Българското богомилство и неговите европейски измерения

Author(s): Ivan Božilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In Bulgaria, Bogomils emerged at the beginning of the 10th centry under the influence of dualistic Massalian and Paulician movements. Its doctrine, cosmogony and eschatology, its attitude toward the Holy Scripture, Church and its secrets and ceremonies, but in the same way, its social and moral ideas are all well-known through a Bulgarian writer Presbyter Kozma (second half of the 10th century), Patriarch Theophilact from Constantinople (933-956), Byzantine writers Euthymios Zigabenos and Euthymios of Peribleptos, and a document known under the Latin name “Interrogatio Johannis”. In medieval Bulgaria, Bogomils gained great importance during the reign of tzar Peter (927-969) and tzar Boril (1207-1218), and they were last mentioned in the mid-14th century. After 1018, Bogomils spread out over Byzantine region (both in the Balkans and Asia Minor) and in 1344 reached the orthodox core – Mount Athos. The Bogumils also spread out to Russia, Wallachia and Moldova, Transilvania and Bosnia. They made their way into northern Italy and southern France (hence the names Bulgari, Boulgares, Bugri, Bougres as synonyms for Catharite and Albigensian heretics in those regions). Works by Rainier Sacconi, Nicola Viguier and “Interrogatio Johannis” also serve as testimonies.

Crkvene prilike u zemljama hercega Stjepana Vukčića Kosače

Author(s): Ivica Puljić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The noble Kosača family were originally estate owners from Podrinje. Their rise to the greatest noble family in the kingdom was due to the expansion of the Bosnian state towards the south and to the east. Vlatko Vuković (who ruled up till 1392), already laid the foundation of what was to be known later on as Herzegovina, on whose magnitude Sandalj Hranić (who ruled from 1392 – 1435) further expanded, along with Stjepan Vukčić (who ruled from 1435 – 1466). “Stjepan Herceg of Saint Sava, lord of Hum and Primorje, great Bosnian duke of (rusaga,) prince of Drina and more”, as he presents himself, is beyond a doubt the greatest Bosnian-Hum leader of the middle ages, due to the role he played not only in the Bosnian kingdom, but also in general during his times. It is therefore not surprising that within the Church of the Bosnian-Hum Christians he had a pivotal role. First of all, it is important to note that the Kosača family, including Stjepan Herceg, according to historical sources, were true followers of the Church of Bosnian-Hum Christians”. They were also very tolerant in religious matters in those times, not only in the lands under their control, but also towards families where Bosnian Christians, Catholics and Orthodox lived freely one beside the other. One of the reasons for this tolerance of theirs can be attributed to the political climate of those times in which Herceg had to constantly battle against accusations of heresy. A even greater motive can be found in the religious diversity that existed in his lands. While Podrinje and the border areas of the Hum lands along with Bosnia, followed the Church of the Bosnian-Hum “Christians”, many facts point out that despite the hardships caused by the wars with Serb leaders and the losses against “Christians”, the population of Hum and Primorje were still predominately Catholic. Orthodoxy prevailed in the areas which were once firmly part of the Serb State, from Trebinje towards the East, with its spiritual center at the monastery of Mileševo. This religious diversity certainly had a great influence upon the land owners and their conduct towards their subjects.

Papa Inocent III. (1198.-1216.) i bosansko-humski krstjani

Author(s): Franjo Šanjek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

During the twelfth century on the Croatian coast emerged dualistic heretics. They were organized and in this region had two dioceses: Dalmatian (Ecclesia Dalmatiae, 1167) and Slavonic Church (Ecclesia Sclavoniae, 1200). Their ideas were flooded with pessimism, with which they endangered not only church institutions but also the entire established social structure. The church council in Split (1185) repeated condemnation of Cathars, Patarines, Poor man of Lyon and other heretics that had been banned at the church council in Verona (1184). Moreover, the pope Urban III suggested to the Croatian episcopacy that “must not allow organizing of laic fraternities (fraternitatis)”. In October 1200 the pope Inocent III reported to Emerik king of Hungary and Croatia that his vassal the Bosnian ban Kulin “gave shelter to a certain number of Patarines, who had been prosecuted by Bernard the archbishop of Split and banned from Split and Trogir”. Only two years later, the same pope wrote “in the lands of ban Kulin there are many people who are seriously suspected and rather notorious because of condemned Cathar heresy”. It seems that the argue was settled on 8th and 30th April 1203 with negation of “the leaders of those, who in Bosnia usurped the name of Christ (i.e. they named themselves krstjani), and who were elsewhere condemned as schismatics and Manicheans. In the 30’s of the thirteenth century the decrees against krstjans were repeated. They were mentioned as haeritici in Bosnia, hostes crucifixi, haeritici in Slavoniae partibus, and the Church, together with the civil authorities, tried to suppress them by sending Crusaders and Inquisition judges there. By the mid thirteenth century Bosnian Catholic bishop had to relocate his see in Đakovo (in Slavonia), and thereof leave the Bosnian territory to krstjans, who will organize a significant heterodox Church of Bosnia on the former territory of the Bosnian diocese (13th-15th c.).

ZAKON O ZAKONU

Author(s): Mirko Đorđević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Svaki razgovor o nekom zakonu o verskoj slobodi – pa i o ovom Zakonu o verskoj slobodi – osu đen je na neka ponavljanja, jer su zakoni takve vrste tipski i jedva da se u nekom nacrtu može sresti nešto novo. Upore đen sa sličnim ruskim zakonom – B. N. Jeljcin je otišao sa vlasti, a nije ga potpisao – i ovaj ne donosi novinu. To se odnosi i na nedostatke i na ono što je u njemu pozitivno. Svi akti pomenute vrste podrazumevaju preciziranja nekih osnovnih pojmova i polazišta. Ovaj ima 25 članova, ali višestruko više teksta u preambuli i dodatnim objašnjenjima. Blago rečeno, sva su pitanja otvorena. Najpre, vera samu sebe definiše kao "zakon" i ona to i jeste u sferi – u ličnom životu vernika – koja je njena legitimna sfera. To se provlači kroz biblijski korpus, a i u kolokvijalnoj jezičkoj upotrebi reči vera i zakon su sinonimi sve do danas – posebno kod nas gde se etnički i nacionalni identitet i ne traži izvan takve konotacije. No, i država je po definiciji zakon i red. Sfere se, me đutim, razlikuju, jer se u jednom slučaju radi o etičkom zakonu – bar bi tako trebalo da bude – i ti se domeni vekovima presecaju. Sve postaje komplikovanije ako se podsetimo na sferu ličnog i sferu kolektiviteta, pri čemu je vera – kako bi trebalo biti – lična stvar i lični stav, a život u državi je nešto drugo.

VERSKI MEDIJI

Author(s): Dubravka Valić Nedeljković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Verski mediji na našim prostorima postoje već decenijama i to kako na većinskom, tako i na jezicima nacionalnih manjina. Oni uglavnom odslikavaju stanje u okruženju kada je reč o verskim zajednicama. Istovremeno, o čemu se re đe govori, vernici pripadnici većinske i manjinskih zajednica verske obrede drže na maternjem jeziku, pa tako i verske publikacije izdaju na tom jeziku (u Vojvodini na srpskom, hrvatskom, ma đarskom, slovačkom, rusinskom). Ovde je reč o poštovanju, u najširem smislu, tri prava: prava na "slobodu veroispovesti i slobodu javnog okupljanja radi verskih ciljeva"; zatim, prava na slobodu izražavanja koje podrazumeva da se, bez obzira na granice, traže, primaju, koriste i šire informacije i ideje bilo kojim sredstvima, pa tako i mas-medijima i, na kraju, prava na informisanje na maternjem jeziku. U Zakonu o zaštiti prava i sloboda nacionalnih manjina, (donesen u februaru 2002, a stupio na snagu 7. marta 2002. na teritoriji SCG), član 17. precizira da nacionalne manjine imaju pravo da budu informisane na svom jeziku.

Zbornik o Marku Dobretiću

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian

U Dobretićima nedaleko od Jajca održan je 8. i 9. lipnja 2007. znanstveni skup posvećen fra Marku Dobretiću (1707-1784), teološkom piscu, biskupu i apostolskom vikaru, u povodu 300. obljetnice njegova rođenja. Razlog komemoriranja obljetnice jest Dobretićevo posebno značenje u duhovnoj, crkvenoj i kulturnoj povijesti bosanskohercegovačkih katolika. Rodio se u Brnjićima, župa Vrhovine, danas Dobretići kod Jajca, najvjerojatnije 1707. godine. Početnu pismenost izgleda da je stekao kod mjesnoga župnika, a potom nastavio školovanje kod franjevaca u Fojnici. Studij filozofije i teologije pohađao je u Dalmaciji i Italiji. Svoj studijski put okončao je u Firenci 1840. godine. Vrhovna uprava Reda njega je, nakon što je položio ispite kojima se kvalificirao za predavača, imenovala profesorom filozofije i teologije. U tom je svojstvu osamnaest godina proboravio na filozofsko-teološkim učilištima u Italiji. Godine 1757. vratio se u domovinu u ulozi kustosa kustodije Sv. Križa Bosne Srebrene, a godinu dana kasnije, nakon rehabilitacije nepravedno degradirane Provincije, nastavio je službu u svojstvu provincijala Bosne Srebrene. Godine 1768. ponovno je izabran za trogodišnju službu provincijala, a 1773. papa ga je imenovao eretrijskim biskupom i apostolskim vikarom u Bosni i Hercegovini. Tu je službu obnašao do konca života. Autor je jedne opsežne teološke knjige koja je bosanskim franjevcima služila u pastoralnom radu. U ovom Zborniku donosimo šesnaest referata. Njih tri svojim sadržajem izravno zahvaćaju život i djelo fra Marka Dobretića: obnašanje službe provincijala i apostolskoga vikara, književnu djelatnost, te genezu roda Dobretić. Ostali tvore širi povijesno-kulturni kontekst, uglavnom onog vremena u kome je Dobretić živio. Uz dvije teme o svecima zaštitnicima Bosne, jednu o pučkoj kulturi jajačkoga kraja te dvije o prilikama bosanskih katolika i franjevaca tijekom XVIII. stoljeća, ostale su uglavnom vezane za književni i jezični aspekt franjevačke djelatnosti. Za organizaciju znanstvenoga skupa o fra Marku Dobretiću kao i za tiskanje zbornika zaslužni su Općina Dobretići i njezin načelnik Petar Jurišić, Bare Pršlja – inicijator održavanja ovoga skupa, fra Jure Aščić, franjevački samostan Jajce i župa Dobretići.

Franjevačka bogoslovija provincije Bosne Srebrene u Gučoj Gori

Author(s): Velimir Valjan / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Uvod. Školska uloga gučogorskog samostana bila je od velikog značenja kako za Franjevačku provinciju Bosnu Srebrenu, tako i za čitavu Lašvansku dolinu, a i šire. U njemu je jedno vrijeme bilo dječačko sjemenište, tzv. probandat, te novicijat i bogoslovija. Mi ćemo se ovdje posebno osvrnuti na vrijeme trajanja bogoslovije u njemu. Do školske godine 1904/05. Franjevačka bogoslovija Bosne Srebrene nije bila objedinjena. Do tada su u pojedinim samostanima bili poneki tečajevi bogoslovije, pa tako i u Gučoj Gori. Kad je godine 1904. četvrti tečaj Franjevačke bogoslovije završio svoje naukovanje u Kraljevoj Sutjesci, a ostala dva, prvi i drugi, u Livnu (trećeg nije ni bilo), odluči Starješinstvo Provincije Bosne Srebrene da se sva tri ova tečaja okupe u Gučoj Gori i da se ondje školuju studenti Bosne Srebrene. U ovom prilogu ćemo govoriti o bogosloviji u Gučoj Gori do školske godine 1904/05, dakle prije njezina objedinjavanja (I) i o školskoj godini 1904/05, kad je ona objedinjena u Gučoj Gori (II).

Tożsamość w kontekście religii i magii w Pieśni lodu i ognia

Author(s): Karolina Glück / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article takes as its starting point the statements of two fantasy writers – Orson Scott Card and George R.R. Martin – concerning the significance of creating religious systems in fictional universes, as they complete the overall image of the depicted reality. Another context is provided by the investigations of a Polish scholar, Bogdan Trocha, which show that in the fantasy genre there occurs a degradation of the function of religion, resulting in the remythologisation deprived of cult. The first part of this paper presents the synthetic overview of religions through which Martin characterises the communities of his world and the analysis of functions of the chosen magical elements used in A Song of Ice and Fire. In the second part, identity dilemmas of Martin’s characters are taken into consideration. On the example of Theon Greyjoy’s lot, the spiritual aspect of searching for identity – determined by the elements of the quest described by Trocha – is examined.

Historiography in Motion. Slovak Contributions to the 21st International Congress of Historical Sciences

Author(s): / Language(s): English,French

Slovak historians have participated in the activities of International Committee of Historical Sciences/Comité international des sciences historiques (ICHS/CISH) at the very outset of “that global community of historians”, that is, since 1926. Until 1993, Slovak historians were represented in ICHS/CISH by joint Czechoslovak National Committee of Historians; since 1993, by Slovak National Committee of Historians. Size of the Slovak participation was diverse in different periods. During the First Czechoslovak Republic, Slovak professional historiography was only at its starting stage, so it was not visible on the international forum. After 1948, there were good conditions for a professional progress of the Slovak historical science, but it was politics that entered that process. Violent interferences into the spontaneous development of historiography deformed the historical knowledge, but restrained the greater participation of Slovak historians on international activities as well. In the period of 1950-1954, the Czechoslovak National Committee of Historians, as well as other national committees in the Soviet bloc, did not exercise its membership in ICHS/CISH. The contacts between the Slovak historians and global historical community branched out intensively after 1989. A choice of a represent to The World Congresses was not dependant on political institutions, but solely on historians. Till 1989, the representation was determined by totalitarian regime that favoured historians mostly without any scientific background. Starting from Madrid congress in 1990, Slovak historians, who were able to communicate with the global historical forum, successively participated in international activities. However, it was not a rapid but a consecutive process, because Slovak historiography needed some time for reaching the standards of international historical science and its dominant trends. The World Congresses of ICHS/CISH reflect trends, tendencies and thematic shifting in international historiography. It is manifested at the individual associations, commission sessions and round table programmes. Participation of the Slovak historians in The World Congresses was not numerous even after 1989. At present, there exists any substantial difference in the thematic area more, which we have felt yet at the Montreal congress in 1995, but problem of the Slovak participation is of another nature now: Slovak academic institutions are not able to send more historians to congress, because their budgets are sill very short. Meanwhile, there are competent historians either of the elder, but mainly of the younger generation, who could react and contributed to the challenges of the world historiography. We have realised this before the 19th congress at Oslo in 2000. Slovak National Committee of Historians arranged a publication for Oslo Congress: Slovak contributions to the 19th congress of historical sciences, Bratislava 2000 (ed. Dušan Kováč), 243 pp. Slovak historians, in eighteen studies, contributed to the twelve thematic sessions chosen for the congress. The 21st World Congress of ICHS/CISH in Amsterdam is a breakthrough event for the Slovak historiography. There are six contributions by Slovak historians to the programme, one of them is in major theme One, and a Slovak historian is an organiser of one of the sessions. However, Slovak historiography, who the congress programme regards as a challenge and as a demonstration of the running trends in the world historiography as well, has already branched that far that it is able to deal with the chosen themes in much more extent than the active participation at the congress allows. It is a reason why the Slovak National Committee of Historians decided to publish a special volume in which we offer some congress themes to the world community in Amsterdam. Electronic form of the volume is not only economical ant time-saving, but handy as well. We are ready to present this e-publication to the participants of the congress.

Power of rituals and rituals of power: Religious and secular rituals in the political culture of medieval Kingdom of Hungary ...

Author(s): Dušan Zupka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study of rituals and the symbolic forms of public communication is one of the main directions in contemporary Medieval Studies. The aim of this article is to point out the role and significance of ritualised behaviour for medieval society - that means the so-called power of rituals. For this purpose we shall observe in detail category of rituals of power, which belong to the most widespread and most studied ways of symbolic communication. Strong interconnection between profane and the sacred in Middle Ages is also evident in the sphere of ritualised behaviour. Religious and secular rituals acted synchronically next to each other and therefore, they shall be equally represented in our study.

Perception and reception of the Byzantine heritage in the region of eastern Slovakia and the Podkarpatska Rus, and the formation of religious and cultural identity. Looking for the border between the East and the West. (Frontiers and Boundaries)

Author(s): Václav Ježek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following contribution discusses the Byzantine religious-cultural heritage in relation to the region of contemporary eastern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus (nowadays part of Ukraine). Formerly this region and its vicinity belonged to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. This area offers many insights into religious history and religious sociology and it was an area where a unique religious tradition developed, which had roots in the Byzantine religious culture, brought to central Europe by saints Cyril and Methodius in the ninth century.

Zbornik radova sa znanstvenog skupa. Matija Divković i kultura pisane riječi II

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian

U povijestima hrvatske književnosti posebno mjesto pripada fra Matiji Divkoviću (1563–1631), utemeljitelju franjevačke i bosanskohercegovačke književnosti, autoru prvih tiskanih knjiga na narodnom jeziku i ujedno prvih djela na području današnje Bosne i Hercegovine ostvarenih što kavskom stilizacijom hrvatskoga književnog jezika. Divković svoja prva djela Nauk krstjanskiza narod slovinski (tzv. veliki Nauk) i Sto čudesa aliti zlamen’jablažene i slavne Bogorodice, Divice Marije objavljuje u Veneciji 1611. u tiskari Pietra M. Bertana i to na bosančici za koju jesam osmišljavao grafijska rješenja i lijevao slova. Svoje tiskarsko iskustvo Divković primjenjuje i pet godina kasnije kada ponovno lijeva slova i kod istog tiskara 1616. objavljuje još dva djela kojasu doživjela znatno veću popularnost: Besjede svrhu evanđel’ja nedjeljnijeh priko svega godišta (2. izdanje 1704) i Nauk krstjanskis mnozijemi stvari duhovnijemi i vele bogoljubnijemi (tzv.mali Nauk) koji je do 1738. godine objavljen dvadesetak puta i to u dvije inačice: opsežnoj i kratkoj.

Nie (do) wiara. Horyzonty religijne w prozie Wiesława Myśliwskiego

Author(s): Krystian Węgrzynek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Проблематика ритуала литијског опхода у светлу новијих истраживања

Author(s): Ivica Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The ceremonial act of procession - before its banning subsequent to World War II - was widespread on the Serbian ethnic territory as one of the most important rituals. This phenomenon features a whole range of exceptionally interesting characteristics which have never been scientifically investigated: from the specific ways of structuring the ritual procession path to the intricate mythical complex accompanying the ritual. The results of years-long research of this phenomenon point to its multi-layered semantic and structural makeup. The contemplated ritual may therefore be used as a key in solving numerous dilemmas relating, on the one hand, to the research of the Serbian folk religion, and, on the other, to the research of the mythical/ritual systems structure in general. The function of the procession ritual was to provide a tight social unity of the rural community and favourable weather conditions for a fertile year. On the semantic plane, this ritual is exceptionally complex, with a number of connotation levels which all together make up a unique mythic-ritual text. In terms of mythological analysis, the most significant mythical determinants to be singled out here are the magic circle, the sacred trees, and the lord o f the weather, with a deeper mythological layer relating to the global cycle of annual folkways. Also met with in this ritual are the elements of diverse cults (agricultural, solar, vegetational, ancestor worship, etc.). Structural and semantic analyses of the procession ritual have revealed a spectrum of syntagmatic expressions and paradigmatic possibilities of the analyzed phenomenon, with an emphasis on specific patterns observed in the most intricate manifestations of the procession ritual - similar or identical to the patterns noted (in previous research) within the framework of heterogeneous linguistic, logical, mythical and ritualistic models. This scholarly approach is congruous with a hypothesis on the existence of homologous structural patterns, tentatively called patterns of the primary structure of thinking of universal character - revealed in diverse spheres of culture and nature.

U tradiciji nacionalizma ili stereotipi srpskih intelektualaca XX veka o "nama" i "drugima"

Author(s): Olivera Milosavljević / Language(s): Serbian

Dvadeseti vek je zatvorio krug balkanskih nacionalizama. Pri tom ne podrazumevam nikakav ciklični tok istorijskih zbivanja, već, naprotiv, jedno neizgrađeno, atavističko i nezrelo stremljenje, koje je samo sticajem političkih okolnosti i mnogostrukih uticaja isklizavalo iz ušančene matrice i povremeno se pretvaralo u kratkotrajni napredak ili, češće, privid napretka.To što Srbija ulazi u XXI vek sa pozicija sličnijih kraju XIX nego čitavom XX veku, možda će novi romantičari oceniti kao propušteno vreme, nacionalni radnici kao vraćanje na izvorni nacionalni kolosek, ali racionalni stav bi, ipak, najpre morao da glasi, da nikakav tehnološki progres, moderne ideologije i knjiška obaveštenost, ne mogu trajno da znače progres ako se mitska svest održava kao poželjno obeležje “nacionalnog bića”, državni interes svodi na staru, davno prevaziđenu frazu iz zaboravljene pa obnovljene bajke, a istorija doživljava kao “patriotska” nauka, koju čine ili suva, selektivno birana fakta ili “prepoznavanje” znakova sadašnjosti u dubokoj prošlosti.

Раннохристиянски мъченици, от които, според житията, изтича "мляко вместо кръв"

Author(s): Eva Kovacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the present study, there are 40 saints, whose lives describe that in their martyrdom death from the wounds of their bodies, and especially when their heads were cut off, milk was flowing instead of blood. Of the presented cases, 20 are women and 20 are men of different age. As described in the vitae, it is established that they lived between the 1-4 century, which coincided with the early Christian period, but there are also three exceptions of the martyrs of the 5th, 7th and 11th centuries. Regarding the localization of the described phenomenon, it was found that the saints originated from different geographic areas – in the East from Palestine and Tyre (present-day Lebanon), in North Africa - on the lands of today's Egypt, Tunisia and Libya, in various regions of Asia Minor, The Balkan Peninsula (particularly on the territory of today's Bulgaria and Greece) and West to Gaul (in particular Italy, France and Belgium). In general, the explanation given in the present study of the miracle of milk is that it is a sign of their holiness and their heavenly change already on the earth.

Cesty božstev: Otázky interpretace náboženství a nacionalismu v moderním Japonsku

Author(s): Jakub Havlíček / Language(s): Czech

The monograph “Gods’ Ways. Interpreting Religions and Nationalism in Modern Japan” deals with the role of religious phenomena in the process of forming the national identity in modern Japan, with the problem to identify and interpret these phenomena. The introductory chapter is concerned with the issue of defining the theoretical and methodological frame of the thesis. It characterizes the study of religions as a critical social science. Referring to Jonathan Z. Smith, the author deals with the concept of religion as with an analytical category and treats this concept as a social construction originating in the context of Western, Euro-American culture. The thesis is also occupied with the questionof identifying religious phenomena in the context of Japan. It deals with the theories of secularization, with the process of defining religious and secular domains, as well as with the concepts of nation in social sciences. It concerns the subject of implicit religions, finding the theories of implicit religions to be rather vague and inadequate for analyzing religious phenomena in modern Japan. In the conclusion to the chapter, the author proposes the definition of “religion” based on Benson Saler’s concept of tracing “family resemblances” of the phenomena classified as religious. Second chapter deals with the topic of interpreting and systematizing religious phenomena in Japan. It concentrates on the concepts of Shinto and Japanese religion in the works of H. Byron Earhart, Karel Werner, Thomas P. Kasulis, Joseph M. Kitagawa, and Isaiah Ben-Dasan.

Personel Europejskiej Służby Działań Zewnętrznych do przeglądu? Bilans i wnioski z dotychczasowej polityki kadrowej

Author(s): Ryszarda Formuszewicz,Dorota Liszczyk / Language(s): Polish

W związku ze zbliżającym się przeglądem Europejskiej Służby Działań Zewnętrznych – zaplanowanym w 2013 r. – kwestie personelu służby, bezpośrednio przekładające się na efektywność tej struktury mogą ponownie znaleźć się w centrum uwagi. Dotychczasowa polityka kadrowa i przebieg procesu rekrutacji – na bieżąco poddawane wnikliwej ocenie ze strony państw członkowskich – spowodowały, że dysproporcje w reprezentacji obywateli członków UE wśród personelu ESDZ zostały zmniejszone, ale nie wyeliminowane. Przegląd ESDZ powinien więc stanowić okazję do dalszego poszukiwania akceptowalnych i pozwalających wyrównywać istniejące deficyty rozwiązań, tak aby w perspektywie europejska dyplomacja wyposażona była w kompetencje i umiejętności na miarę wyzwań XXI wieku.

Educaţie şi valori în şcoala contemporană. Provocări şi modele

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian

This volume includes a selection of the papers presented at the International Conference "Education in the Perspective of Values", the XV th edition, held at the Moldova State University, Republic of Moldova, in Chişinău, on September 29 th - October 1 st, 2023. The organizers of this edition were: "1 December 1918" University of Alba Iulia - Romania, "Saint Clement of Ohrid" University from Sofia - Bulgaria, University of Belgrade – Serbia, University of Primorska - Slovenia, University of Helsinki, UNESCO Chair on Values, Dialogue and Human Rights - Finland, “Babes-Bolyai” University from Cluj-Napoca, the Doctoral School “Didactics. Tradition. Development. Innovation” – Romania and Moldova State University - Republic of Moldova.

Druidism, Tengrism, Taaraism: Current Reactivations of Ancient Spiritualities and Religions, From Identity to Politics

Author(s): / Language(s): English

“In this book, we have named the phenomena neoreligion and reactivation. Neoreligion does not mean a change inside institutionalised religion, it does not correspond to some kind of dogmatic creative crisis, which would bring established religious groups to claim to create something new while only dusting out ancient components of their religion. It is not to confuse, either, with some kind of religious nostalgia, a desire to return to the origins or foundations of a religion. Such a dynamic can be observed with the born-again phenomena – obvious in the spheres of monotheistic religions – that is individual religious revivalism of people who are often searching for a supposedly original orthodoxy.Neoreligion, on the contrary, is the phenomenon where, outside existing religions, new religions are created, but not from nothing: they are reactivated in a new form. They take their roots – or at least claim to do so – in traditional or ancient beliefs and adopt some of the imagined traditional behaviours. The movement, therefore, is one of transformation, since it is a takeover of the old. But this change does not simply follow the logic of the old: there is also a dimension of novelty, of creation.This volume is dedicated to studying these phenomena: describing and analysing their various appearances, uncovering their logic and dynamics, shedding light on the motivations of followers, and discussing their consequences.”