons. The younger son became king in Iran, and the elder brothers envied this. They conclude an alliance and kill Iraj. Analyzing and comparing the Scythian and Iranian myths, the author comes to the conclusion that the Scythian hero Kolaxais corresponds to the Iranian Fereydun/Thraetaona, and the story of his sons is depicted on the cone. The death of his younger son was the first death, the first blood with which the history of human wars began. It is a symbolic sacrifice that is made to seize power. The legend of the three brothers became the basis of the concept of power among the Iranian peoples, including the Scythians. She was associated with important royal and military rituals, in which they used the golden cone.

Съдовете с животинска глава № 13 и 14 от съкровището от Надь Сент Миклош; форма, функция, семантика и художествена традиция

Author(s): Oksana Minaeva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2002

The article discusses only these two vessels from the treasure of Nagyszent-miklos with the aim to reconsider once again their shape, function, semantics and attribution to a certain art tradition. The shape is compared to different examples of the Ancient Near Eastern tradition and Sasanian art, Chinese tradition as represented by prehistoric vessels and these from the T'ang period, and examples from the Middle Asian Steppe tradition. The function of the vessels is defined as a cup, however, not certainly for wine, but for another possible use of storing certain sacred liquid or hard substance. The semantics of the image of the bull is discussed as associated with different meanings and rituals. A sacral function of the vessels is suggested in relation to the Old Indo-Iranian festival of Nauruz and other possible connotations in rites of passage as marriage and royal inauguration. The supposition, referring the artistic tradition that created the vessels, considers their possible belonging to a Middle Asian workshop, where the old Sasanian tradition was kept but assimilated and continued in the early Islamic metalwork tradition of the first decades of the Buyid rule.The article discusses only these two vessels from the treasure of Nagyszent-Miklos with the aim to reconsider once again their shape, function, semantics and attribution to a certain art tradition. The shape is compared to different examples of the Ancient Near Eastern tradition and Sasanian art, Chinese tradition as represented by prehistoric vessels and these from the T'ang period, and examples from the Middle Asian Steppe tradition. The function of the vessels is defined as a cup, however, not certainly for wine, but for another possible use of storing certain sacred liquid or hard substance. The semantics of the image of the bull is discussed as associated with different meanings and rituals. A sacral function of the vessels is suggested in relation to the Old Indo-Iranian festival of Nauruz and other possible connotations in rites of passage as marriage and royal inauguration. The supposition, referring the artistic tradition that created the vessels, considers their possible belonging to a Middle Asian workshop, where the old Sasanian tradition was kept but assimilated and continued in the early Islamic metalwork tradition of the first decades of the Buyid rule.

Съдържание

Author(s): Maria Gurova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

2013, Volume 3, Issue 2, Table of contents

СЫРЬЕВАЯ БАЗА ЭНЕОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИНДУСТРИИ РУБЯЩИХ ОРУДИЙ РЕГИОНА ОНЕЖСКОГО ОЗЕРА (опыт геохимического исследования)

Author(s): Alexey Yurievich Tarasov,Maksim Aleksandrovich Gogolev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3 (164)/2017

The article is devoted to the results of the first attempt of geochemical investigation of the lithic raw materials (slightly metamorphosed tuffs) that were used to produce chopping tools of the so-called Russian Karelian type on the western shore of Lake Onega during the Eneolithic period. The implements of this type are especially noteworthy because of their role in the long-distance exchange. Conducted petrographical studies confirm that the material for these tools, including those found at the distance of 1000 km. from the present-day Russian Karelia, must have originated on the western shore of Lake Onega. Geochemical study with the aid of ICP-MS method was performed with the aim to define a more precise location of the raw material procurement area and to obtain the geochemical “passport” of the material that was used to make these tools in the workshops on the western shore of Lake Onega, where the full cycle of production took place. The research was also conducted to compare it in the future with geochemical characteristics of the material of finds that were found outside the production center. The study confirmed the principal unity of the raw material base of all studied workshops and demonstrated that the procurement area was connected to the outcrops of metatuffs in the rock massif to the north from the outfall of the Shuya River on the western shore of Lake Onega between villages Shuiskaya and Shuiskaya Chupa, as well as to the closest boulder agglomerations to the north from the lower reaches of the Shuya River.

СЫРЬЕВАЯ БАЗА ЭНЕОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИНДУСТРИИ РУБЯЩИХ ОРУДИЙ РЕГИОНА ОНЕЖСКОГО ОЗЕРА (опыт геохимического исследования)

Author(s): Maksim Aleksandrovich Gogolev,Alexey Yurievich Tarasov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3 (164)/2017

The article is devoted to the results of the first attempt of geochemical investigation of the lithic raw materials (slightly metamor- phosed tuffs) that were used to produce chopping tools of the so-called Russian Karelian type on the western shore of Lake Onega during the Eneolithic period. The implements of this type are especially noteworthy because of their role in the long-distance ex- change. Conducted petrographical studies confirm that the material for these tools, including those found at the distance of 1000 km. from the present-day Russian Karelia, must have originated on the western shore of Lake Onega. Geochemical study with the aid of ICP-MS method was performed with the aim to define a more precise location of the raw material procurement area and to ob- tain the geochemical “passport” of the material that was used to make these tools in the workshops on the western shore of Lake Onega, where the full cycle of production took place. The research was also conducted to compare it in the future with geochemical characteristics of the material of finds that were found outside the production center. The study confirmed the principal unity of the raw material base of all studied workshops and demonstrated that the procurement area was connected to the outcrops of metatuffs in the rock massif to the north from the outfall of the Shuya River on the western shore of Lake Onega between villages Shuiskaya and Shuiskaya Chupa, as well as to the closest boulder agglomerations to the north from the lower reaches of the Shuya River.

Сырьевой фактор в верхнем и финальном палеолите Забайкалья

Author(s): Pavel V. Moroz / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 18/2014

The article is an attempt of preliminary synthesis of the data on mineral raw materials used in the Upper and Final Paleolithic of Transbaikalia and their impact on the shape of stone industries. As a result of the analysis of the composition of raw materials in the Upper and Final Paleolithic sites, it become possible to identify a regularity in use of certain kinds of rocks in various stages of the Stone Age in the Western Transbaikalia.

Сырьевые предпочтения в палеолите Забайкалья: культурная преемственность или технологическая необходимость?

Author(s): Pavel V. Moroz,Georgi A. Yurgenson / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2016

The data accumulated during the last decade make it possible to reconsider the role played by different kinds of stone raw material in the Palaeolithic of the Trans-Baikal region. The paper summarizes the available evidence on the subject and provides an overview of the raw material acquisition and use strategies. Special attention is paid to the continuity in the use of some kinds of rocks between different stages of the Stone Age, which in the authors’ view might have been caused by the technological necessity, i. e. the selection of rocks that were the best fits for the existing flaking technologies.

Сюжет «загон для скота и животные» на энеолитических стелах Причерноморья: вариант аналогий и интерпретации

Author(s): A. M. Smirnov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2000

The paper is dealing with the figure succession on two stelae, which possibly constitute a scenario unit. In search for meaning and parallels for it the author juxtaposes it by their formal features with the known «flock–and–temple» motif on the glyptics of the Protoliterate Mesopotamia. Highly probable similarity of the main parts of the both motifs, «stall» and «temple/reed hut», inspires the author for comparable figures to trace in the European megalithic art itself. It is detailed resemblance with these «structures» that so-called «bucklers» display in passage graves at Brittany. Some images depicted on the stelae and megalithic tombs in Germany, Italy as well as those on the Caucasian dolmens appear to the point too. Taking as a basis the mythological contents of the Mesopotamian «temple/reed hut» (sacral–giving–birth–hut, a substitute for either the mother or the womb, or calving animals) the author try to interpret similar images («stall», «bucklers») as a record and demonstration of the essence of the monuments as temples with the same meaning where the burial itself (chamber, the deceased, grave goods) occupies only a part of space. To the case, the author interprets the anthropomorphic figure with outstretched legs at the Maikop tomb № 38 as a female deity of birth like Near Eastern Nin-tur contra the Indo-European treatment it as a male god of death by other scholars.