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The aim of the article is an analysis of verbs expressing negative attitude toward work in different varieties of the Polish and Russian languages. This study is based on a lexicographic material. The analyzed units are the results of the interpretative activity of man and reflect deviations from commonly accepted social norms. They denote actions where the subject is idle, wandering around, lives off others or is putting off work. The analysis of the gathered material shows that similar behaviors typical of a lazy person have been well established in the linguistic awareness of Poles and Russians.
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Bosniak literature in Ottoman period testifies to the case of how socio historical circumstances, which¸determined existence of Bosniaks as nation during the period of more than four centuries, did not cause¸cultural de-identification or ethnic assimilation of islamicized Slavs into the Orient. The sense of Slavic ethnicity remained present during the entire rule of Ottoman empire, which created and maintained¸specific, indigenous, Slavic-Islamic identity of Bosnian Muslims – Bosniaks.¸However, it should be emphasized that the affirmation process of the Slavic component of Bosniak¸identity in Ottoman period was not the result of organized strategy or prepared national or cultural¸program, but more instinctive, affective reaction to the socio-historical circumstances of national¸survival. Concrete activities in reference to the aformentioned process, started at the time of Austro-¸Hungarian occupation with Mehmed-beg Kapetanovic Ljubusak who was the first amongst Bosniak¸authors to separate ethnic and religious identity.
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The topic of Franciscanism in literature is not reserved solely for Ivo Andric (although ‘Andric’s Franciscans’ have been extensively written about within literary criticism), nor is it reserved for Croatian literature in general. This work, from imagological prospective, offers the reading of fifteen texts from modern Bosniak literature that vary in genre and which remember Bosnian Franciscans – historical personalities (Anđeo Zvizdović, Matija Divković, Juraj Dragišić, Ivan Frano Jukić, Grgo Martić, Matheus Bartl (Mato Banjalučanin), Miroslav (Tomislav) Filipović / Majstorović, Ljubo Hrgić, Ivo Marković), but which also offer an image of Bosnian Franciscanism, in Bosniak visure. It has been shown that the ideas and images of Bosnian Franciscans in poems, short-stories, novels and dramas of Bosniak literature are mainly positive, but even when they’re not – they are understandable and expected if one bears in mind the questions that are the subject of imagological consideration of the text: WHO, TO WHOM, WHEN and HOW is one speaking. The work concludes that between several views of the ethnic (cultural) identity being realized (also) in literature (from Karahasan’s garden to Lovrenović’s rainbow colours to Spahić’s “poetry of kaleidoscope”) it is not impossible to talk about all of them within one text i.e. about Bosniak literature at the same time and that Bosniak authors too are meritorious for the symbolical imaginarium of Franciscanism within the identification fields of Bosnian-Herzegovinian literature.
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Acest capitol cuprinde articole care vin să valorifice colecţia de carte a Bibliotecii Ştiinţifice USARB.
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War as a limit situation represents a national split both in an ideological and a identitary sense. Literature in postwar countries is, accordingly, often a field in which the reality of war is not just being processed, but also where the identity of a nation is being (de)constructed. In the case of the Bosnian- Herzegovinian identity, which was in a crisis even decades before the war in the 1990’s, this construction (or deconstruction) is still happening in literature. In novels such as Sedam strahova (Seven fears) by Selvedin Avdic this kind of war background for constructing an identity takes on a kind of mythical dimension, trying to “explain” the genesis of negative postwar social phenomena such as war profiteering, opportunism and overall moral decadency.
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For several months the public discourse has been centered around the category of the refugee/immigrant. For global societies, migration is by no means a new phenomenon; however, the mass influx of culturally foreign people and the dangers of that foreignness results in the emergence of new discourse distinguished on the basis of a thematic criterion. In humanist discourse, a newcomer arriving from a place which remains remote not only geographically but also culturally is designated as the Other. In the context of communication and its social outcomes, it is possible to differentiate between two mutually exclusive communication practices visible in the public sphere with regard to the Other: exclusion and tolerance. Subjects participating in the discourse (re)produce opinions and attitudes responsible for the shaping of the image of a visitor from the Middle East and their relationship with the Europeans. The subjects of the conservative discourse position the Other as a disruptive force destabilizing the moral and cultural way of life in Europe, bringing a promise of threat. However, in the discourse of “Tygodnik Powszechny,” those immigrants are perceived as equal to the Self. Both perceptions of reality and the attitudes of the subjects are connected by the fact that those perceptions and attitudes are created on the ideological level.
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The author presents the history of scientific reflection on the history of the Polish language situated in the context of positivist, structuralist, communicative and cultural-cognitivist paradigm in turn. In the closing remarks he highlights the polymethodology of the Polish language history, proving that the scientific paradigms coexisting on that ground today might remain in a nonantagonistic complementary relation, due to the fact that each of them might dominate a certain fragment of the history of the language as a heterogenous and multiperspective discipline.
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The paper proposes that research on bilingualism of creators of literature – both their personalities and their texts in Polish and in other languages – be considered a separate subfield in the linguistic history of Polish. Some of the problems that emerge are: choice of the language for the creative output, the author’s participation in three communicative communities, transfer and exchange of elements from the space of one language/culture into the space of another language/culture, bilingual speech. We propose a reformulation of the attitude that researchers of Polish linguistic history currently take towards bilingualism of prominent authors: perception of the phenomenon as co-participation of bilingual authors in different cultures, and their contribution to the creation of cross-cultural and even trans-cultural discourse.
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The paper presents possible usage of electronic tools like database to different kinds of research on the field of the history of language. The first part of the text is to present a select few websites being a result of work in database. They were designed to provide their usage not only for scientific and teaching purposes but also for the purpose of popularizing. The second part of the article is a presentation of different ways to use a database during the research on the vocabulary of the 19th century. Changes of meaning registered in lexicografical sources has been considered as a separate part of the analysis. History of semantic changes of the verb malować ( to paint) was an illustration of disadvantages of traditional analysis (including a charts in Word programme) and facilities offered by electronic tools.
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Magdalena Majdak presents „Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku” which is being created in the Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences. She compares it with the previous version, and indicates the difference between them.
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This paper treats on how the vocabulary of the ancient era of the written Polish has been analyzed. Its goals is showing the means available to a lexicographer carrying out research in the past century and pointing to the nowadays capabilities. Current technical measures make possible showing of an entire workspace of a researcher, what yields a possibility of verification of an analysis and taking up a discussion.
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The authors deal with the problem of reconstructing and defining the meanings of old lexical units in historical dictionaries. Those should be treated as bilingual since the language of a past epoch is nowadays extinct and foreign. Defining the meanings of old lexical units, should the lexicographer try to reconstruct the state of science of that time or refer to his present-day language competence? The authors, by means of numerous examples, present detailed problems with reconstruction of meanings, caused by difficulties with categorisation of designations. The conclusion is that definitions should comprise all the features of a designation appearing in historical language material.
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The agrotechnical work by Crescentius (1571) includes a wide range of specialist vocabulary – one of the most important elements of the specialist language. The development of science, commenced in the 16th century, became reflected in the slowly created nomenclature. The article attempts to show its evolution. The starting point became the names of plants. The material was compared against the traditional nomenclature of the earlier times, the Polish language of the 16th century and the contemporary nomenclature. The examined group of words evinces the continuity of terms appearing in the early stage of shaping specialist languages. They illustrate the state of knowledge in the discussed period of time, the range and sources of specialist lexis; they even constitute the evidence of changes taking place throughout history.
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This paper is an attempt at describing the sematic field ‘woman in sexual relation’. The basis for the excerption was the lexicographic material included in „Słownik staropolski” edited by S. Urbańczyk nad from Słowosieć – polish wordnet. The material obtained from this both references was subjected to a semic analysis discussed from the viewpoint of the semantic field theory as approached by Ryszard Tokarski. What was considered archisems was kobiecość (femininity) ([Human being+], [Childish–], [Male–]) and sexual relation [Sexual relation+]. The analysed vocabulary group was characterised and comparised in terms of hierarchical relations. Result of analysis of Old Polish and contemporary sematic field suggests existence of binary marked sems: [RELATIONSHIP+/–], [PAYMENT+/–], [NEGATIVE ASSESSMENT+/–].
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This paper refers to the problem of determining the meaning of words in old texts. On the example of the word rozszłapać that is to be found in the „Kronika, to jest historyja świata…” („The Chronicle or the history of the world…”) by Marcin Bielski (1564), a still imperfect procedure of finding the meaning, consisting in comparative reading of dictionaries, contextual reading and determining the etymology of a given word, has been shown.
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In this paper the author attempts to show the possibilities offered by the analysis of a historical dictionary in research on the old ways of perceiving, categorizing and evaluation of the world. The material illustration of the deliberations in question is „Nowy dykcjonarz” by Michał Abraham Troc, which is one of the most significant and important achievements of Polish eighteenth century lexicography. The sample analyses presented in the paper indicate the importance of a historic dictionary to explore the old, conventional ways of thinking about the world.
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Piotr Sobotka proposes the term of ‘historical unit’ to describing the quasi-lexemes the ancient language. This paper discusses two basic methods of the reconstruction of historical units, i.e. both the internal reconstruction and comparative reconstruction. Examples discussed in the paper are markers of uninflected classes and that is the reason of the difficulty in functional categorizing these items. The paper brings some solutions to these problems in analysing of the utterance structures, especially thematic-rhematic structure of sentences.
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