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Motivated by the preface of a literary anthology, the aim of this paper was to frame a phenomenological approach of the 80 ist Literary Movement for the Hungarian reader. The main focus was the emphasis the importance of this Romanian literary movement for the contemporary fiction.
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This article starts from the understanding that the unfinished autobiographical text of G. S. Rakovski Nepovinnyj bolgarin [The Innocent Bulgarian], in the so-called second version, was deliberately built by his author according to the models known from martyrology. The papers discusses the links between Rakovskiʼs work and the biblical text, in so far as the hagiographic writing is presumably referred to the Holy Scripture as a model. Several types of reminiscences and references to the biblical text in the work of Rakovski are analyzed. The high frequency of biblical references is interpreted as an attempt to sacralize the (auto)biographical characters, which adds additional features to them as compared to the characters of the pure ‘secular’ type autobiographies.
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The motive of space (Bosnia / borough), as the forms of his literary transposition in this work, we have identified and interpreted on concrete examples from the texts of Andrić’s narratives. The motive, as we have been convinced, is processed in several different and complex variants, among which there are common characteristics. We can talk about two types of space - a real toponymic space, and a space of dream in which characters equally ‘live and act’. The real space we focused on, regardless of whether it is a mountain, a village, a borough, a town, and so on, is presented mainly as a place of boredom, overall unhappiness, loneliness, suffering and dark, stuffiness, backwardness, cruelty, back facing each form of progress. All the properties of space are directly reflected and metonymically represent the characters / physiognomy of people (both spiritual and physical). Andrić suggests deep, rooted, bound and conditioned space and domicile people. All those characteristics will be even clearer in direct contact with different worlds and cultures. Mainly, the processing of the motive of space with Andrić is aesthetically credible, but that, especially in the context of the poststructuralist openness of literary interpretations, does not prevent us from discussing the ideological pretexts, the injustices and causes of “the misfortune of this region”.
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This paper argues that a cognitive, constructional, view of the English categories of tense, aspect, and mood (‘TAM’) influences comprehension resulting in a more accurate grammatical performance by Polish users of English. Five English constructions considered to be transference pitfalls for Polish users are highlighted through juxtaposing original examples from The Hobbit by Tolkien (1937/1978) with three Polish renditions. The pitfalls addressed in this paper concern absence of equivalent Polish constructions to English expressions in the perfect aspect, the progressive aspect and to English constructions which ‘lexicalize’, i.e. convey with words, a compilation of the perfect and the progressive aspects. The Polish versions of the examples analysed and discussed in the present paper demonstrate a variety of means in which Polish grammar is used to handle the disparities between the English and Polish versions. The objective of the paper is to apply a cognitive interpretation to the aforementioned English constructions.
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This paper presents the phonological and morphonological features of the local dialect of Paladini in Istria. This local speech belongs to the Buzet or Upper Mirna Valley Chakavian dialect and has not been studied so far. In this study we established which of its phonological features are general characteristics of the Chakavian dialect, and which are the properties of the Buzet dialect. Our study has also shown that the consonantism of this local speech is of the Chakavian type, as is the case with other idioms belonging to this dialect. As for its accentuation, we have found that the tonal and quantity oppositions have been lost.
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This paper uses a co-citation analysis to examine the research on L2 vocabulary acquisition that was published in 1985. This year seems to mark a kind of transition in the field. Unlike the earlier years analysed in this series of papers, 1985 shows signs of a coherent L2 vocabulary research front developing. The number of papers that qualify for inclusion is much greater than in previous years, and the analysis suggests that recognizable research themes are beginning to be clearly articulated.
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Various works on transitivity suggest that aspectual notions may constitute semantic determinants of argument realization. Observations included in these works prompted theories implying that argument realization may be aspectually driven. Following this line of thought, this article presents the results of corpus-based studies on antipassive structure in the Polish language and makes an attempt at confirming the fact that aspectual notion may determine argument realization. The article consists of three main sections. The first one focuses on notions of aspect and various aspectual propositions distinguished in the literature on the subject, regarding the Polish language in particular. The second section, illustrated with examples extracted from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) and the corpus of Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego (KWSJP), gives an overview of Polish perfectivizing verbal prefixes, i.e. a roz-, na-, o-/oband u-prefix, and deals with the effect they may have on sentence structure and semantics. It also shows how the prefixed verbs combine with the marker się, which flags antipassive, i.e. is a recurring marker attested in antipassive constructions in the Polish language. In section three, an attempt is made at analyzing the interrelations between aspect and antipassive reading of a structure. As it seems that a perfective prefix used with a verb imposes certain requirements on the argument structure of the verb it combines with, we also offer a possible explanation to different aspectual requirements of verbs occurring in antipassive structures, assuming that projections coded in a verb may play a role here.
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Oscar Wilde’s The Harlot's House presents the author’s own images of love and lust with the help of puppetry imagery; he refers to prostitutes as “mechanical grotesques”, “automatons”, “skeletons”, “puppet[s]”, “marionette[s]” and ultimately “the dead”. He could hardly find more synonyms for ‘manipulated, lifeless dolls’. Women are misogynistically viewed as objects of desire and subjected to the male glance. All these images represent in fact Wilde’s attempt to create “art for art’s sake” by illustrating decay and depravity through a disrespectful depiction of harlots, dehumanizing them and stealing them the gender identity. The women, described as phantomatic, slim and inert, controlled by a puppeteer, are in fact the representation of the true love’s decay and the lust’s increasing attraction. The female puppets/dolls try to imitate real feelings but cannot do this because of their wires pulled mechanically.
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The literary career of Elizabeth Gaskell is roughly defined by two different areas on which she focused – she was the author of the ‘industrial novels’ such as Mary Barton or North and South on the one hand, while on the other, she was strongly attracted to the countryside and its people which were closest to her heart, and where the changes the society was undergoing had the strongest impact as it was reflected in Cranford or Wives and Daughters. Apart from the social changes, however, in Wives and Daughters Gaskell’s interest focused predominantly on the relationships among the individual characters as they are the main driving force of the plot. The topics she tackled resonate strongly with those we are confronted with even today. Though unfinished, Wives and Daughters is an important novel offering the brilliantly realistic portrayal of life in Victorian England. At the same time it helps us see the differences and similarities between then and now. These were the main points we concentrated on while trying to analyse or compare the characters among which Molly Gibson functions as a unifying element on the one hand while on the other she helps to bridge over the widening gap between the old and outdated and the new and unknown.
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Julian Barnes’ novel England, England, published in 1998 is an invitation to solving a puzzle. This perspective through which we are invited to read the novel is overlapped to the idea of memory and the manner in which the past is reconstructed via a subjective, flawed memory. When this is backgrounded against the context of the millennial consumerism, corporative profit-making and egomaniacal figures, the result is a farcical and satirical account of some aspects connected to one’s personal history and a nation’s history whose main paradigms are completeness and fitting, as this article seeks to uncover.
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The issues of religious tolerance and intolerance of Christianity in the fourth century AD deserve a rereading with the inclusion of new results of historical, cultural and literary studies. The article will evaluate the religious discourse of Firmicus Maternus and the assessment of the writings and activity of Saint Filaster by the descendants. Both writers were original writers in the Christian environment of the 4th century. The first one, instead of entering into theological disputes that dominated Christian literature of this period, does not hesitate to express his firm views on the bloody rites of various cults perceived by him as a great personal, social and state threat. The second one, in the description of differences in understanding of Christianity, sees not only evil but disturbances of consciousness. Both will be judged by the descendants as those who have seen that people who seek in the field of religion do not always deliberately seek evil but they may err and succumb to illusions.
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The aim of the undertaken analysis is to identify linguistic ways of the glorifying approach to the struggle for independence and a try to determine the role of such descriptions in the society of the Second Polish Republic. The material for analyzes is the volume titled Służba Ojczyźnie. Wspomnienia uczestniczek walk o niepodległość [Serving the Homeland: Memories of 1915-1918 Independence Struggle Participants] (1929) which is a valuable source of research that has not been used so far for research on independence discourse. Memories respond to the official need of remembering and experiencing a moment valid for the national community, and they also realize a social expectation of the imagined role of women in an extreme situation of the statehood threat. Hence the specificity of the description of past events, in which one must see the active organization of the discursive space. One of the expressive mechanisms of this activity is the apotheosis of independence actions. The observations made allow to state that the most visible and most frequently occurring mechanisms of the apotheosis of pro-independence actions in the memories of the participants of World War I are: 1) an idealized image of female soldiers characterized by determination in action and ideological maximalism, 2) exaltation of the description manifested in the accumulation of names of feelings, especially positive ones, and stressing the intensity of emotions, 3) finally the atmosphere of sublimity, which at the level of language is revealed in the presence of the highest values. These mechanisms are strengthened by the presence of various graphic elements and stylistic means.
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This paper deals with the problems which arise during attempts at describing fixed units in the Polish language which originate from the Bible. The author pays attention to a highly heterogenous genetic status of these structures which are commonly regarded as units of biblical origins. In this text, the need for distinguishing between structures of primary biblical origins (for which the biblical text is the only source) and those for which the biblical text is only a means, or level of popularization, has been postulated. In the latter case, we deal with the units which acquired the status of outdated structures outside the biblical text. The author investigates in detail this latter category of Polish biblisms, pointing mainly to Hebrew and Greek rhetorical tradition as important sources of their origins. Among typical proofs of this tradition, the paper mentions such figures and rhetorical genres as: chiastic structure, hyperbole, antithesis, syncresis, merism, abstractum pro concreto and structures of the loci communes type. A follow-up to this paper is a proposal to introduce into the description of native biblical units a distinction between the source level and the popularisation level of such units. In the final part, the author points to other research options, which result from the reference to theoretical and practical achievements of rhetorical tradition in the context of describing local resources of conventionalised biblisms.
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The paper traces the thesis that Thracian linguistic data are a purely linguistic issue, on the one hand, but on the other – a specific historical source providing evidence on the entire chronological range of Thracian history: from the settling of the bearers of the Indo-European dialect – the future Thracian language – in the Balkan Peninsula (the earliest Thracian toponymy) to the end of Antiquity and the assimilation of the Thracian language and ethnos (personal names, toponyms, theonyms and ethnonyms).
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Review of: Zvonko Kovač: Interkulturne studije i ogledi (Međuknjiževna čitanja, mentorstva), FF Press, zagreb, 2016.
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The status of cats has changed in both society and literature. In human society and literature. Cats have fought their way to human homes, hearts, and to the centre of interest of various fields of science. In the time of buoyantly developing field of animal studies and Athrozoology, cats have been given a chance to be appreciated and understood. Their transition in both real world and virtual reality has been a multi-layered and complex process yet to be completed.
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This publication presents information about the economic activity from the beginning of 1868 of a part of the representatives of the Third Generation of the Rusovich family from Arbanassi - the brothers Konstantin, Cyril and Atanas. The publication is based on nine Greek-language letters: seven by Konstantin Rusovich to Cyril Rusovich and two by Atanas Rusovich to Cyril Rusovich. The presented information testifies that the Russovich brothers, following the economic model of the era, also known by the activity of a number of businessmen from the National Revival, work in a partnership based on family ties. The subject of their business activity and the names of their partners are presented.
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This article discusses Nancy K. Miller’s project of arachnology. Świerkosz presents Miller’s reinterpretation of Arachne as a creative woman (rather than a spider) and of Athena, who (contrary to many feminist readings of the myth) also embodies a certain kind of feminine creativity. Thus Świerkosz questions the somatic model of writing that many critics (including G. Borkowska, A. Araszkiewicz, K. Kłosińska, H. Cixous, I. Irigaray, J. Kristeva) view as the only authentic (and anti-phallogocentric) way for women to find expression in art. Building on scholarship on Maria Dąbrowska’s biography and work as a case study, Świerkosz shows that a narrow definition of womanhood impacts our reading, as does literary historians’ tendency to ignore the ambivalent relationship between gender and literature.
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This article posits an integration of research into the literary culture under the banner of cultural literacy understood as studies of contemporary writing and reading practices. This approach will facilitate accounting for and describing various phenomena which remain beyond the scope of current research into readership. The postulate of total research aims at integrating data from various sources (both quantitative and qualitative) and in particular the ‘organic data’ available on the Internet.
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