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What Faith and What Mountains in 1 Cor 13:2?
The presence of πίστις in the list of spiritual gifts in1 Cor 12:8-10 is problematic. Should not faith be the common basis of the charisms and not a particular gift? What means “faith” in 1 Cor 12:9, given that Paul includes it among the nine manifestations of the Spirit? How to understand and to translate it? Evidently, “faith” points here not simple adherence, but a very precise form of πίστις. In fact, Paul places wisdom, knowledge and “faith” in rapid succession, making them the three principal dimensions of the teaching charisms. As reflected in the repetition of the same gifts in the sequence of 13:2. Some Jewish texts talk about rabbis able to change the point of view of people whose convictions were as immovable as a mountain. They were nicknamed “mountain mover” (oker harim). Thanks to the support of rabbinic literature it becomes possible to explain the presence of πίστις among the teaching gifts in 1 Cor 12:9 and 13:2, offering a translation, certainly broad but more attentive to the semantics of the charism of faith: “if I have all the ability to deliver discourses of faith from which to convince people as immovable as mountains, but I do not have charity, I am nothing”.
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This article explores the theme of “translating poetically organized discourse to be sung.” The 2010 English translation of the Hebrew Psalms, entitled The Revised Grail Psalms: A Liturgical Psalter (RGP), is presented as a case study. The Hebrew Psalms, for the most part, were composed to be sung, yet more often than not, they are translated to be read. Such translations are primarily characterized by the absence of poetic rhythm, despite the plain evidence and significance of poetic rhythm in the Hebrew. The RGP, on the other hand, privileges the rhythmic dimension of the Psalms. As a result, the RGP is said to be remarkably “adaptable to the exigencies of different musical settings,” and more importantly, eminently singable. Nonetheless, the challenges of translating and formalizing a text according to a given rhythmic principle are in practice formidable, for when translators set out to feature a lyric’s rhythmic dimension, its semantic, rhetorical, and syntactic art is often found lacking. This article examines some of the principal reasons the translators of the RGP chose to re-emphasize the Hebrew Psalms’ rhythmic art and, more importantly, how those translators negotiated some of the more problematic translation challenges that ensued from that choice.
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On the same day of the United Nations International Translation Day, the 30th of September 2020, Il Nuovo Testamento Greco-Latino-Italiano was published by the Italian Catholic Bishops’ Conference (CEI), a date chosen by the United Nations in honor of St. Jerome. The publication of the NTGLI presents two specific innovations: 1. at a ‘textual’ level for the most recent editions of the New Testament used (The Greek New Testament-5th Revised edition; Nova Vulgata, Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, Editio typica altera; La Sacra Bibbia - Versione ufficiale della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana) and 2. at a ‘cultural’ level for the cooperation among different Christian confessions in Bible translating. In 1988 the Conferenza Episcopale Italiana initiated an extensive and in-depth revision of the CEI1971-74 Bible based on the most recent critical editions of the original Hebrew and Greek texts. The new CEI Bible was published in 2008. Created for the liturgical use, with its 1971-74 edition the CEI Bible became the reference text, almost a new Vulgata. The NTGLI is a strategic tool for future translations of the New Testament in the 4,000 languages without a Bible translation, also aiming to contribute to the affirmation of peace for humanity, as stated in the United Nations Charter: “United Nations Charter, Chapter I, Purposes and Principles, Article 1: The Purposes of the United Nations are: To maintain international peace and security...[and] to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples…”
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This study asks whether translation might be a valid mode of (literary) criticism. It approaches a hortatory biblical text (1 Timothy 2.8-14 [3.1a]), somewhat notoriously and rigidly applied in some quarters of the church as containing timeless ethical instruction concerning women in the church, from the standpoint of its intertextual network, listening for resonance and dissonance as the relevant intertexts and precursor texts are explored. It is ultimately diagnosed as a text that is eschatologically obsolescent, and translated/rewritten, on the basis of its intertextual composition, to reflect the openness inscribed by the authorial Other.
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The article offers a concise presentation of the project linked to the Library Fund of the Pontifical Urbaniana University, namely, to study the inculturation of the Christian faith by relating the documentation on the editions of the Bible to the catechisms in the territories entrusted to the pastoral care of the Congregation for Evangelization of peoples. The vastness of the project itself is marked today by the difficulty of using more extensive documentation than that present in the Fund of the same Library. However, more limited segments of the indicated material of interest can already be identified. More specifically, the African continent shows quite a varied phenomenology of the editions of the Bible: from translations of the Latin Vulgate into local languages, to translations from English or French, themselves translations from Latin. In the post-conciliar period, the translations of the Bible from the original biblical languages emerge. This is the case of the Kinyarwanda versions of the NT (1988, 1989) and of the OT-NT in a single volume (1990, 1992), in which, alongside pastoral purposes, the results of modern biblical exegesis are evident, to the point of proposing categorizations of literary bodies of biblical literature from an interconfessional and also interreligious perspective.
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This paper aims at examining the peculiarities of term formation in the specialized languages, providing relevant examples from the domain of biomedical engineering which, representing a mix between medicine and engineering, offers a wide variety of scientific and technical terminology to illustrate the term formation patterns and methods presented. Largely based of the works of Juan C. Sager, one of the most influential researchers in the domain of terminology, the paper aims at explaining and describing the main approaches and mechanisms of term formation, as well as the importance and function of each method in special reference and designation of concepts as required by classificatory function of the specialized languages, precision of expression and systematic reference. Therefore, it is of absolute importance to differentiate between primary and secondary term formation patterns, as well as to specify that terms can be the product of use of existing linguistic resources expressed through the extension of meaning of a an existing term, modification of existing linguistic resources expressed through derivation, compounding, conversion and compression, and creation of new linguistic entities expressed through borrowing and calques or loan translations, each of those approaches having a specific purpose and a place in the specialized designation of concepts, and creating the terminological structure of a specialized domain.
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Phraseology, which for a long time was only a simple compartment of lexicology, today is recognized as an independent branch of linguistics by many French, English and Romanian linguists. Dictionaries of linguistic terms fix and define in great detail key terms of this science: phraseological, phraseology, phraseologism. Today we find them revised, re-defined and re-interpreted in the most valuable lexicographical sources. Thanks to the fundamental and proportionate issues, which are discussed, and some partially explored, researchers have the opportunity to determine the place of phraseology among the other branches of linguistics. Phraseological units in any language as well as simple lexical elements present, as a whole, independent units of meaning and functions (I. Boronianu; Gh. Dragomirescu and others) - thus they have every right to be researched, analyzed, lexicographed, translated, within a special science. The subject of this article is: the translation of phraseological units, which in their structure have a key-word related to the human body: to bring a hornets' nest about one's ears, to cry one’s heart out to get a smack in the eye. From our research practice we can definitely affirm that stable / phraseological units are generally considered burdensome to translate. We make provisions for the difficulty of finding conceptual correspondents from Romanian to English and vice versa. The translator is obliged to know the fundamental problems of the theory and practice of phraseological units to be able to identify the expressions, to decode their meaning and to render, their expressive and stylistic functions in translation.
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Technical English has always been an issue of interest in the field of English as a foreign language. Terminology of English for general purposes has taken more of an interest in teaching English for Specific Purposes nowadays and the demands can be seen on a daily basis. English is of great significance for academic and professional excellence of people of technology. Various investigations show that engineers face difficulties in their jobs due to their language skills and that is the reason we are trying to focus on enhancing their skills without addressing lack of efficient language usage in technical context. There have been a personal concern in satisfying the people' expectations by means of a skills-based terminology and hence, I did researches on the field of specific oil and gas terminology and brought to you some sections of this. The aim of this article is to present more a practical basis for the technical terminology than a theoretical one; this paper emphasizes need analysis in designing specific materials for engineering. This work presents a section of the oil and gas terminology of the English Language vice versa General English; the article also identifies the conceptual system with the differences and the features of the petroleum field.
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The article analyses essays collected in the volume Topography of Remembrance (2016) dealing with the memories of Martin Pollack about his Nazi ancestors, especially about his father who was an SS-man. The author of this article asks the following questions: What does it mean for Pollack to be the son of a Nazi criminal? Why and from what perspective is he writing? Who is he writing for? How does he relate to his father’s image? The answers to these questions are based on theoretical discourses on family memory. The thesis of the article is that Pollack does not distance himself from his father in his texts and does not write objectively but remains subjective in his narrative. He is concerned by the fact that he is a direct descendant of the National Socialists and he wonders what that might mean for his own identity.
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The paper hereunder is an attempt at an analysis of the foreign language morphemes on the example of the COVID-19 virus’ and its pandemic’s nomenclature in German language. The research area has been presented on the basis of the lexemes, which come into the German in the context of the reports about the spread of the global epidemic. The individual lexical units are sorted on account of the life areas of the language users and analysed in view of their structure and assimilation’s grade in the lexical and morphological system of the target language.
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Watts, M. (1971). P.E.N. The Early Years 1921–1926. Archive Press.
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In this paper we will present the linguistic perspective about learning foreign languages, and will be structured in two parts: the first part will explain the distinction made by E. Coșeriu between two important aspects of languages, and the second part will approach the linguistic theories in teaching foreign languages. In teaching the Romanian language as a foreign language, it is important to take account, firstly, of the distinction between the sistem and normă by Eugeniu Coșeriu. This is an essential element for understanding and exemplifying the learning/teaching process of Romania as a foreign language. The language has multiple possibilities to form plural, for example, but the grammar only accepts one of those possibilities. The confusions between the right form and the wrong one are explained by this distinction made by E. Coșeriu. In the second part of this article, we will discuss the theories offered by Coșeriu in teaching languages that are directed towards a teaching using a language that both student and teacher speak, avoiding the direct method. We will discuss E. Cassirer's theory, because both theoretical visions develop and capitalizes in different ways the Humboldt's understanding of language as creative activity, not just an instrument that humans use to communicate.
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In this article the author, for the first time in Romanian linguistics, attempts to explain the basic directions in studying a new linguistic discipline, Motivology, and the use of terms characteristic of this new discipline, some of which are translated or updated by the author in order that the former cold be introduced into the Romanian linguistic circulation. The motivational relationships of words and stable polylexical units make up linguistic universality; they cover almost all lexical and polylexical units in language, leaving out of their "influence" an insignificant percentage of "singular" language units. Motivology as a science dates back to the 1970s. This study outlines the research areas on lexical and structural motivation, the internal form of the glottic unit, the types of motivation of lexical and polylexical units, motivational relationships as a type of systemic relationships in lexis, motivation in a text and metatext, motivational paradigm, motivation of words and stable polylexical units as a lexical phenomenon, etc.
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The article contains only the first type of glosses, which are an explanation of Greek words. Observations confirm the conclusions of our previous works – the nature of the glosses examined shows that they came out of the translator’s pen of George Hamartolos’ Chronicon.
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The original collection of 45 homilies by John Chrysostom included in Tsar Simeon the Great’s Zlatostruy concludes with Homily on the Departure of the Human Soul by Abba Macarius. This study traces the homily’s literary destiny outside Tsar Simeon’s Old Bulgarian anthology using two transcripts where Abba Macarius is identified with Macarius the Roman. We are led to the legend of St Macarius the Roman by the apocryphon Tale of Macaruis the Roman/Passional of Macarius the Roman, whose text is known in the Greek language and in an Old Bulgarian translation. Tale of a Miracle with Abba Macarius is inserted separately.
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“The Sermon” is pronounced by the Bulgarian patriarch John the Exarch Novi at the church of "Sveta Bogoroditsa" ("Holy Mother of God") in Preslav on 25th of March 972. Being informed about the intention of Konstantinopol to destroy Preslav as a competitor for the leading position in the Christian oecumene, the preacher delivers a prayer to God, The Word, to protect the castle of the Bulgarian kings in Preslav and the castle of the Grand Russian king Svyatoslav in Preslavets. The author calls upon his listeners as "warriors of God, the Word" to pray for the Russian people as well, and to incorporate them in the true faith. In this sense “The Sermon” of 25th of March 972 includes the first notice of the plan of the Bulgarian church to Christianize Russia which it realizes in 987.
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The research is dedicated to the rhythmic structures in the history of old and modern Bulgarian prose. Cyril and Methodius were familiar with the Byzantine isocolic structures and preserved them in their translations from Greek to Old Bulgarian language. The Old Bulgarian and modern writers from Bulgaria also adopted the rhythmic structures of the Byzantine rhetorics and poetics in their works. The study of the homilies in Zlatostruy and the Tarzhestvenik from the 12th century together with the novel "Sly Peter" by Georgi Markovski reveals the use of the familiar types of rhythmic schemes: simple columns; recurrent series, scheme in frame and mirror construction.
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The proposed article examines the contemporary Bulgarian continuants of the compositions with first component благо-, known to us from the medieval monuments, written in Old Bulgarian language, as well as later Church Slavonic texts. Attention is focused on the semantic changes that occur in words, their stylistic stratification and their distribution as a hereditary share of Cyrillo-Methodian word wealth. The study is based on lexical material, derived from the main lexicography works of Old Bulgarian and Church Slavonic languages.
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The golden solidus of Justinian the Great, minted in the period 542 – 552, turned a new page in palaeography enhancing an iconographic issue the research of which is yet to follow - the relation of the Golgotha cross of the New Sun in the form of stavrophorion with the augurian lituus is unscrambled as the shepherd’s crook of the Good Shepherd. Minted in the X oficina of the Byzantine court, the coin commemorates the triumph of the Byzantine emperor over the Goth-Arians in Italy. The symbols of the secular and ecclesiastical power were presented by the Roman goddess of victory Victoria, which legitimizes the royal-priestly prerogatives of the god-appointed ruler in connection with the revived ancient tradition of the Roman Empire (Renovatio imperii). The Golgotha cross appears as a precious stavrophorion for the first time in the coins of Theodosius II (408 – 450) and expresses the imperial Orthodox propaganda, as evidenced by the mosaics of: "St. Pudentiana” in Rome and the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, “Sant’Apollinare in Classe”, the Episcopal Chapel and other churches in Ravenna. The Byzantine propaganda against the Arians in the capital of the Ostrogothic kingdom of Ravenna is evidenced in the mosaic of the Baptistery of the Arians from the first quarter of the 6th century, in which John the Baptist is represented with a pastoral crook instead of the precious Golgotha cross, as it is in the Baptistery of Orthodoxy. The golden solidus of Justinian the Great expresses the same propaganda.
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