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Poems by Karin Anett Imre: "Női fegyver"; "Befejezetlen munka"; "Sűrített gondolat"; "Tartom a helyem"; "Új viszony"; "Iskolák"; "Rangsor"; "(Cím nélkül)"; "Én"; "Hozzáférhetőség"; "Könyvmoly"; "Ekuáció"; "Színek"; "Sötétedés után..."; "Színek"; "Utód"; "Váróterem"
More...Několik dalších rukopisů augustiniánských kanonií v Roudnici nad Labem a v Sadské
The study deals with four codices complementing the recently published catalogue of manuscripts coming from the houses of Augustinian canons in Roudnice nad Labem and Sadská. Two of them are deposited in the collections of the National Library in Prague and the other two in the Library of the Metropolitan Chapter of St Vitus, administered by the Archives of Prague Castle. In terms of content, these manuscripts enrich the Roudnice collection especially with hagiographical and historiographical works. Both manuscripts of the National Library provide information on the fate of the monastic library in Roudnice after the dissolution of the monastery, when its library became part of the library of the Zajíc family of Hasenburg. The paper contains a codicological description of the four manuscripts.
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An essential source for the knowledge of the trade in printed books in the 15th century is thefragment of the German-written ledger of the Speyer publisher Peter Drach discovered in 1957and made available for publication by the incunabulist Ferdinand Geldner (Dillingen, Studienbibliothek, Ms. XV 488). Important passages related to the Czech lands, including a list of Drach’s book-selling warehouses, have been reprinted and interpreted by Professor Ivan Hlaváček, who, however, has noted that the persons mentioned should be identified more precisely by means of local research. The author has prepared a new edition of the list of Bohemian and Moravian warehouses, in which he has slightly corrected some of Geldner’s readings and, above all, deciphered the name of Drach’s sales representative in Kutná Hora. The study provides a more detailed identification of the people in charge of the regional sales of the printed books imported by Drach’s Bohemian-Moravian commercial agent Johann Schmidhofer.
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In the middle of the XX century, the problems of formation and development of the modern Russian language with the explanation of its structure as a national language were actively discussed in Russian linguistics. In the system of the philological and philosophical discussion of this problem, B. A. Larin proposed an idea, relevant for its solution, but not yet satisfactorily substantiated, of understanding the essence and formation of spoken Russian as part of the national language, taking into account the lexical level. To achieve this goal, according to B. A. Larin, it is necessary to analyze in detail the linguistic material of different centuries, which, in turn, will allow to establish the period of formation of the national language. The combination of synchronic and diachronic approaches to the study and comprehension of the vocabulary of Russian colloquial speech is reflected in Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data and Dictionary of Everyday Russian Language of Moscow Russia in the XVI–XVII Centuries, famous lexicographic works, in the development of which B. A. Larin was actively engaged together with his students. B. A. Larin is also credited with the introduction of new sources for the study of colloquial speech of the Russian Middle Ages: Russian Grammar by Heinrich Ludolf, the Russian-English vocabulary and diary by Richard James, etc. The development of the idea of everyday colloquial language (studies, dictionaries) proposed by B. A. Larin confirms the authenticity of the plans and vitality of the Larin’s scientific school.
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This article considers German affixal deverbative nouns ending with -en, -ung, -t and -e in the aspect of actualization of their taxis functions, implemented in statements with various prepositions. The purpose of the study is to describe the taxis functional of deverbatives of various derivational models that inherit the lexical and verbal semantics of generating verbs and participate in the process of actualization of primary-taxis and second-taxis meanings of simultaneity, precedence and succession. Affixal deverbatives of different lexical and derivational semantics become taxis participants, provided they retain their verbal and taxis semantics, as well as the property of reverbalizability, which allows them to be transformed back into the corresponding generating verbs. Affixal “reverbalizable” deverbatives realize their taxis functions of simultaneity/non-simultaneity in statements containing temporal and other adverbial prepositions. Prepositional-deverbative constructions are transformed into temporal clauses and other adverbial clauses with conjunctions of similar semantics when the deverbative is reverbalized into a generating verb. A diagnostic test for reverbalization confirms their verbal and taxis potencies, contextually realized as specific taxis functions. The main research methods are hypothetical-deductive, inductive, descriptive, contextual and transformational ones. The results of the study make a certain contribution to the theory of taxis and can be used to conduct further research in the field of functional grammar, analyzing the functionality of verbal names in other languages, namely in the comparative typological aspect.
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Pragmalinguistics deals with the relationship between linguistic units and the conditions of their actualization in a specific communicative and functional context. Evaluation in the paradigm of the modern pragmatic approach is actualized at the junction of verbal communication and extralinguistic factors, which makes it one of the central categories of pragmalinguistic analysis. Evaluation is one of the genre-forming functions of film reviews. The purpose of this study is to examine the linguistic ways of transmitting negative evaluation in the English-language online film reviews in the totality of their pragmatic aspects. The analysis showed that negative evaluations in the absolute majority of cases are transmitted by emotionally expressive vocabulary with negative evaluative semantics. Emphatic constructions with negative evaluations are used by reviewers in order to focus on certain weak points of a movie, thereby creating the perlocutionary effect. It is also proved that in addition to the tendency to increase negative evaluation, there is also a tendency to mitigate it, which is due to the genre features of film reviews. The identified techniques of mitigation include assumptions and suggestions expressed by subordinate conditional sentences and the subjunctive mood, as well as the phenomenon of contrasting parts of a compound or complex sentence that contain opposite evaluations.
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The article focuses on the presentation of literary texts in Udmurt academic publications of the second half of the XIX and the early XX centuries. The relevance of the topic is due to it being insufficiently studied in Udmurt philology. It is stated that the main corpus chosen as reading and learning materials for national textbooks were the works of Russian writers, which served as «golden standard» examples in Russian curricula. The aim of the work is to identify the transformational changes (regarding imagery, meaning, rhymes, rhythmic and other structural features) in the Udmurt texts that occurred during translation. The author analyzed poems by Vladimir Odoevsky and Lev Modzalevsky using comparison and contrast, as well as the motivie-figurative and contextual approaches. It was revealed that the content and semantic parts of the translated versions depended on the socio-cultural and political situation in the country. Over time, the texts from the textbooks migrated to other spheres, were borrowed by poets and integrated into prose texts, acquiring a new intertextual context.
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It is difficult to distinguish between neological lexical units (those that have a certain generalisation and durability) and temporary creations, since only with time will it be possible to know whether or not they will be included in a general dictionary. In any case, the different chronological, intuitive, and lexicographical parameters (to which those of frequency and dispersion should be added) help to establish a delimitation. This is applicable to both monolexematic and phraseological units. Sources based on the media provide examples of neological units in general and phraseological units in particular; that is the reason why the Neologisms Bank of the Cervantes Virtual Centre, which includes BOBNEO data, and the Antenario have been chosen for extracting the phraseological units not included in the Diccionario de la lengua española by the Royal Spanish Academy. The most representative ones have been selected in order to analyse their formal and thematic predominance. The predominant neological phraseological units are formed by a noun and an adjective or prepositional phrase. This is because most of the time they allude to individual realities. Logically, they are a testimony to sociopolitical and cultural changes. The recent global pandemic has led to a considerable number of new phraseological units. In short, the monoverbal and multiverbal neoforms obey similar designative motives, although in the phraseological units extracted from journalistic texts there is no formal variability that shows the expressive capacities of the non-phraseological units.
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The literature on second language learning posits that there are significant differences between the use of multiword expressions (MWE) by native speakers (NS) and non-native speakers (NNS). Furthermore, it considers that levels of language proficiency can be estimated on the basis of the use of these expressions. This paper analyses the written production from a corpus of essays written by native (16 essays, 5839 words) and non-native Spanish speakers (25 essays, 7767 words) enrolled in a course focused on the development of orthographic, grammatical, lexical, semantic, and discursive skills in Spanish. This is a required course for students pursuing a certification in Translating or Interpreting (Spanish/English) in the educational setting where the study took place. The corpus was manually tagged by two linguists. The classification scheme used was inspired by other schemes found in the literature and built for similar purposes. The results show that, in general, the distribution of MWE types found in the NS and NNS partition of the corpus was not very different (Pearson correlation: 0.894). However, interesting differences were found between the categories of verbal idioms and noun constructions. Though the corpus is too small for more significant conclusions to be drawn, it is possible to point out that different types of MWE are unevenly distributed among the native speakers’ and non-native learners’ written production material, and some categories may be a clearer indicator of near-native-speaker proficiency.
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Interpreting technologies are becoming more and more widespread thanks to the advances in Artificial Intelligence, the changes in the work environment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, commercial interests, etc. However, there is a certain scarcity, in terms of quantity and quality, of technologies available to professional interpreters. This scarcity is even more acute in the field of interpreting training, especially in under-resourced languages, as in the case of Arabic. This study aims to: i) fill the existing gaps in interpreting training by introducing a methodology based on technological solutions for the documentation and mastery of phraseology from comparable corpora (spoken and written text), and ii) introduce a contrastive analysis of phraseology between Arabic and Spanish. In order to achieve our objectives, the design protocol and compilation process of the comparable corpora shall be described in detail. The corpus exploitation method used to carry out the documentation and phraseology extraction previous to the interpretation task is also illustrated. The results of the study reveal several advantages of our methodology for the trainee interpreter during documentation and preparation on a specialised topic (cybersecurity). Moreover, the study illustrates the most frequent collocations in both Arabic and Spanish subcorpora for the topic we have selected.
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This study aims to illustrate how the Glozoo glossary of zoologisms can assist trainee translators in one of the most difficult scenarios in the translation of phraseology: when an idiom has undergone any kind of manipulation in the source text, and it lacks a full equivalent in the target language. For the design of this glossary of idioms, which comprises zoologisms in Spanish, English, and German, a corpus-based methodology has been employed. In this regard, the present study examines the main components of Glozoo, as well as the multiple possibilities it offers for the creation of ad hoc phraseological equivalences in those cases in which the manipulation of idioms and the absence of one-to-one cross-linguistic correspondences may hinder the task of translation. Given the importance of conveying the pragmatic, semantic, and discursive load of an idiom accurately in the target text and, concomitantly, transferring the manipulation recreated in the source text, a detailed teaching proposal is presented in which translators are taught a set of strategies to be implemented with the help of the glossary in order to solve these difficulties. The teaching proposal, consisting of a trilingual glossary of idioms and a set of protocolised tasks, has been designed with the main objective of enabling an easy and smooth learning process that will allow trainee translators to face the arduous task of translating manipulated zoologisms.
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The aim of this paper is to provide a holistic description of the Spanish construction [con ART (X) que V] (¡Con lo felices que éramos! ‘we were so happy’) from the perspective of Construction Grammar (CxG). The description, in addition to formal and semantic features, factors in pragmatic ones and adopts an essentially inductive approach. Following the usage-based models developed in the field of CxG, the analysis is performed with data extracted from the Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI (CORPES), which is analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, with special attention being paid to the behaviour of the linguistic units within the context. The analysis brings to light a construction of colloquial language with a prototypically contrastive meaning and an intensifying value that implies a strong expressive charge. It is clearly associated with subjectivity and valuation, and its use stands out in the expression of lamentation about a frustrated expectation. This paper demonstrates that constructional approaches, particularly those with a cognitivist and usage-based orientation, contain interesting postulates for the study of these partially lexically filled patterns, and benefit the integral description of their semantic-pragmatic and discursive potential.
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The phraseology of emotions explores how speakers conceptualise their emotions and express them verbally. Thus, it is productive to connect phraseological units (PU) to the cognitive process or motivation underlying their meaning. In this sense, highlighting the metaphorical and metonymic value of an affectively charged PU helps its identification, learning, and retention in a foreign language (FL). The present research examines three colour-emotion PU in Spanish (i.e. ponerse rojo, ponerse blanco, ponerse negro). Specifically, it focuses on exploring the colour-emotion change property and how it is expressed in language. Through a methodology based on corpus analysis (Spanish Web Corpus (2018) / esTenTen18) and cognitive analysis, it aims to illustrate the underlying metaphors and metonymies. The results, in line with previous studies, showed the presence of metaphors and metonymies in the phrasing of emotions (e.g. anger/shame is a hot fluid in a container, part for part, effect for cause, or part for all). A quantitative analysis of the target PU in the esTenTen18 corpus provided data on frequency, context, and the emotions that are referred to. Hence, the PU ponerse rojo (n=10,403) was positioned as the most common and was used to express embarrassment and anger, followed by ponerse negro (n=3,927), which represented the emotion of anger as well. The latter was closely followed by ponerse blanco (n=3,044) to denote fear. The findings allow us to reflect on the pedagogical implications of colour-emotion PU and to put forward recommendations that enhance metaphorical and metonymic awareness in the Spanish/FL classroom. Future research foresees the realisation of material based on the findings and suggestions and subsequent implementation in the classroom.
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The study of phraseological modifications represents a research challenge as a result of the difficulties that conceptual premises and the compilation process pose. Nevertheless, these units are a widespread phenomenon, especially in certain textual types, which is why their exploration is crucial. The aim of this paper is to describe the use of phraseological modifications in Spanish online headlines. This empirical exploratory study has been carried out with an ad hoc corpus compiled from systematic searches during approximately one month in six Spanish online journals. The corpus consists of 286 headlines, 82 with modified phraseological units and 204 with canonical phraseological units. This article presents the results regarding the types of phraseological units and the types of modifications found. These results reveal the importance of this creative variation of phraseology in this textual type, as it is used in 28.3% of the corpus. Significantly enough, it was possible to find modifications in all types of units (collocations, idioms, proverbs, winged words, and pragmatic phraseological units). The use of phraseological modifications is therefore consolidated as a recurrent tool in the type of text analysed, magazines headlines, although in different forms and applied to very different types of units. However, the problems that arise from the identification of the canonical unit point to the need for further refinement of the distinction between canonical and modified forms.
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Constructional phrasemes are sometimes difficult to distinguish from ‘complex collocations’ or phraseological imbrications, which in turn could overlap with verbal and adverbial idioms, depending on whether their verbal element is included within the phraseme. The most prototypical cases are those in which an adverbial idiom frequently co-occurs with a verb, thus forming a collocation by imbrication between both parts. This verb may in turn present a striking lexical and syntactic variation by nominalisation. Therefore, these constructions do not show a uniform or predictable behaviour, and it is convenient to examine them on a case-by-case basis, detailing their combinatorial restrictions. Within this line, the present work studies – using qualitative and quantitative criteria – the external combinatorics of the Spanish adverbial idiom a pedir de boca within a large electronic textual corpus (esTenTen18). The sequence appears on 3330 occasions in its continuous form (0.17 per million words), plus 175 in discontinuous form. The verb salir predominates (1706 co-occurrences), but there are also 71 other verbs which combine on 398 occasions with a pedir de boca and which were grouped according to their semantic class. This results in four groups of verbs that are synonymic or hyponymic with respect to their prototype. Given that the basis of this complex collocation turns out to be an entire semantic class, and that each of its verbs has a highly variable frequency, it can be considered a constructional phraseme, or phraseological construction, whose fixedness is more conceptual than lexical-grammatical.
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Multi-word named entities (MWNEs) are crucial bearers of information and often provide answers to major questions concerning the understanding of texts; however, work focusing exclusively on MWNEs is of very recent origin and comes mostly from a single field of study, Natural Language Processing (NLP). This paper aims to perform a contrastive analysis of a set of English and Spanish multi-word organisation names(MWORGs) extracted from two bilingual comparable corpora (written and oral) created from texts and speeches of the European Parliament. The methodology will follow a data-driven Constructionist approach. First, Named Entity Recognition (NER) and manual recall are employed to retrieve the MWORGs, and their performance is evaluated through metrics. Then, four items of metadata are annotated for each entity. The analysis unveils that, at this onomastic level, the non-translated English Eurolect in fact contains a considerable number of translations (17.3%), while non-interpreted English has an even higher percentage of interpretations (24.3%). In the translated and interpreted Spanish Eurolect, mediating schemes (translations, interpretations, borrowings, and blending) are predictably dominant (80.5% and 98.1% respectively), although they also coexist with native onomastic constructions. The results of the study boost the commonly disregarded potential of proper names as a key tool for understanding translation and interpreting as relative categories in which each (non-)translated and (non-)interpreted textual genre is ruled by its own set of constructional rules, establishing different quantities of mediating and nonmediating constructions depending on factors such as the language, the norms, and the events which condition textual production.
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The main purpose of the work is to explore the metaphorical uses of the word language in poetic contexts in which personification is observed, determine the circle of words – objects of comparison combined with this metaphor, identify the comparative frequency characteristics of these words, trace the chronology of their appearance in the Russian poetic language, analyze the renewal of the traditional metaphor language by poets with the help of other words connected with it by close semantic ties (vernacular, dialect, jargon, names of different languages, etc.). The material for the study is a selection of contexts with the meaning of personification with the word language and words connected with it through synonymy and hypero-hyponymy relations from the Poetic Subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus. When analyzing the linguistic material, the corpus method, the semantic field method, and the structuralfunctional method were used. As a result, the study identified semantic classes of objects of comparison characterized by the considered personifier – “The inner world of a person”, “Nature: plants, water, wind, animals, etc.”, “Objects created by people”, as well as the time frames and comparative frequency of their use. Conclusions are drawn about the variation of the traditional metaphor language both at the lexico-semantic and the formal levels. The results of the study represent one of the fragments of the metaphorical system of the Russian poetic language of the XIX–XXI centuries in its development.
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The paper aims at reviewing an opportunity for checking students’ knowledge of English in an amusing way. Among the great number of platforms, Kahoot has a significant role as a means of tests composing in the form of games. Teachers can choose the material to be practiced or tested with the game and the type of the game itself. The present work considers step by step the development of three short tests on lexis studied in the seminars. Also, it depicts the stages of the games played in an online environment. Furthermore, the results of the questionnaire distributed after testing the games are summarized. The paper aims at reviewing an opportunity for checking students’ knowledge of English in an amusing way. Among the great number of platforms, Kahoot has a significant role as a means of tests composing in the form of games. Teachers can choose the material to be practiced or tested with the game and the type of the game itself. The present work considers step by step the development of three short tests on lexis studied in the seminars. Also, it depicts the stages of the games played in an online environment. Furthermore, the results of the questionnaire distributed after testing the games are summarized.
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Children like and love songs, which make them special for language learning. The use of songs allows children learn the language in a natural, calm and pleasant atmosphere. Through songs children socialize and this affects their self-esteem and confidence
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