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KREKÁŇOVÁ, Ivana: Etymológia záhadná aj zábavná. Pôvod slov od algoritmu po zavináč. Bratislava: MAMAŠ 2022. 264 s. ISBN 978-80-8268-040-2
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The subject of the paper is the beginning of the Book of Genesis (1:1-13), regarding the feast of the Nativity of Jesus Christ. The text of this reading is taken from several sources: the Cyrillo-Methodian translation (in the Grigorovich Parimejnik); the Preslav Redaction (in the Ochrid Bible); a Menaion of the old recension (Draganov Menaion); two Menaia of the new recension (Ochrid Menaion and Rila 2/18); the Genadian Bible; and the Ostrog Bible. Generally, we can divide the texts of these those sources into two groups. Grigorovich Parimejnik, the Ochrid Bible, and Draganov Menaion belong to the first one (the archaic group), and Ochrid Menaion, Rila 2/18, the Genadian Bible, and the Ostrog Bible belong to the second one whose text was revised on the Mount Athos in the circle of Monk Joseph.
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The Polish and Bulgarian translations of the Bible differ in many details, the most important reason being the different basis of the translation. The translations were also made at different times and the translators used source texts in different languages. In addition, the Polish tradition of translating the Holy Scriptures (both Catholic and Protestant) is much lengthier, so in the case of complicated or ambiguous formulations, subsequent translators could refer to solutions developed by their predecessors. The article discusses the lexical differences in the Polish and Bulgarian texts using names that include words for color, which may have resulted from a different conceptualization of colors in both languages.
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This article is an attempt to reveal the most primal and deep patterns which the artistic interpretаtion of the spiritual world in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky reaches. It turns out that the Russian writer perceives the main “parameters” of the afterlife (such as: movement, change and spatiality) from the point of view of the biblical Judeo-Christian tradition. According to this theological tradition, time turns out to be a problematic category in the spiritual world — one that is not related to either movement or change. Dostoevsky’s understanding that in the heavenly (eonic) world the soul after death is active and undergoes changes is also confirmed by numerous testimonies from the mystical experience of Orthodox ascetics. As for the phenomenon of time, it arises from the fall of Adam in complicity with the devil. In this sense, time is just another name for death. But after the Apocalypse there will be a “new heaven” and a “new earth” where there will be “no more time.”
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To begin with, the first sign depicted on people with aphasia is a language disorder, acquired after a damage to the central nervous. The existing studies in this area explain the roots of aphasia throughout a medical and phonological perspective, while the psycholinguistic approach is considerably more narrowed.Taking into consideration the increasing number of people who are speaking more than one language and who are at risk of developing a medical condition that can lead to aphasia and other associated communication deficiencies, it is critical for speech-language pathologists to assess the situation from different angles, particularly to incorporate medical, linguistic and psycholinguistic viewpoints.The aim of this article is emphasizing the main approaches which are being addressed in explanation of language production and understanding how bilingual persons are affected by aphasia, whereas a complex and multilingual approach is crucial to be taken into consideration during the intervention.
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The Tatra Mountains and the Gorce Mountains are mountain ranges lying next to each other. The widespread knowledge and popularity of the Tatra Mountains and the anthropopressure occurring in them indicate the dominant nature of these mountains in the consciousness of Polish society. The Gorce Mountains, meanwhile, are unknown to many, often overlooked and unpopular, both among tourists and writers. The peripheral nature of the Gorce region is related to the establishment of the center of Polish mountains in the Tatras. Their myth and majesty cast a shadow on the lower, unpopularized Gorce and contribute to creating a way of experiencing them. The article analyzes the relationship between the Gorce and the Tatra Mountains. The model of the center–periphery in the horizontal approach, proposed by Elżbieta Rybicka, was used to describe the phenomenon.
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The article is the first part of a comprehensive study on representations of Hutsuls and the Hutsul region in the interwar Polish literature, which showed them during the First World War and the wars for the borders of the Second Polish Republic, as well as in the 1920s and 1930s. The article discuses, first and foremost, literary visions of Hutsuls and their native land in the wartime. It argues that these visions were deeply affected by war events that took place in the Eastern Carpathians in 1914–1915, when Polish soldiers from the 2nd and 3rd Legions Infantry Regiments fought with Russians and occasionally cooperated with some military volunteers recruited from the Hutsul community. The interwar Polish literature showed the Eastern Carpathians as a space where Polish soldiers’ bravery and dedication to the national cause were distinctly manifested. It also described and, as a matter of fact, exaggerated acts of fraternization between Polish legionnaires and the Hutsuls. This way the Polish literature imposed an important, patriotic significance to the Hutsul region and strengthened its position in the Polish national memory. Simultaneously, it showed the whole Hutsul community as allies of Poles in the fight for independence. This literary approach suggested that Hutsuls had their own history and cultural reality that differed from the Ukrainian one but fit in well with the history and contemporary times of Poles.
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The article is the second part of a comprehensive study on representations of Hutsuls and the Hutsul region in the interwar Polish literature, which showed them during the First World War and the wars for the borders of the Second Polish Republic, as well as in the 1920s and 1930s. The article discuses, first and foremost, literary visions of Hutsuls and their native land in the third and fourth decade of the 20th century. The interwar Polish literature, which showed the Hutsul region “of today”, paid special attention to peacetime partnership of Poles and Hutsuls, which was to follow their wartime joint actions against Russians in the Eastern Carpathians in 1914–1915. It implied that this partnership was a result of a perfect match between the Polish national component and the Hutsul ethnic element. The article argues that Polish literature showed the compatibility of Poles and Hutsuls in the macro and micro dimensions. On the macro level, it was to be manifested, on the one hand, in the effective help of the Polish state institutions for Hutsuls, on the other hand, in the gratitude of Hutsuls for Poles. On the micro level, the Polish-Hutsul compatibility was to be manifested in friendly or intimate relations of representatives of both groups; relations which were invariably successful in spite of the fact that the Polish side dominated them and felt entitled to lead a civilization mission among Hutsuls. Such literary visions presented the Hutsul region as an integral part of the Second Polish Republic and its indigenous inhabitants as loyal citizens of the entire country. They also made it clear that Hutsuls affirmed Polishness and that Poles were welcomed and needed in the Hutsuls’s land.
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In the article the author seeks to follow the history of the term “mountain man” and to point to the scope of its functioning in various literary, cultural and environmental contexts. The author draws on both examples from literature and various types of narratives disseminated through the new media. Referring to the various ways of defi ning the term and then using it in various types of discourses, he examines its transformation from an archetype (discussing, first of all, the evolution in the way of seeing highlanders as the first inhabitants of the mountains and the links between this notion, as well as the term “mountain man” and its use with regard to people visiting the mountains disinterestedly in search of aesthetic or other experiences) to a stereotype of the “mountain man” strongly rooted in the modern collective consciousness and imagination. An important context for the present analysis is provided by the history of European imperialism and colonialism. The article features a number of examples from writings by Polish and foreign authors.
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The article is a continuation of the analysis begun in the previous (15th) volume of Góry – Literatura – Kultura and dealing with the image of the mountain guide. In the second part the author discusses the earliest high mountain expeditions in the history of Tatra tourism, which were led by more or less experienced guides. The history of the profession in the Tatras goes back to the 17th century. One of the first people to employ a professional guide was a man named Simplicissimus (1654) — this was for a three-day high mountain trek. Among the subsequent expeditions, one of the biggest was a scientific expedition organised by Robert Townson (1793), who made an ascent of Łomnica, guided by Hans Gross.Attempts to create an ideal image of the mountain guide were made in the first mountain guidebooks by Baltazar Hacquet, Eugeniusz Janota or Walery Eljasz. When the Tatra Society was established in 1873, it concluded that one of the most urgent matters to solve was the question of providing care for guides. It was to be regulated by a newly drafted statute, which created an organisational framework for the guiding profession, as a consequence of which guides were divided into three categories in accordance with their qualifi cations. A breakthrough in mountain tourism came in 1874, when Dr Tytus Chałubiński arrived in Zakopane and began his original “itinerary-less trips”, which lasted a few days. The numerous participants in these trips were led by the best guides. This irreverent way in which an elite group usurped the services of guides particularly experienced in mountain guiding provoked a heated discussion within the tourist community, which raged in the press at the time.
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The article is devoted to analysis of the images of inhabitants and visitors of the Eastern Carpathians, appearing in the literary works that belonged to the interwar Polish literature with contemporary themes, but remained at a distance from the dominant Polish discourse of the epoch. The starting point of the article is a recognition that the specific literary representations of highlanders (inhabitants of the region) and Poles (usually guests in the region) played an important role in Polish literature, co-creating the dominant discourse of the Second Republic. They included two types of images. First, of the Hutsul Region as an exceptional place on the historical plane for the Poles and of the Hutsuls as their allies in the struggle for Polish independence. Second, of the Hutsul Region as a space for the civilising mission of the Poles and the Hutsuls as their unequal partners and, at the same time, grateful co-citizens. However, both groups of images were not the only representations of people of the Eastern Carpathians created in interwar Polish literature. Works more or less distancing themselves from the dominant discourse of the Second Republic brought other images as well. These were portraits of the Hutsuls who were individualised, empowered, and not reduced to a role played in relation to Poland and the Poles; images of the Hutsuls who were de-aestheticised, provocatively contradicting the interwar or even the 19th-century literary tradition; and fi nally, visions of the mountain people of a different national/ethnic affiliation than the Poles and the Hutsuls, especially non-stereotypical visions of Jews. The article brings analysis of literary works of authorssuch as Stefan A. Borsukiewicz, Jerzy Liebert, and Antoni Gronowicz.
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The article discusses the literary representations of the Gorce in the dialectal poetry of Jan Fudala. Based on the multi-level analysis of his poems, Fudala’s endogenous imaginary geography was developed, which may be a component of a wider project of endogenous imaginary geography of the studied region. The geocritical perspective was used for the study.
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While Wanda Rutkiewicz’s achievements and her attempts to enter the mountaineering world are being more and more publicized, information about British and American women who tried to become climbers is not widely known in Poland. Thus, this article is an attempt to draw attention to a few selected female endeavours to enter the mountain landscape, which, from the beginning, was usually perceived as a male world rather unsuitable for women. Analyzing the selected passages derived from British and American non-fiction literature published in the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, the author of this article seeks to show that, admittedly, men allowed women to enter the mountain world, yet in most cases women’s actions were not perceived as appropriate for female climbers.
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The author concentrates on two thrillers by Jennifer Lee Carrell: Interred with Their Bones (2007) and Haunt Me Still (2010). The protagonists, Katharine Stanley (theater director with a reputation as an expert in both Shakespeare and the Renaissance occult) and Benjamin Pearl (founder of an elite British security firm), are conducting a double investigation. They are trying to find the murderer who kills his victims in a manner resembling Shakespearean characters. The investigation leads them to literary riddles — in the first novel, they hunt for the lost play Cardenio, in the second — they try to find an unknown version of Macbeth. These are, of course, real murders and there are police officers who try find the killers. But only the people who are connected with Shakespeare (actors, scholars, etc.) can solve all the puzzles. The protagonists wander a maze of university libraries, dark museum rooms, theater scenes, and even caves with 17th- and 19th-century corpses. They visit a settlement named Shakespeare in the New Mexico desert, where an eccentric millionaire has built a replica of Elsynor.The author of the article pays attention to the pieces of Shakespearian puzzle which are not widely known, such as Macbeth as a famously cursed play and Shakespeare authorship theories.The most important element in both novels (in the author’s opinion) is that Shakespeare’s plays are still a value some people are ready to kill for or even die for.
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The article presents contemporary examples of Polish literature for young readers which are thematically related to Buddhism. Among this type of publications, three groups can be distinguished: books with collections of Buddhist fairy tales, a socio-moral novel, and a comic book. The novel Zenek i mrówki [Zenek and the Ants] by Andrzej Grabowski is particularly interesting. Here, Buddhism is presented in a very original way, with understanding of the needs of the Polish reader and with a sensitivity in presenting information about Buddhism. On the contemporary Polish publishing market, literature for young readers concerning non-Christian religions is rare, but the development of Buddhism in Europe means that one can expect further development of local Buddhist literature.
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The article is focused on discussing the anthropological dimension of weird fiction. This type of literature presents the characteristic picture of a man which the author defines as homo victus. The pessimism and the vanity of existence are typical elements of weird fiction poetics. The authors often structure their writing in such a way so that the characters, when confronted with the uncanny nature of the world, can understand their insignificance and fragility. With the aim of advocating this thesis, stories of three remarkable authors who wrote in this convention will be discussed: Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Stefan Grabiński, and Thomas Ligotti.
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Enquiring into the process of remembering and forgetting seems to be a fundamentally neuropsychological issue. Many writers and novelists tend to take on that matter while depicting their main characters, who deliver an account of their past adventures to the reader via recollections and memories. The paper attempts to analyse the distinctive features of the space, especially after the recognition of the spatial turn and its main assumptions. The author indicates the vital importance of borders as well as their crossing. In addition to the analysis of the mentioned genres, the author focuses on the perception and capturing of space in general as well as juxtaposes its particular spatial variations, such as partial space.
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