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Based on diaries written during the First World War, the article examines issues related to the procuring of food and its preparation in wartime Romania, both on the front and behind the lines, in the south of the current territory of the country, which was under German occupation between 1916 and 1918, and in Moldova, where the authorities and many people had taken refuge. While the troops and the common population were faced with an extreme scarcity of resources, the upper classes and upper-ranked officers, as well as the occupation forces, on the one hand, and the French and British allied ones, on the other, were still able to enjoy rich and indulgent meals. The selected written accounts reveal a striking difference between the available foodstuff and between the menus of the former and the latter categories.
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The Great War was a turning point in social life and a major factor in changing fashion. The belligerent actions, the war economy and the hardships (the requisition and rationalization of raw materials), the patriotic propaganda and women's more active lifestyle - all these brought dramatic changes in the way people dressed. Military uniforms have permanently influenced civilian outfits. The need for comfort created light and sporty styles, less formal, for both men and women. Women actively participated in the war effort, by working in the economy, agriculture, industry, taking the place of the male workers who went to fight. They also worked as volunteer nurses and created organizations that helped to organize the logistics behind the front. This accelerated the process of women's emancipation and led to courageous changes in fashion: shortening skirts, the practical tailored suit (for males), abandoning the stiff corset. A new, more natural silhouette became fashionable along with a new beauty ideal. Some women even adopted pants and short hair. This feminine, sober and practical attire, with military stiles and dark colors, was invigorated by a variety of hats with fancy and modern design. The complex phenomenon, fashion during World War I, presents for the first time the modern principles of clothes: functionality, freedom of movement and design.
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At the end of 1918 and the beginning of 1919, Hungary was occupying a series of Romanian territories from the western part of Transylvania that were situated in the border line area. The Romanians that felt under the Hungarian domination were victims to such atrocities that are hard to imagine. As a response to the Hungarian violence, on March 18th 1919, at the initiative of the Reunion of Romanian women from Sibiu was established the Border Line Victim’s Fund. Through it the victims of the Hungarian oppressions were about to get help. The inhabitants of Sibiu County donated to the Border Line Victim’s Fund a total sum of 111.251 crowns and 46 fillers.
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This article explores the attitude of the Liberal Radoslavists to the main problems of the internal politics of the democrats’ government from 1908 to 1911. It focuses on the democratization of the social life, the restoration of the autonomy of Sofia University, the elaboration of a modern Education Аct, the guarantee of the freedom of speech, the increase of the municipal autonomy, etc. Times of crisis during the government are also highlighted,referring to the parliamentary elections, the shooting at the demonstration in Ruse and the delay of passing the Law on the convocation of the Grand National Assembly.
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This article briefly examines the political activity and the fate of some of the leading liberals from the spring to the fall of 1918. The last months of the World War I had been marked by their own specifics, in which the liberals had an important role. Up to the present moment, this problem has not been thoroughly investigated.
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The strategic resources of each country, naturally, specify the economic and political orientation of the country and determine the major national and international security challenges. This paper focuses on the current security challenges related to the changing resource management and respectively to the changing security environment as a result of resource depletion. The resource security becomes a leading objective of the security policy and a major factor in the international relations.
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Between June and September 2018, one of the local public libraries in eastern Poland implemented a project documenting roadside crosses and chapels. Information on these small forms of sacral architecture were gathered thanks to the testimonies of witnesses. Next, a book containing photographs of the objects accompanied by brief descriptions based on the recollections of the founders and the representatives of the local community was published. Using the example of this project, this article presents selected problems related to local history using the accounts of witnesses. Both the benefits of these activities (activization of the local community, increasing interest in the past, and increasing social dialogue) as well as the possible dangers (abuses and the expropriation of accounts) were noted.
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This article focuses on the role of oral history interviews as sources for narrating as well as enacting the Polish-Jewish past. Special attention is given to two exhibitions: The Portrait of a Place and Lublin: Memory of the Place. Both were prepared by the Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre Centre, a cultural institution in Lublin. Oral testimonies that constitute part of these exhibitions will be analyzed as both documentary material, which is a source of certain types of representation of the past, and as “artistic matter” for “memory staging.” This article discusses the substantial value of narratives created in this way in the context of the center’s educational and commemorative activities.
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Latvians are one of the most mobile European nations. Latvian migration to Sweden has a long history. After the II World War, more than 4,000 people moved from Latvia to Sweden, fleeing Soviet power. The second wave of immigration to Sweden began with the restoration of Latvian independence in 1991 and continues to this day. Both of these waves of migration are documented in the Latvian National Oral History collection. This article analyzes life-story interviews with expatriates in Sweden after the restoration of independence and explores how the migrants themselves describe their experiences in their new home country, their reflections on Latvians, Latvianness, and the preservation of national identity in emigration.
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This article presents interviews with women who witnessed the Chernobyl tragedy; they were liquidators of the accident, evacuated, or displaced. The stories are stored in an archive, which has become a significant part of the activities of the Chernobyl Historical Workshop in Kharkiv. These examples show that there is the presence of injury in each of these memories. The article is of a narrative character, which reflects female emotions, experiences, pain and anxieties. The Chernobyl tragedy and its participants continue to remain in the shadow of scientific discourse, so this work is an opportunity to give them space to tell their stories related to the elimination of the accident, evacuation, and resettlement.
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The account presents the fortunes of Amalia Reisenthel, born just after the end of World War II in Wrocław into a family who had survived the Holocaust. Her biographical story addresses issues concerning the origins and fate of her parents during war, life in an assimilated Jewish family, experiences of anti-Semitism, studies and the events of 1968. The key section of the narrative is the relation of her departure from Poland as part of the “post-March” emigration and also her later return visits to the country in the 1980s and 1990s. During the interview, topics connected with identity and the attitude of the witness to history to Poland were also discussed, including her contacts with Polish culture and language.
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The text contains a transcription and commentary on the account of Urszula Sosna recorded within the framework of the 9th “Oral History Grant”. The narrator talks about the Silesian Uprisings, the plebiscite, the incorporation of Tarnowskie Góry into Poland and the creation of the Polish–German border. In terms of her personal memories, she talks about school, work on the family farm in the inter-war period. She presents 1945 as the start of the war in Silesia which is associated with traumatic contact with the Soviets and recalls the deportation of the male population to the USSR, the necessity to hide in cellars, the repression of local civilians by soldiers and her own time in a labour camp in Kędzierzyn.
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Review of: Ota Konrád: Dějepisectví, germanistika a slavistika na Německé univerzitě v Praze 1918-1945. [Geschichtswissenschaft, Germanistik und Slawistik an der Deutschen Universität in Prag 1918-1945.] Nakl. Karolinum. Praha 2011. 360 S. ISBN 978-80-246-1949-1; August Sauer (1855-1926). Ein Intellektueller in Prag zwischen Kultur- und Wissenschaftspolitik. Hrsg. von Steffen H ö h n e . (Intellektuelles Prag im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 1.) Böhlau. Köln u.a. 2011. 405 S. ISBN 978-3-412-20622-2. (€ 49,90.); Franz Spina (1868-1938). Ein Prager Slavist zwischen Universität und politischer Öffentlichkeit. Hrsg. von Steffen H ö h n e und Ludger U d o l p h . (Intellektuelles Prag im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 2.) Böhlau. Köln u.a. 2012. 331 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-412-20747-2. (€ 44,90.); Błażej Białkowski: Utopie einer besseren Tyrannis. Deutsche Historiker an der Reichsuniversität Posen (1941-1945). (Sammlung Schöningh zur Geschichte und Gegenwart.) Schöningh. Paderborn 2011. 403 S. ISBN 978-3-506-77167-4. (€ 49,90.); Helmut W. Schaller: Die „Reichsuniversität Posen“ 1941-1945. Vorgeschichte, nationalsozialistische Gründung, Widerstand und polnischer Neubeginn. (Symbolae Slavicae, Bd. 29.) Lang. Frankfurt am Main u.a. 2010. 273 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-631-57643-4. (€ 52,80.). Reviewed by Stefan Lehr.
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The theme of Czech-German co-habitation in the Sudetes, from where over two million German citizens were uprooted after the Second World War, has become one of the most politicalised themes in Czechoslovakian and then Czech cinematography. In this study, the analyses are primarily focused on motifs linked with representation of historical and present Sudetes, and development of Czech-German relations. Concretely, it focuses on nationalistic actions,the escalation of Czech-German relations after Hitler’s coming of power in Germany, conceding the Sudetes to the Reich, expelling the Germans after World War Two, the arrival of Czechs after the war, fate of ethnically mixed families, and protection of national borders. The aim of the study is to describe changes in the discourse of film and television representations of history in Czech society following the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 until the present day, and interpret these in the context of political changes. In particular, I will focus on the reasons which caused the deformation and silencing of historical events linked with those in the Sudetes. The analyses conducted along the diachronic axis should prove the hypothesis that changes in the representations of history and present Sudetes correspond with changes in society, and strongly present the contemporary Czech(oslovakian) position to the 20th century history.
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This article presents the results of a study on the immigration of Ruthenians to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period 1878‑1914, as well as the source of settlement movements in this area and the issues associated with emigration. The study concentrates mainly on the processes of their acculturation in contact not only with locals, but also with Poles, who also settled in large numbers in the area of Banja Luka. Much space is also devoted to the attitude of the Greek Catholic Church authorities towards the issues pertaining to the emigration of their adherents. Due to lack of their own clergy, many Ruthenians converted to Orthodoxy in the first years after arriving in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both local religious and secular authorities attempted to counteract this situation in consultation with Archbishop Andrey Sheptytsky.
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In April 1932, Marshal Józef Piłsudski attempted to solve the impasse, which marked the Romania‑Soviet Union talks following the negotiations in Riga for the benefit of Poland. However, he never managed to alter the attitude of Romanian politicians, whose reluctance towards the talks was strongly supported by French Prime Minister André Tardieu. Despite the efforts of Polish and French diplomacy, no solution enabling the resumption of negotiations could be found. The appointment of Titulescu as head of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs eventually blighted the prospect of a pact between Moscow and Bucharest coming into life. In these circumstances, in order to avoid being treated instrumentally by the Romanian Foreign Minister in his pretended efforts towards the conclusion of a pact, the Polish diplomacy distanced itself from further mediation between Romania and the Soviet Union.
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The main aim of this article is to analyse the fundamental issues, which affected the Polish population hiding in the cities of Volhynia, and Eastern Galicia from the massacres carried out in the years 1943‑1944 by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. This article proves that the issues of finding accommodation, food (including risky to home towns), and shelter from subsequent assault were as important as finding an occupation that would allow to the most modest subsistence while averting the risk of deportation by the German‑Ukrainian administration to forced labour in the Third Reich.
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