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Kilka uwag na marginesie ustaleń Józefa Maroszka
A quarter of a year ago the regional journal Białostocczyzna [Białystok Land], issued under the auspices of the Scientific Society in Białystok, there was published an article written by Józef Maroszek titled Sentimental Vocluse park near Białystok set up in 1767. The author of the publication put forward theses concerning not only the garden itself, but also Gotski House [Dom Gotski] situated in the park. Nowadays, there are no remains of the building erected over a spring which ejected water from below the house, nor after the whole garden complex referred to as Bażantarnia. Nevertheless, the pavilion seems to play a major role in the history of Polish art as it constituted the early sign of interest in Neo-Gothicism. Perhaps it would not make sense to some back to the old findings but for the fact that they have appeared in the Internet and are not free from mistakes: the castellan of Cracow Jan Klemens Branicki (1689–1771) had nothing to do with Dom Gotski in Bażantarnia, which was built many years after his death. Dom Gotski in Bażantarnia was constructed at the beginning of the second half of the 1780s upon the foundation of the widow of the Cracow castellan – Izabela Branicka née Poniatowska (1730–1808). The designer remains unknown, but the style of the work may indicate that the building was designed by the architect Szymon Bogumił Zuga (1733–1807), specializing in garden constructions. The idea of the Białystok park referred to the tradition connected with the retreat where the Italian poet Francesco Petrarka, the author of Sonnets for Laura used to spend his time. The analogy was found and exposed in the poem Na Wokluz, wody i dom gotski pod Białymstokiem by the Polish sentimental poet Franciszek Karpiński (1741–1825), who was a friend of Branicka’s and frequently visited the Versailles of Podlasie. Dom Gotski, which played the role of a bath, constituted a picturesque element of the garden complex. It was to be the temple of “thinking” allowing the thinker to reflect on the human condition. It was also the site of the homage to the benevolence of Izabela Branicka. The Neo-Gothic form of the building contributed to the popularization of this “ancient”, but at the same time modern style. It might affect the preferences of concrete people who had an opportunity to spend time in Białystok, the example of which are the drawing by Anna Potocka-Wąsowiczowa née Tyszkiewicz (1779–1867). The article written by Józef Maroszek, which was the main reason for starting the debate and formulating totally different theses, may constitute a model of how not to write a scientific article. The fact of the author’s referring to written and iconographic sources ostensibly gives it the reliability, but the conclusions made on the basis of cursorily read and examined sources reveal that all the conclusions were drawn not exactly on their grounds and were exclusively the subjective projection of the author’s vision. He did not make an effort to verify and compare documents, to analyse and confront facts, or to look closely at the people participating in the above mentioned event, which should be the foundation for any reliable research activity. The failure to follow the above mentioned rules led to a number of interpretation mistakes, which do not allow us to defend neither the details nor the general idea of the article.
More...Przyczynek do badań nad kobietami z kręgów magnackich Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego
The article aims to show the character of Anna Radziwiłł née Mycielska, the second wife of Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł ‘Rybeńko’ in the light of her correspondence. The proposed approach focuses on changes in her personality taking place at key moments in her life. The source basis are letters from the Voivode of Vilnius to her husband kept in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The authors of this paper made an attempt to present Anna Radziwiłł from the perspective of her roles: wife, mother, and woman.
More...From the Union of Two States to the Commonwealth of Three Provinces
The aim of the article is to present changes in the position of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania towards the Polish Crown within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1569–1791. The analysis was based on the transformation of both common (monarch, Sejm) and separate (central and local offices, judicial system and law) institutions in the context of economic, social and cultural changes of the era. Gradually, the Commonwealth was transforming into a state in which Lithuania was not so much one of its two parts – along with the Crown, but one of its three provinces – along with Lesser Poland and Greater Poland. It was, however, a special province since it had its own ministers, offices, courts, treasury and fiscal courts along with its own codification of political and private law. The rule introduced in 1673 that every third Sejm was to be held in Grodno, however, was rarely observed. The reasons for this change were: the smaller population of the Grand Duchy, its lower fiscal income along with the war damage and territorial losses suffered in the mid-17th century. This transformation was also facilitated by the fact that the Lithuanian political system and laws became increasingly similar to the Polish ones. Another factor was the slow creation of a sense of political community among nobles of both the Crown and Lithuania. This feeling was born not only out of the same rights and privileges, but also owing to the immigration of the Crown noblemen to the lands of the Grand Duchy and joining – by marriage – Lithuanian noble families, which was especially the case among magnate families. During this period, the common culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth based on the Polish language – lingua franca of the whole state – was also created. Other languages also functioned in the Polish- -Lithuanian state, but Polish, enriched by Lithuanian, Ruthenian, Latin, German and Oriental elements, began to dominate. The Government Act of 3 May 1791 did not mention the Grand Duchy at all, but created a common government for the whole of Commonwealth – the Guard of Laws and Great Commissions. Mutual Pledge of the Two Nations, unanimously adopted on 20 October 1791, constituted an attempt to return to the dualism from the era of the Union of Lublin. This act granted Lithuanians half of the commissioners in the military and fiscal commissions and – in the future – in the police commission. Lithuania also retained separate ministers, offices, a separate treasury and tax judiciary. Thus, the gradual unification of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was still visible, while maintaining some separate aspects, which were important for Lithuanians, albeit secondary in the scale of the entire state. Nevertheless, this process was interrupted by the upcoming partitions.
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This paper presents the contribution of Hungarian artists working with space and architects to the Avant-Garde. Lajos Kassák contributed with his writings to the propagation of the Avant-Garde (like journals in other countries, ex. Contimporanul in Romania). Laszló Moholy-Nagy designed installations at Bauhaus inspiring numerous creations. Fred Forbát learned from the Bauhaus and designed the Siedlung Siemensstadt in Berlin with other Bauhaus architects. All these worked in exile after the Soviet Republic failed. Other names connected to creations related to Russian constructivism or De Stijl add to this.
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This report presents the ideas and practices of long-term forecasting from prehistoric society to the creation of the science of Futurology. It presents the activities of oracles, utopias and science fiction on the foundation of Futurology.
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This essay examines the work of the Polish freedom fighters in the revolution in southwest German Baden in 1848/49 by identifying the personal connections between the uprisings in Baden and Poznań and identifying Prussia as a common enemy. In particular, the role of the Polish military officer Ludwik Mierosławski as general of the Baden troops is honoured. The goal is thus to determine the exact contribution of Polish fighters in the Baden Revolution and how they interacted with the Baden revolutionaries. Thus, the essay also sheds light on the help of Baden for the Polish fight for freedom in the form of so-called Polish associations. For this purpose, the essay presents the eyewitness accounts of the year 1849 from the perspective of Baden and Polish participants. Methodologically, the article extracts the specific events in Baden and Poznań from the general revolutionary history of the years 1848/49. Chronologically, the essay also looks back at prehistory up to 1815 and offers a look at the life of the revolutionaries after 1849. The events in Baden and Poznań are finally placed in a larger context, especially in the context of the European freedom movements, the international cooperation of the revolutionaries, and Polandʼs striving for independence.
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Autorica daje pregled razvoja veterinarstva u Hrvatskoj od najranijih vremena do danas. U radu su navedene sve bitne zakonske odredbe i pravila o zdravstvenoj zaštiti životinja. Opisan je i razvoj veterinarske službe, ustanova i škola. Istovremeno veterinarstvo i briga za zdravstvenu zaštitu životinja čine neizostavan i bitan dio gospodarske povijesti Hrvatske.
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Dana 11.-13. listopada 2001. godine u Kopru (Republika Slovenija) održan je međunarodni znanstveni skup pod naslovom "Govorica nasilja" (II linguaggio della violenza / The Language of Violence).
More...Część 2
Changes in the organization of state authorities in the Bohemian Kingdom in the 15th-18th centuries caused the need to modify the socio-political elites so that they were adapted to the developing structure and divisions of power. In the 15th-16th centuries, their composition was determined by three factors: the political and territorial structure of the bohemian state, the state-monarchical system and the policy of kings. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Bohemian kings of the Habsburg dynasty created new political and political conditions, the so-called Habsburg absolutism, seeking to organize all of its territories into a united dominium under its hereditary rule and its maintenance based on building a new socio-political elite. For the existence of the state, an important question was whether the political elites of individual regions and countries would become part of the power elite and would receive access to central offices, thus co-creating the phenomenon of nation-wide elites. This conditioned territorial integration and social integration, so that the resulting state organism was capable of coherent, covering all territories of evolution in the following centuries. These complex problems were exemplified in the article on the integration processes in the period occurring between Bohemia and Silesia. The second issue was the politics pursued by royal authorities and affecting changes in the composition of Silesian social elites.
More...Zakończenie okresu współpracy z prymasem Michałem Radziejowskim
This article presents Feliks Aleksander Lipski, voivode of Kalisz in the contextof his efforts to maintain the peace between Poland and Sweden in 1702. From Marchto May 1702, Lipski, as the grand envoy, led a diplomatic mission to Swedish kingCharles XII. His goal was to convince this monarch to abandon his aggressive intentionstowards the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish delegates rejected Charles XII’sproposal to dethrone king August II in exchange for peace, which consequently led toa break-down in the peace negotiations. In May 1702, the Swedish army captured Warsaw.Peace talks resumed in the capital with the participation of Primate Michał Radziejowskiand the Crown’s grand treasurer Rafał Leszczyński, while marginalizing Feliks AleksanderLipski’s position. The bitterness that Lipski felt when he was removed from peace talkswith Charles XII meant that his relations with his patron – Primate Radziejowski – deteriorated. Lipski blamed the primate and Rafał Leszczyński for his unfavorable situation,accused them of treason and agreement with Charles XII at the expense of the reign ofKing August II in Poland. This is evidenced by Lipski’s secret letters sent to the Polish royalcourt, which remained in Krakow after escaping from Warsaw, in which he described thesuspicious activity of the opponent of King Augustus, Primate Radziejowski. At the sametime, Lipski’s political attitude evolved. Until recently, the anti-royal opponent Lipskieventually became a royalist as a result of the Swedish aggression against Poland and proofof the grace of King Augustus II.
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This aim of this article is to analyse the role of cartography in operational activities during the Great Northern War. So far, only Swedish materials from that period have been studied, and this work involves two maps made for the needs of the Russian army by Engineer-General Joseph-Gaspar Lambert de Guerin (in Russian: Žozef Gaspar Lamber de Geren. They were produced within the first three months of 1706 for the needs of the so-called Campaign of Grodno. Cartographic materials show that the Russian army comissioned engineers to conduct a preliminary terrain survey at the time. Initially, the officers devised marching routes from Grodno to Tykocin (only one such map has been preserved: Carte d’une partie de la Lithuanie et de la Pologne). At least four such routes were surveyed; three places were also found where the Neman river could be crossed, as well as fords and bridges that allowed the army to cross over the Biebrza river. Then, in the second phase, as the whole army had to flee from Swedish troops, all the routes were combined on one map: Environs de Grodno et Ticochin. This text presents the mistakes made by Lambert when producing this map. Despite its imperfections, the cartographic documentation contributed to the successful escape of the Russian forces from Grodno (22.03/2.04). After reaching Tykocin, Peter I’s troops successfully crossed the Narew river (29.03/9.04) and then went toward Brest Litovsk (4/15.04). The estimated average daily marching speed was 18.9 km, but within the two recorded days, the army managed to walk almost 70 km.
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The creation of a drama entitled Mikołaj Zebrzydowski was the result of Ludwik Orpiszewski’s “with penchant for national history”. In connection with the disputes in the 1850s about the legitimacy of the November Uprising and about the organization of another uprising for national liberation, the former insurgent used a person named Mikołaj Zebrzydowski (usually depicted in dark colors by contemporaneous historians) to express his view on the next and final uprising. Orpiszewski presented Zebrzydowski not so much as the “cause” of the fall of the Republic of Poland, but as the first rebel whose actions were determined by national pride, referred to by the playwright as “our main sin”. The author of the article first justifies the novelty of Orpiszewski’s work by comparing it with selected contemporaneous historical dramas by Polish authors. Next, he discusses Orpiszewski’s interpretation of the character of Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, and in conclusion presents a metacommentary on the contemporary situation of Ludwik Orp
More...VIII Międzynarodowy Kongres Nauk Historycznych w Zurychu w 1938 roku i udział w nim historyków polskich.
In the course of events related to the organization of international congresses of historical sciences since 1898, the interwar period occupies a special place. On the one hand, it was a time of turbulent changes for historians, and on the other hand, the tendency to perceive history in terms of a national conflict, noticeable after the first war, rosein prominence once again before the outbreak of WWII. The International Committee of Historical Sciences consciously strove both to cater to the international dialogue on research problems in history as a science and to create a platform for a calm and balanced discussion between historians of different nationalities and representing different socio-political systems. This would develop an idea that Karl Dietrich Erdmann called “the ecumena of historians”. Polish historians played a significant role in this process. The Congress in Zurich in 1938 was the last pre-war meeting of professional researchers in the field of history. It took place in a tense international atmosphere, yet its organizing committee also tried to effectively implement positive aspects of previous congresses and exclude negative phenomena visible in the organization of these most important international meetings at that time. The experiences of the 1933 Warsaw Congress turned out to be particularly important here. In this context, the participation of Polish historians in the Congress in Zurich would appear to be particularly relevant as well as interesting.
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The present study is concerned with how the notion that the history of Constantinople is related to the Legend of Troy became a persistent ideologeme in the writings of Byzantine, Western-European and even some Ottoman authors of the fifth through the fifteenth centuries.
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This paper represents a retrospective inquiry into Galati shipping, into the Commodity Exchange and into Galati commerce in general, starting in the 1850s until the beginning of the 20th century.
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Since June of 1804, one of the goals in Serbia’s war plans has been to liberate most of the Eyalet of Bosnia, which resulted in 10 years of a war campaign on the Drina River. Until the summer of 1806, there were no significant developments in that region. The 1806 attack on Belgrade by the insurgent army prompted the Bosnian vizier Husref Mehmed Pasha to send 3,000 soldiers across the Drina River where they have been badly defeated in the battle on the Mišar hill near the town of Šabac. However, the great success of the insurgent army could not change the situation between the two opposing sides. In the years to come, both Karađorđe's and the Turkish army crossed the Drina River on several occasions, but neither of them had successful campaigns. The Turkish response to the Serbian offensive in the spring of 1809 was the counteroffensive that started in the summer of the same year, which was the start of the final clash with Serbia from 1812 to 1815. As the military activities on the Drina River intensified, the Turkish army in the Eyalet of Bosnia mobilized up to 80,000 army men in preparation for the final campaign against the insurgent forces in Serbia. In September of 1813, the Turkish army won the victory in the decisive battle and left the territory from the Drina River to Belgrade completely clear of the insurgents for the following two years.
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During the Siege of Belgrade in August 1717, a report was written by an anonymous Spanish officer about the events which had happened during the conquest of the city by the Austrian army. The report was written in Spanish and has been preserved in the Historical Archive of the Nobility in Toledo. The report told about military order, battle operations, and also about names of dead and wounded in the battle. This report presented an important piece of information for Spanish Empire in that moment, because Spain was in hostile relations with the Empire of Charles VI, with which it would go in war the following year. By this report, the Spanish court was informed about the Austrian victory, because the Duke of Osuna, whose family archive this report belonged to, was a well positioned person in the court of Spanish king Philip V.
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