Документи

Author(s): Natan Grinberg / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,French,Armenian

This book was rejected for almost seventy years. First published in 1945, it was suppressed immediately. After 1945, it was neither republished nor studied; for decades, it was not even cited in Bulgaria. Almost nothing was known about it's author; tracking him down turned out to be an inexplicably difficult task. Anonymity and oblivion - that was the price of his work which first described the deportation of Jews from Thrace, Macedonia and Pirot. A story that would become one of the biggest taboos in Bulgarian history for at least half a century. The author passed away in the late 1980's, never living to see his name in it's rightful place: among the first researchers to reveal the unthinkable history of the Holocaust.

Twenty Years After: the Gandhi School and Beyond. Secondary Education of the Roma/Gypsies in Hungary During the Transition Years

Author(s): Renáta Anna Dezső / Language(s): English

The Romani people have historically lived on the margins of Western society. Educational access on all levels for the Romani people has been particularly problematic throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Numerous studies have documented that Romani children underachieve and fail to complete school at rates significantly higher than the non-Romani population. One bright spot in the education of Roma is the work of the Gandhi School in Pécs, Hungary. The Gandhi School has been working to improve the future of Romani children in Hungary since 1994 and has numerous success stories to share. This current work by Renáta Anna Dezső is an important piece that helps to explain the education condition of Romani students and document the work of the Gandhi School. It is a substantial addition to the literature in English on this topic and will be a useful resource to a variety of educators, researchers and policy makers interested in Romani education.Dr. Jason M. MorrisFulbright ScholarGraduate DirectorGraduate School – Higher EducationAbilene Christian UniversityTexas, USAThe Romani people have historically lived on the margins of Western society. Educational access on all levels for the Romani people has been particularly problematic throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Numerous studies have documented that Romani children underachieve and fail to complete school at rates significantly higher than the non-Romani population. One bright spot in the education of Roma is the work of the Gandhi School in Pécs, Hungary. The Gandhi School has been working to improve the future of Romani children in Hungary since 1994 and has numerous success stories to share. This current work by Renáta Anna Dezső is an important piece that helps to explain the education condition of Romani students and document the work of the Gandhi School. It is a substantial addition to the literature in English on this topic and will be a useful resource to a variety of educators, researchers and policy makers interested in Romani education. Dr. Jason M. MorrisFulbright ScholarGraduate DirectorGraduate School – Higher EducationAbilene Christian UniversityTexas, USA

„...házam imádság házának hivatik minden népek számára!”. A Pécsi Izraelita Hitközség dokumentumok tükrében (1837–1950)

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian

The history of the Jewish community living in the city of Pécs dates back to the 1780s. The religious community was established at the beginning of the 1840s, and some years later, Jewish communities turned into “cultus prefectures”. After this period, these institutions concentrated primarily on the religious life of the community.The Israelite citizens of the country gained their equality before the law in 1867 as a result of the act titled Communitas Judeorum. Afterwards, they started to function as public political institutions, in the frames of which the following issues fell within its competence: cultural and charitable affairs as well as problems related to the administrative and legal cases of the population (approval of divorces, lawsuits etc.). In the case of Pécs, the first statues, which dates back to 1844, did not remained to our era, which means that about the existence of the organisation we have some pieces of information on the bases of certain prefectural records. The content of these document is discussed by József Schweitzer in his monograph on the parish.With the emancipation of the Jewish communities in Hungary, the Jewish civil parishes stopped their functioning, as the public administration of the citizens of Jewish origins became basically identical with the administrational structures of the other nationalities living in the territory of the country. This indicated that civil parishes started to alter into religious communities. As I have already referred to it, the 17th article in 1867 contained provisions about the legal and political equality of the people belonging to the Jewish community. However, it did not gave orders about the religious equality of the Jewish inhabitants. The first Minister of Education and Religious Affairs, baron József Eötvös urged the realisation of reception as well as the religious equality of the Jewish people, but firstly he intended to arrange the structural questions of the Israelite religious community. The result of his aim is the fact that by this time, the altogether 500 thousands of Jewish citizens in Hungary belonged to several hundreds of religious communities.The Izraelita Egyetemes Gyűlés [Israelite Universal Assembly], which started its two-months-long of negotiation in the December of 1848, made it clear, that the Hungarian Jewish community is rather divided. The progressive (the so called neologian) Jewish representatives framed their own structural statute. According to this, the Israelite religious communities dealt “only with tasks related to the religious groups, to the divine services as well as to the issues of education and charity”. However, the validity of this regulation was refused by the conservative wing of the Jewish community, and as a result of this they made efforts to the elaboration of their own structural book of rules. The so called orthodox religious communities, lived according to their “autonomous religious law”, indicating that – on the bases of their own viewpoint – the halakha can be the only legitimate basis of the Jewish religion. In the sense of their interpretation, this is the single law of religion, which is able to determine the life of the faithful Jewish people. Due to the several kinds of interpretations related to the neologian and orthodox wings, neither of these categories can be interpreted as homogeneous. Due to this factor, a smaller group of the religious communities did not join to these organisations, they became to the so called status quo ante groups, and functioned according to their own rules. In 1927, the Hungarian status quo ante religious communities established the Izraelita Hitközségek Országos Szövetsége [National Alliance of the Israelite Religious Groups], whose constitutions had been approved by the Minister of Education and Religious Affairs in the following year.The Israelite Religious Community of Pécs assumed the status quo ante point of view in 1869, however, in practice it followed the neologian ideas, and in terms of its structural organisation, it joined to the congressional parish only in 1924. According to the 42nd article in 1895, the Israelite religion was registered among the legally acknowledged religious groups. This indicated that the possibility of the conversion to the Jewish faith became also legally possible, while the religious communities had a chance to demand for state and local supports. Besides this, the parishes had the opportunity to pay the denominational tax as public tax, which might have been enforced in front of the administrative courtsAnti-Semitism, which started to infiltrate to the national political life with the 20th article of 1920, titled numerus clausus, intensified with the series of discriminative legal acts against the Jewish communities from 1938. The statutes (according to the theoretical literature, altogether 22 anti-Jewish legislations were issued until 1943. As a result of these acts as well as due to the closely interconnected ministerial executive orders, not only the primary rights of those people, who belonged to the Jewish communities or who were legally classified among the Jews, were damaged, but also the legal status of the Israelite Parish was violated. The achievements of the 19th century emancipation and reception proved to be rather fragile. The Hungarian Parliament gradually and imperceptibly eliminated the civic and religious equality of Israelites.Due to the Anti-Semitic legal acts, thousands and thousands of Jewish families had to face with an existential crisis as well as with the extreme poverty in the contemporary Hungary. We do not have accurate statistics about the number of Jews, who lost their Jobs in Pécs, because the written documentation of the religious community of Pécs only discuss the increasing intensity of the charitable work, the situation connected to the retraining courses as well as the organised supports until 1939. In connection with this, we must not forget about the fact, that not only Jewish people lost their jobs, but also those Christian employees, who worked in enterprises of Jewish proprieties. On the one hand, the maintenance of the hospice and the school, where the number of students started to decrease, proved to be extremely difficult. On the other hand, we do not have information about the activity of the charitable organisations. The written documents do not report about the effects of the labour service on the Jewish families, which meant an extremely large burden for the families. It is a generally known fact, that a number of local men died in the eastern front, among the members of the 4th commoner battalion, who left their home for labour service. However, we do not know the exact number of these men, who dies as a result of the horrible and sad trials.After the occupation of the German troops on the 19th of March, 1944, Governor Miklós Horthy remained in his office, and the orders of the government of Ferenc Szálasy, who was nominated by Miklós Horthy, were executed by the majority of the national administrative bodies. As a result of this, Hungarian Jews had to face with the direct life-danger. The chronology and the events of the Hungarian holocaust were elaborated by several scholars, which means that the details of these tragic period of time are generally known. Only 18% of the former Jewish inhabitants of Pécs lived here in the year of 1950, indicating that the majority of them lost their lives or decided to move away from Pécs. Although, the religious community revived, but its strength and prestige was lost.The disenfranchisement of the Jewish people – or of those, who were classified as Jews – was brought to an end by the 200/1945. M. E. order of the “popular democratic” Provisional Government in the March of 1945. The “emancipational and receptional” legislation, which followed the Second World War, was theoretically set in a higher state in the 20th article of the 1949 fundamental law (§54 of this document was on the religious and on the liberty of conscience). However, we cannot talk about a real success connected to this issue (and related to any other issues), as the fundamental law of 1949 declared the Sovietization of the country.The communist and Stalinist dictatorship, which started to develop in Hungary, did not tolerate any kinds of autonomy, and self-evidently, it made efforts to eliminate the autonomy of the different religious groups. The institutional control of the Jewish denominational life – similarly to the other religious groups in Hungary – was practiced by the Állami Egyházi Hivatal [National Church Administration], which was established in 1951. However, the operative leadership remained in the hands of the Magyarországi Izraeliták Országos Szövegtése (MIOI) [National Alliance of the Hungarian Israelites]. The independent scope for action in smaller regional religious communities terminated, but the larger groups, among them the community in Pécs, managed to preserve their relative large autonomy.This present book represents the parochial archives, and its primary aim is to illustrate the parish’s difficult system of functioning with the help of written documentation. The sources published in this volume demonstrate the certain elements connected to the functional structure of the parish, and provide a perfect possibility for the recognition of the everyday life of the society. The reader can be familiar with the daily routine of the Jewish community of the city, while the sources provide a panorama about the positive and negative aspects of the lives of the Jews. The presentation of the history of the Jewish religious community would have been more complex, if the sources of the state archives had been elaborated as well. However, due to the partial and sporadic characteristics of the background research work, I did not made attempts to analyse the documents. The introduction of the antecedents and consequences of the sources, similarly to the people mentioned by their names, is missing from the book. In connection with this, I have to mention that a research work like this is in several cases impossible.The first source, which is published in this book, dates back to 1837, while the “youngest” document was written in 1950. On the one hand, the drastic pressing back of the autonomy of the Jewish religious community dates back to this year. On the other hand, the documents, which were issued after this year – are rather unprocessed. The written sources of the book are naturally primarily letters, which were issued to the parish, as well as documents, which were written by the organisations standing under the authority of the parish i.e. the Chevra Kadisa. These documents can be read in the archives in a relatively small number, mainly in copies. The source selection focuses the content of the issues – instead of the date of their issuing – and as a result of this, the documents are not published in a simple chronological order, but according to thematic units. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Die Geschichte der auch heute lebenden Pécser Judenheit reicht bis in die 1780er Jahre zurück. Die Gemeinde wurde Anfang der 1840er Jahre gegründet.Vor der bürgerrechtlichen Emanzipation der Judenheit (1867) waren die jüdischen Gemeinden (Communitas Judeorum) politische Instanzen, deren Wirkungskreis sich außer den religiösen, kulturellen und wohltätigen Aufgaben der in der Gemeinde lebenden Juden auch auf ihre rechtlichen Angelegenheiten (Bewilligung der Scheidungen, Prozesse im Bereich des bürgerlichen Rechts, usw.) erstreckte.In Pécs ist das erste, aus 1844 stammende Statut nicht mehr vorhanden. Über seine Existenz wissen wir aus dem Vorstandsprotokoll, dessen Inhalt Dr. József Schweitzer in seiner Monographie über die Kultusgemeinde bekannt machte. 1848 gestalteten sich die Gemeinden zu Kultusgemeinden um, ihre Tätigkeit konzentrierte sich grundsätzlich auf das Glaubensleben.Mit der Emanzipation der ungarischen Judenheit wurden die jüdischen Gemeinden aufgehoben, da die Verwaltung der jüdischen Bürger mit der Verwaltung der anderen Bürger identisch wurde: Die Gemeinden formten sich zu Kultusgemeinden um. Der Gesetzesartikel Nr. XVII. im Jahre 1867 sagte die bürgerliche und politische Gleichberechtigung der Bewohner Ungarns israelitischer Konfession aus, die Gesetzgeber entschieden sich aber nicht für die Gleichstellung der israelitischen Konfession. Der Minister für Kultus und Unterricht, Baron József Eötvös, setzte sich für die Rezeption, für die Verwirklichung der konfessionellen Gleichstellung ein, dazu wollte er aber die organisationelle Frage der israelitischen Konfession ordnen. Die etwa halbe Millionen jüdischen Bürger des Landes waren in jener Zeit schon in mehreren Hunderten Kultusgemeinden gruppiert.Im Dezember 1868 setzte sich die Allgemeine Versammlung der Israeliten zusammen, die fast zwei Monate lang tagte. Deren „Ergebnis” war, dass die Spaltung der ungarischen Judenheit auch in organisationeller Hinsicht offensichtlich wurde. Die fortgeschrittenen jüdischen Vertreter (auch Neologen, oder Kongressjuden genannt) schufen ein Statut für ihre eigene Organisation. Demnach waren die israelitischen Kultusgemeinden „ausschließlich Kultusgemeinden”, d.h. Körperschaften, die alleine zum Versehen der „üblichen Aufgaben am israelitischen Gottesdienst, an der Zeremonie, am Unterricht und an Wohltätigkeit” berufen waren. Die Gültigkeit dieses Statuts wurde von der konservativen Judenheit nicht anerkannt, so trachtete sie nach der Schaffung einer eigenen Grundsatzung. Diese Satzung der „autonomen gesetzestreuen” (orthodoxen) Kultusgemeinden betonte die Ausschließlichkeit des Schulchan Aruch. Damit wurde ihrerseits signalisiert, dass sie die Halacha als einzigen legitimen Grund der jüdischen Religion betrachteten, d.h. jenes Religionsgesetz, das den Lebenswandel eines glaubenstreuen Juden gänzlich bestimmt.Wegen der mehreren Deutungsmöglichkeiten der Neologie und der Orthodoxie können selbst die neologen und orthodoxen Richtungen nicht als einheitlich betrachtet werden. Eine kleinere Gruppe der Kultusgemeinden schloss sich an keine Organisation an, sie blieben in der früheren rechtlichen Lage. Diese sind die status quo ante Kultusgemeinden, die sich aufgrund ihrer eigenen Statuten verwalteten. 1927 gründeten sie den Landesverband der ungarländischen „status quo ante” israelitischen Kultusgemeinden, dessen Statut 1928 vom Minister für Kultus und Unterricht bewilligt wurde.Die Pécser Israelitische Kultusgemeinde stand 1869 auf „status quo ante”-Grundlage, praktisch folgte sie aber der Neologie, deren Landesorganisation sie sich erst 1924 anschloss.Aufgrund des Gesetzesartikels Nr. XLII/1895 wurde die israelitische Religion in Ungarn zu gesetzlich anerkannter Religion. Es wurde rechtlich ermöglicht, dass man auch in die israelitische Religion einkehrt, die Kultusgemeinden wurden auf staatliche und kommunale Finanzhilfe berechtigt und die Kirchensteuer der Mitglieder wurde als allgemeine Steuer durch Verwaltungsgerichte einhebbar.Vom Anfang der 1930er Jahre verstärkte sich der Antisemitismus in Ungarn, der mit dem Gesetzesartikel Nr. XX/1920 („numerus clausus-Gesetz”) auf die Ebene der Staatspolitik gehoben wurde. Der Antisemitismus erschien in der Gesetzgebung ab 1938 wieder. Die diskriminierenden Gesetze (die Fachliteratur zählt bis 1943 22 sog. „Judengesetze”) und die Vielzahl der zu diesen herausgegebenen ministerialen Durchführungsverordnungen berührten einerseits die Grundrechte jener Bürger, die zu der israelitischen Konfession gehörten, oder durch das Gesetz als Juden zu betrachten waren, anderseits die rechtliche Stellung der israelitischen Konfession. Die Errungenschaften der Emanzipation und Rezeption der Konfession im 19. Jahrhundert zeigten sich sehr brüchig. Das ungarische Parlament hob zwischen 1938 und 1942 die staatsbürgerliche und konfessionelle Gleichberechtigung der Israeliten fast unbemerkt und allmählich auf.Infolge der judenfeindlichen Gesetze gerieten Zehntausende Familien in Ungarn in existenzielle Krisen und oft in Elend. Wir verfügen über keine genauen Daten, wie viele Menschen in Pécs dadurch arbeitslos wurden (darunter waren auch viele christliche Angestellte der jüdischen Unternehmen). Die Dokumente der Kultusgemeinde berichten bis 1939 über intensiver gewordene Beihilfen, Umbildungskurse und andere organisierte Hilfen. Die von immer wenigeren Kindern besuchte Schule und das Altersheim konnten nur mit großen Schwierigkeiten aufrecht erhalten werden, über die Tätigkeit der Wohlfahrtsorganisationen sind keine Informationen erhalten. Die Pécser Dokumente berichten auch nicht über jene schweren Folgen, die wegen der Abwesenheit des zu kürzerem oder längerem Arbeitsdienst einbezogenen Familienoberhaupts die unversorgt gebliebenen Familien betrafen. Es ist bekannt, dass viele Pécser Männer des IV. gemeinnützigen Arbeitsdienstbataillons infolge der furchtbaren Erprobungen und Grausamkeiten an der Ostfront starben. Über die genaue Zahl der am Arbeitsdienst gestorbenen Pécser Juden stehen keine Informationen zur Verfügung.Nach der deutschen Besatzung des Landes am 19. März 1944 blieb Reichsverweser Horthy in seinem Amt, die Verordnungen der von ihm ernannten und mit der Besatzungsmacht kollaborierenden Sztójay-Regierung wurden vom ungarischen Beamtentum weitgehend durchgeführt. Dadurch geriet die ungarische Judenheit in unmittelbare Lebensgefahr. Die Pécser Ereignisse des Holocaust wurden von mehreren Forschern bearbeitet, die tragischen Ereignisse sind auch in ihren Details bekannt.1950 war die Seelenzahl der Juden in Pécs nur 18 % der Zahl vor der Ghettoisierung und Deportation von 1944. Die anderen starben, oder zogen weg. Die Kultusgemeinde wurde wieder belebt, aber konnte ihr früheres Ansehen und ihre frühere Kraft nicht mehr zurückgewinnen.Im März 1945 wurde die Gültigkeit der Verordnungen, welche die Juden, oder die zu Juden erklärten ungarischen Staatsbürger entrechteten, von der nach dem Krieg gegründeten, sich als völkisch-demokratisch erklärenden provisorischen Regierung mit der Verordnung 200/1945 M.E. aufgehoben. Die Emanzipation und die Rezeption der Konfession in der Gesetzgebungsarbeit nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurden auf einem höheren Niveau, im Grundgesetz (Gesetzesartikel Nr. XX/1949), im 54. § der Verfassung der Ungarischen Volksrepublik verankert. Theoretisch. Die Verfassung des Jahres 1949 deklarierte praktisch die Sowjetisierung des Landes.Die ausgebaute kommunistisch-stalinistische Diktatur, wie es in ihrer Natur lag, duldete keinerlei Autonomie. So wurde selbstverständlicher Weise auch die Selbständigkeit der verschiedenen Konfessionen aufgehoben. Die Aufsicht über das jüdische Religionsleben, wie auch die über die anderen Konfessionen, gehörte zum Aufgabenbereich des 1951 gegründeten Staatsamtes für kirchliche Angelegenheiten. Die operative Leitung blieb im Wirkungsbereich der MIOI (Landesbüro der ungarländischen Israeliten). Der freie Bewegungsraum der kleineren Kultusgemeinden in der Provinz wurde praktisch aufgehoben, die größeren, wie auch die Pécser Gemeinde, konnten ihre relative Autonomie innerhalb der Rahmen der Landesvertretung der ungarischen Israeliten aufrecht halten.Dieser Band repräsentiert das Archiv der Kultusgemeinde. Er ist bestrebt, mit Hilfe von Dokumenten das komplizierte Gewebe zu zeigen, wie die Kultusgemeinde funktionierte. Die Schriftstücke präsentieren einzelne Elemente ihrer Tätigkeit und ermöglichen Einblicke in die Alltage des Zusammenlebens mit der gesellschaftlichen Umwelt, in deren alltägliche, freudvolle oder düstere Situationen.Die Vorstellung der Geschichte der Kultusgemeinde könnte kompletter sein, wenn die Daten des eigenen Archivs mindestens mit Informationen der Dokumente der staatlichen Archive ergänzt würden.Wegen der fragmentarischen Hintergrundforschungen blieb die analysierende Vorstellung vorerst weg, durch welche ein tieferer Einblick in die Geschichte der Kultusgemeinde gesichert werden könnte. Sowohl die Beschreibung der Vorgeschichte der einzelnen Dokumente, als auch die Beschreibung ihrer – nicht immer erschließbarer – Folgen bleiben also aus und auch die in den Schriftstücken erwähnten Personen werden nicht vollzählig vorgestellt.Das erste Dokument des Archivs ist 1837 datiert. 1950 als Abschlussjahr der Dokumentenauswahl ist theoretisch damit zu begründen, dass in diesem Jahr die Autonomie der Kultusgemeinde drastisch beengt wurde, der praktische Grund ist, dass die danach entstandenen Schriften noch nicht aufgearbeitet sind. Die große Mehrheit der Dokumente sind eingegangene Briefe. Die durch die Kultusgemeinde, oder durch die unter ihrer Aufsicht stehenden Vereine (am meistens von Chewra Kadischa) ausgegebene Schriftstücke sind im Archiv in viel kleinerer Zahl und in Kopie zu finden.Die Auswahl fokussiert nicht auf die Entstehungszeit der Dokumente, sondern auf deren Inhalt, deswegen wurden sie nicht nur rein chronologisch geordnet, sondern in thematische Einheiten. Innerhalb der einzelnen Themen folgen die Schriften der Chronologie.

Osud odbojové organizace Černý Lev 777 - Příspěvek k historii ozbrojeného odporu proti komunistickéme reïmu v Československu

Author(s): Tomáš Bursík / Language(s): Czech

This study describes the history of Černý lev 777 (“Black Lion 777”), one of the anti-Communist resistance groups in the former Czechoslovakia. The study is based on primary sources including the memories of the sister of one of the executed members of Černý lev 777, and also uses resources containing some characteristics of the more general relationships that relate to the topic of the third resistance in Czechoslovakia. Černý lev 777 proves that there were, and are, people who were not content to remain merely unresponsive victims of the Communist atrocities and decided to act. This meant taking a weapon and responding with adequate steps to combat the Communist totalitarian regime. From this viewpoint, the activities of Černý lev 777 in the broader Czechoslovak context may appear equal to those of, for instance, the Mašín brethren and others. Jiří Řezáč, Jaroslav Sirotek and Bohumil Šíma, the key representatives of Černý lev 777 and their companions responded to the Communist doctrine of class struggle in the same manner and decided to put up an active resistance. Stockpiling weapons, intimidating Communist Party officials, fighting to prevent the collectivisation of village farmsteads and attempting to establish links with foreign intelligence agents were some of the activities Černý lev 777 was involved in. Its greatest acts were the bomb blasts which destroyed the district committee offices of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in Sedlčany in July 1949 and in Milevsko in May 1950. It was not until 5 years after the group’s first actions that the members were arrested, at the beginning of July 1954. Besides the members of the anti-Communist organisation, many other people, such as relatives, friends and people who had nothing in common with Černý lev 777, were arrested over a few weeks. Much is already known about the investigation methods of State Security Police (StB) in the first half of the 1950’s: long overnight interrogations, physical and mental stress, falsification of protocols, use of prison informers in the cells of detainees, etc. The three court hearings before the regional court in České Budějovice were merely a formality. They resulted in three death penalties (Jiří Řezáč, Jaroslav Sirotek and Bohumil Šíma) and many other heavy sentences. Many people were arrested for committing crimes which the court never proved. These processes were also used by the Communist propaganda to further intimidate those who refused to approve the so called “people’s democratic establishment”. Those sentenced in the trial of Jiří Řezáč and co. and in the subsequent trials of “František Nygrýn and Co.” and “Vladimír Hřebejk and Co.” passed through many Czechoslovak prison facilities in 1950’s and 1960’s. It was not only themselves but also their families that suffered. They were not fully rehabilitated until the 1990’s.

Mustafa Čamran - čovjek za sva vremena

Author(s): Mohammad Ali Barzanooni / Language(s): Bosnian

Nije jednostavno govoriti o velikim ljudima koji su svojedobno stvarali historiju. Neki od takvih ljudi, iako su živjeli u konkretnom vremenu i prostoru, jesu ponad vremena i prostora u kojem su obitavali. Oni su točak historije okrenuli tako da se on još uvijek vrti za one koji žive poslije njih i još uvijek umnogome određuje njihov život i aktuelne društvene procese. Takvi ljudi živjeli su među nama, na istoj ovoj zemlji, ali jesu nebeske ličnosti. I zato je prava blagodat o njima slušati, a još veća o njima govoriti. Plemeniti šehid dr. Mustafa Čamran bio je jedan od takvih velikana, koji nije živio odveć davno. Bio je s nama, bio je jedan od nas, ali je bio i ponad svakog vremena i prostora, mislilac koji je svoju poruku prenio i naraštajima koji dolaze. Došao nam je iz vječnosti i zato će biti prisutan zauvijek, kroz cijelu historiju čovječanstva.

Ideologija i vjerska politika nadbiskupa Stepinca u Jugoslaviji 1934–1946.

Author(s): Nikola Žutić / Language(s): Serbian

Под сянката на Сталин и Хитлер. Втората световна война и съдбата на европейските народи, 1939-1941 г. Т. 3. Подялбата на Европа

Author(s): Plamen Tzvetkov / Language(s): Bulgarian

In the third volume of the five-volume work on the fate of the European nations during the alliance between Stalin and Hitler, the reader will find a detailed account of the finalization of the devastation in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia and annexing Bessarabia and North Bukovina, going beyond the pre-arrangements with Hitler, from Stalin. Frustrated by the rapid Soviet expansion, the German leader brutally enforces his decision on Hungary's claims for Transylvania, annexing that part, while guarantying the sovereignty of the rest of the Romanian territory, triggering sharp reactions from Soviet Union side.

MECELLE’NİN KÜLLİ KAİDELERİ

Author(s): Atıf Bey / Language(s): Turkish

This study is about the first 99 articles of Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, the civil law prepared in the last years of the Ottoman State. The subject matter relates to the general principles of law, known as the Islamic law.

Niepodległa. Rozważania prawno-ustrojowe w 100. rocznicę odrodzenia suwerennego państwa polskiego

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The year 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of regaining independence of Poland after 123 years of Partitions. Both, the importance of this occurrence and its symbolic purport can not be overestimated. It was a time of exultation and rebirth of national pride. But also, for still forming authorities and the whole nation, it was a time of countless challenges. Difficulties which had to be managed by reformers appeared in every area of life. Although Republic of Poland had risen from three distinct states with diametrically different economic, polical and legal realities, merging those varied parts into one state was still possible by dint of national identity, common culture and history. Sovereignty of the state, retrieved in 1918, was only the beginning of a long and intricate road of reforms which Poles had to go through for the next 20 years. Their goal was not only to retrive internal consistency of the reborn Republic but also to come into being internationally as a sovereign state. Those activities were accompanied on the one hand by the lack of experience or even the necessary knowledge and on the other by a rough, brutal political struggle which sometimes affected the direction of reforms and the rush of their introduction. As a result of such behavior, changes were proceeding with a currently inconceivable pace. However, in just two decades, the Republic of Poland not only was reborn as a state but it also managed to significantly develop and upgrow. We are handing over to you the publication in which we wanted to show how many problems had to be faced by then representatives of the authorities which took action to create uniform organizational structures and a common legal system for the regained state.

Становништво и насеља општине Pашка у функцији привредног развоја

Author(s): Radoslav D. Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian

Economic development is certainly the main driving force of demographic and urban geographical changes that arc its function in a certain area and in certain period of socially historical development Characteristics of MECHANICAL MOVING OF POPULATION MIGRATION in the period between Austrian-Turkish wars and The Second World War arc these: This area was on the way of migration currents from Kosovo, Metohija, Montenegro, Hercegovina, Ibarski Kolašin, the area around Novi Pazar and The Sjenica Peštar plateau. It was a phased migration area and each larger immigration was preceded by emigration. The migration from the higher to the lower height above the sea level was conditioned by strengthening of agriculture in comparison with cattle raising, and the migration from villages to towns was conditioned by development of non agricultural activities in the town of Kaška. Periodic and permanent migrations of population were the cause and effect of economic development Seasonal migration of cattle raisers was in connection with semi- nomadic way of raising cattle. Migrations that arc connected with activities of hired coachmen and workmen were conditioned with the development of trade and traffic of hired coachmen and workmen. Seasonal migrations appeared because of the people from the mountains who bought land on the lower height above the sea. Moving of peasants to the town of Raška on market days and during the spring and autumn fair was enlarged with the development of trade in the town. Characteristics of migration after the Second World War are these: Directions of migrations across this area are the same as previous directions of migration currents, and this confirms even more all the necessities that had been the cause of migrations in this area for centuries. The function of phased migration stop did not belong to rural settlements any more, but to the urban areas and suburbs. The influence of migration currents from Montenegro and Pešlar plateau weakened in this period, and the influence of migration current from Kosovo and Metohija strengthened and the important current from the area around Novi Pazar was left. There were less marriage migrations, visiting because of the dowry, and the migrations of girls because of getting married were not only of local character, but they had the character of emigration of population from this area, and in this way the migration from villages to towns became more intensive. Migrations from villages to towns arc the main inner way of moving of the population. They are conditioned by rapid development of non agricultural- activities in urban areas and other working centers. Migrations of population from higher to lower height above the sea level appeared in post war period with strengthening non agricultural activities and with employment of a number of workmen from villages in non-agricultural jobs. Households of peasants' workmen move to places near the road in order to get to their jobs on time. Return migrations appear in this period as well as in the previous periods and they follow some emigrations. Post war economic development in this area and some changes in economic structure conditioned some changes in periodical migrations .Some aspects of periodical migrations of population disappeared the work of hired coachmen and workmen, some just started to disappear seasonal moving of cattle raisers, only 186 inhabitants took part in 1984, some of them arc smaller in size seasonal moving of people from mountains to lower height above the sea level because of tilling the soil, some of them became bigger in size and more intensive migrations connected with fairs in Raška in which between 15.000 and 23.000 take part., and some new aspects of periodical migrations also appeared, such as going to seasonal work and going to temporary work abroad. Daily migrations arc the important aspect of migrations of the population. A small number of daily migrants' workers come from adjoining communities Leposavić, Novi Pazar and Kraljevo. Characteristics of natural moving of population are these: Until 1954 this area was mainly agrarian and there was a rather high birth rate. After 1954 in the area of Raška’s community with the rapid development of non agricultural activities with more people employed outside their households, the need for high birth rate did not exist anymore. In the period between 1961 and 1981 birth rate was lowered from 17,3%» to 13,6%« and mortality rate was higher, from 7,5%o to 8,1%«. and conditioned lowering birth rate in the total migration of the population is characterized by slow population to 29475 (1489% ). Number of habitants was enlarged from 25.837 the origin and population of the community of Raška were influenced by migration currents, l hc origins of most households are from: Montenegro 47,7% (the most people are from families Kuči and Vasojevići) osovo and Metohija 14,59% (most of the families arc from the adjoining community of Leposavid and from Metohija. Novi Pazar (from the area around the town) 7,62%. From the area of Bosnia and Hercegovina, 5,17% (most of the people are from Hercegovina). Population structure after the Second World War has been changing permanently Sex structure was disturbed during the Second World War The process of aging of population became rather indicative According to the aging index from 1981. the young population lived in the towns' communities whereas the old population lived in other communities including the community of Raška In the period between 1953. and 1981, the number of active persons in the area of Raška s community was lowered from 53,42% to 44,51%. and the number of supported persons was enlarged from 45,73% to 47,79% and the number of people who are employed was changed from 0,85% to 7,70% Some measures were taken in order to eliminate illiteracy and to improve education of the population , and the result was satisfactory Between 1961 and 1981, the percentage of illiterate inhabitants was lowered from 34,38% to 18%. The number of inhabitants who finished primary school was enlarged from 3,49 to 15,57, with secondary school from 2.73% to 20,47%. The number of those who had higher education was changed from 0,29% to 1,93%, and the number of faculty educated people was changed from 0,27% to 1,60%. It can be said that the population of this area is nationally homogeneous. Most of the inhabitants arc Serbs, 97,65%. Some significant urban geographical changes in a number of settlements in this area have occurred under the influence of rapid development of non agricultural activities. New settlements of Kopaonik and Brvenik Naselje were formed Two villages, Baljevac and Jošanicka Banja, were transformed into town settlements, and fourteen villages into settlements of a mixed type Urban parts of the settlement were built in the suburban settlements of Raška, Supnje and Varevo ’A weekend settlement Sastavci was built in Lisinc on the mountain Kopaonik. Buildings for miners were built in two villages. "Bela Siena” mine had its building colony in the village Pobrdja, and the 'Korlace mine had its building colony in Korlacc near the mine itself This colony was displaced between 1967 and 1973 because of the pollution Beside roads and railroads, some new parts were built in a number of villages Some parts of Bela Stena and Pobrdje were linked with Baljevac and some parts of Varevo were linked with Raška because the villages were moved near the road. Further development of the population and settlements in the area of Raška s community will be the cause and effect of further economic development of the community and the republic of Serbia. This community, as the area struck by earthquake, had priority until 1990 in the policy of encouraging faster development of economically insufficiently developed communities of the republic of Serbia. According to the long-term social plan between 1980 and 2000. it is expected that the community of Raška will leave the circle of insufficiently developed communities and be able to use its own powers until 2000.

Polska polityka pieniężna i walutowa w latach 1924-1936. W systemie Gold Exchange Standard

Author(s): Cecylia Leszczyńska / Language(s): Polish

A historical and economic analysis of the monetary policy in Poland during the interwar period. A presentation of the factors determining its directions of development, including the principles of the gold exchange standard. The book portrays the functioning of the gold standard in theory and the ensuing dilemmas that the monetary authorities of many countries were confronted with. An analysis of the sources of the fascination with the stability of currency and its macroeconomic effects, especially during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Na pomoc zesłańczej edukacji. Działalność wydawnicza Komitetu do spraw Dzieci Polskich w ZSRR (1943-1946). Wydanie drugie

Author(s): Albin Głowacki / Language(s): Polish

The latest monograph showcases the publishing activity of the Committee for Polish Children in the USSR in the years 1943–1946. It also presents the dramatic state of education among the deportees’ children until 1943 against the backdrop of Polish-Soviet relations. Analysing post-Soviet archives, the author discusses the political conditions and context of the publishing work of the Committee that was meant to shape the consciousness of pupils as desired by the Polish communists. The reader discovers a behind-the-scenes reality of the committee’s efforts to provide teaching programmes and coursebooks steeped in factual as well as ideological and political content to Polish-medium schools. The author offers a particularly interesting commentary on the preparation and publishing of original material, such as the alphabet book, reading practice texts, native literature excerpts and a Polish geography, as well as a Polish history teaching programme. He also makes critical observations on the obstacles to the Committee’s editorial activity, many of which resulted from the limitations of the war period, censorship and political determinants.

Królowe PRL – sceniczne wizerunki Ireny Eichlerówny, Niny Andrycz i Elżbiety Barszczewskiej jako modele kobiecości

Author(s): Dorota Sosnowska / Language(s): Polish

A biographical analysis of roles played by three great Polish actresses in the times of Polish People’s Republic. Each role is set against broad social, political and cultural background and within appropriate context of artistic work, historical events and social changes. The main research material consists of the reviews of the plays, which are analysed not only with regard to reconstructing the plays and the chosen roles, but also from the perspective of associations, metaphors and contexts used by critics.

Československá rozvědka a pražské jaro

Author(s): Petr Kaňák,Jiřina Dvořáková,Zdeňka Jurová / Language(s): Czech

Kniha, kterou představujeme, se zabývá dosud zcela neznámými skutečnostmi souvisejícími s událostmi roku 1968 v Československu. Jedná se o informace a poznatky z prostředí rozvědky Státní bezpečnosti neboli I. správy MV. Zájemcům o československé moderní dějiny se tak dostává do rukou sonda do nitra důležité části bezpečnostního aparátu, jejíž činnost po dlouhá léta ovlivňovala politická linie vedení KSČ za podpory a stálého dohledu I. hlavní správy KGB, sovětské rozvědky. Při studiu pramenů vycházel autorský tým nejen z archivních zdrojů uložených převážně v Archivu bezpečnostních složek a z dosud publikované odborné literatury, ale i z rozhovorů s pamětníky – přímými účastníky popisovaných událostí, kteří přispěli k osvětlení řady souvislostí a detailů. Ve výsledku přinesl několikaletý výzkum nový vhled jak do zákulisí činnosti rozvědky, tak i na chování a jednání nejvyšších funkcionářů MV a předních československých politiků.

Demonstrace v Československu v srpnu 1969 a jejich potlačení

Author(s): Jan Kalous,Jan Břečka,Milan Bárta / Language(s): Czech

Rok po invazi vojsk pěti států Varšavské smlouvy do Československa proběhly v ulicích mnoha velkých měst rozsáhlé demonstrace, do kterých se zapojili především mladí lidé. Vyjadřování nesouhlasu s přítomností sovětské armády na našem území se mísilo s projevy nespokojenosti s nastoupenou cestou nového vedení komunistické strany. To pouliční protesty očekávalo a nejspíše i přivítalo, podle něj totiž dokazovaly, že tzv. protisocialistické síly existují. Legitimizovaly tak jeho politiku a daly mu do ruky pádné argumenty k postupu proti zbytku reformistů v čele s Alexandrem Dubečkem. Brutální potlačení nepokojů jednotkami tehdejší bezpečnosti, armády a Lidových milicí, které si vyžádalo oběti na životech, posloužilo rovněž jako varování do budoucna a současně jako důkaz předložený sovětskému vedení, že v osobě Gustáva Husáka byl postaven do čela Československa správný člověk. Naopak pro veřejnost symbolizoval srpen 1969 definitivní konec Pražského jara. Předkládaná publikace se na základě rozsáhlého archivního výzkumu snaží přiblížit události srpna 1969 a zasadit je do kontextu tehdejšího dění.

Historia Białorusi od czasów najdawniejszych do roku 1991

Author(s): Viachaslau Shved,Jerzy Grzybowski / Language(s): Polish

The History of Belarus since the formation of the statehood until 1991, when an independent Belarussian state appeared on the map of the world. The authors present the history of Belarussian lands in political, ethnic, cultural and economic aspects, referring to contentious issues which arouse considerable interest in Poland and in Belarus.

Institucije državne uprave Republike Hrvatske od osamostaljenja do članstva u europskoj uniji - I. Dio 1990.-2004.

Author(s): Živana Heđbeli / Language(s): Croatian

The subject of this book is the history of the Republic of Croatia state administration institutions, in the period between1990, when Croatia gained its independence, until June 18, 2004, when European Council promoted Croatia’s status to official candidate for the European Union membership. The book covers institutions of Croatian political system: the Parliament, President of the Republic of Croatia, the government and state administration bodies. The introduction explains basic terms and the reasons why the book covers only, strictly speaking, state administration bodies. The book includes neither public sector bodies nor civil defence and military forces and the police. Familiarity with the history and scope of activities of an institution is the starting point of archives’ and archivists’ overall work, and of providing precise and meaningful scientific information to users of archival records as well. The task of archival science is to study the organization and functions of those bodies the work and actions of which created archival and current records. Knowledge about the history of institutions is a precondition for any archival professional work. Croatian archival science produced almost no papers on this subject up until now. Some data can be found at the Croatian Information Documentation Referral Agency (HIDRA) web pages. The second chapter discusses, on the basis of published legal sources and literature, the context in which Croatian state administration institutions work. The process of Croatia’s gaining of independence is also explained, as well as the state’s development and changes in the Constitution, which directly determine names of the highest institutions and scope of their jurisdiction. System and changes of the state administration, changes of organization and domains of ministries and state administrative organizations are presented in theirs totality on the basis of published, relevant legal regulations, as well as regulations on high officials, officers and employees. The third chapter analyses the development, legislative and jurisdiction of the Croatian Parliament and its chambers or councils, the government and each of its offices and some of its commissions, the Presidency/President of the Republic of Croatia, their organization and theirs organizational bodies. The exact dates of changes of institution’s names, relevant laws, jurisdictions and changes of jurisdictions are determined, as well as organizational bodies and theirs changes, their founding and abolition. The fourth chapter analyses the development, relevant legislative and jurisdiction of ministries, theirs organization and their organizational bodies. Each existing ministry is discussed separately, exact dates of changes of ministry’s names, its founding and abolition, relevant laws, jurisdictions and changes of jurisdictions are determined, as well as organizational bodies and their changes, founding and abolition. The fifth chapter analyses each state administration organizations and central state offices, exact dates of changes of institution’s names, their founding and abolition, relevant laws, jurisdictions and changes of jurisdictions are determined, as well as organizational bodies and their changes, founding and abolition. The sixth chapter analyses state administration in counties, towns and municipalities, as well as various bodies which are not central state administration bodies or government offices, but perform executive or administrative authority tasks. Local and regional government and self-government, counties, towns and municipalities and, at a certain period, districts, their changes and relevant laws are presented in their entirety, as well as their jurisdictions. General conclusion regarding Croatian state administration institutions is that state organization is developed or complex. Special conditions of gaining independence and Croatia’s development as a state influenced the development and growth of state administration institutions. Establishment of Croatia as an independent state, faced Croatia, for the very first time, with the task to create its own, integral state administration system. Since independence presupposes the necessity to form and consolidate all units of the administrative system which are typical for an independent state, after it was constituted, Croatia founded those institutions, which did not existed in up-to-then Socialistic Republic of Croatia, and which do exist in other modern states. Development of Croatia is extremely dynamic. When considering the overall situation, as well as particular periods, there are many diver sified institutions. The very number of ministries and bureaus/directorates varies a lot, due to frequent changes: with ministries from fourteen to nineteen, and with bureaus from three to twelve. State administration institutions are created as a direct answer to new circumstances or as a form of overcoming vital tasks. Certainly, when the activates they performed is not so important any more so as to be performed by an independent body, certain institution cease to exist. With the development of a society, state administration objectives, its organization and manner of performing tasks change. There is a shift from objectives of power to objectives of service, that is to the activities that serve to accomplish and fulfil the citizens’ interests. Administrative functions become differentiated in the course of time. From tasks that were unique at the beginning and performed by a single administrative institution, certain parts are divided into individual tasks performed by separate organizations, which leads to vertical and horizontal differentiation of administration. There has been, up to now, no work that would deal with the history of institutions and Croatian state administration organization in its entirety, from 1990, the year when Croatia gained its independence, until June 18, 2004. For this reason, description of Croatian political system, the Parliament, the President of the Republic, the government and state administration bodies, will serve as systematized knowledge and understanding to all who participate in administration work, to archivists, administrative lawyers, historians, political scientists, sociologists, to students and scholars of the mentioned sciences, as well as to present and future users of archival records. The book offers materials relevant for a more comprehensive study of a large number of questions which constitute the issue of development of the Republic of Croatia and removes the need for future research to deal with the overall history of Croatian institutions, enabling that research to only deal with narrower areas which are more significant in practice. It also enables and provides a starting point for studying the rest of the bodies financed from the state budget – primarily public sector institutions or all bodies through which Croatia fulfils its rights and duties. The book provides the starting point for further work on compilation, whether in a classical or in the form of a data base, of lists of all sources significant for the history of institutions. History of state administration institutions reflects the creation and specific development of Croatia in a specific socio-historical and economic context. Meeting the criteria which are preconditions for Croatia’s EU accession in a certain way means suspension of domain and authorities of political system and state administration institutions which existed from 1900 to 2004, which is why they can be considered historical. The book includes footnotes, appendices – such as indexes of institutions, diplomatic missions and consular representations, high officials and commissioners, lists of abbreviations, bibliography and legal sources. The index of institutions lists both abolished and existing councils, commissions, committees and other bodies which are not separately analysed in the text.

Institucije državne uprave Republike Hrvatske od osamostaljenja do članstva u europskoj uniji - II. Dio 2004.–2013.

Author(s): Živana Heđbeli / Language(s): Croatian

The subject of this book are state administration institutions of the Republic of Croatia from June 18th 2004 to July 1st 2014, from the time of gaining official candidacy for membership to becoming a member of the European Union. The book consists of a foreword, seven chapters and appendixes: index of institutions, index of diplomatic missions and consular offices, index of officials, a bibliography and a list of legal sources.

Prava civilnih žrtava rata

Author(s): Emina Bužinkić,Milena Čalić-Jelić,Vesna Teršelič / Language(s): Croatian

1. Priznanje patnje i naknada štete. Put do iscjeljenja žrtava i društva; 2. Prava civilnih žrtava rata; 3. Kako ostvariti pravo na zaštitu kao civilna žrtva rata u Republici Hrvatskoj kroz upravni postupak?; 4. Kako pokrenuti postupak proglašenja nestale osobe?; 5. Kako ostvariti pravo na reparaciju kao civilna žrtva rata kroz sudski postupak u Republici Hrvatskoj?; 6. Sudski postupak za naknadu nematerijalne štete zbog usmrćenja bliskog srodnika tijekom Domovinskog rata; 7. Žrtve ratnih zločina; 8. Odgovornost Republike Hrvatske za usmrćenje civila tijekom Domovinskog rata; 9. Zastara pokretanja građanskog zahtjeva za naknadu nematerijalne štete (ZOO, NN 35/05, 41/08); 10. Pokretanje sudskog postupka; 11. Presude Europskog suda za ljudska prava protiv Republike Hrvatske kojima je utvrđena povreda prava na život; 12. Korisni kontakti u ostvarivanju prava civilnih žrtava rata

Izvještaj - Pravo civilnih žrtava rata u Hrvatskoj na reparacije - 2013

Author(s): Emina Bužinkić,Milena Čalić-Jelić,Eugen Jakovčić,Nives Jozić,Vesna Teršelič,Marina Petras,Božica Ciboci,Una Josipović,Miren Špek / Language(s): Croatian

1. Bez političkih i pravosudnih pomaka nakon više od 20 godina. • Civilna stradanja – neutvrđen broj • Odsustvo zakonodavnih rješenja • Postupci za naknadu štete pred hrvatskim sudovima i Europskom sudu za ljudska prava - tek poneki usvojen tužbeni zahtjev • Troškovi izgubljenih parnica – prvi slučaj otpisanog parničnog troška; 2. Potrebe i iskustva civilnih žrtava rata • Ciljevi i metodologija istraživanja; 3. Ostvarenje prava na obeštećenje • Ostvarena prava kroz upravni i sudske postupke; 4. Podrška civilnim žrtvama rata; 5. Iskustva specifičnih skupina civilnih žrtava rata • Žrtve terorističkih napada Studija slučaja • Osobe kojima je zbog ratnih djelovanja poginuo, umro ili nestalo član obitelji Studija slučaja • Civilni invalidi rata Studija slučaja • Žrtve seksualnog nasilja Studija slučaja; 6. Preporuke Korišteni izvori