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4.50 €

Pożywienie i jego wpływ na stan zdrowia mieszkańców Mazowsza Północnego w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku

Author(s): Marta Milewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The type and quality of consumed food has always had an impact on human health. The aim of the article is to analyze the products consumed by particular social groups in Northern Mazovia and to assess the impact of diet on health. The article describes the food products consumed by the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia. This analysis showed insufficient value of nutrients in the diet, irregular meals and the dominance of plant-based products over animal products. The above-mentioned factors negatively influenced the general health of the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia. Malnutrition of the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia should be perceived as a social problem with health, demographic and economic repercussions. The article is therefore an attempt to assess the impact of nutrition on the health condition of the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia.

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„Jarskie uzdrowisko” w Bojarowie i jego twórca Konstanty Moes-Oskragiełło

Author(s): Anna Śmiechowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the nineteenth century, a vegetarian movement appeared in Poland, referring to the ideology of healing oppressed nations by renewing the spirit and body. Konstanty Moes-Oskragiełło was the propagator of this innovative idea under the partitions, who looked for a remedy for his deteriorated health in this idea. He was tenacious in promoting vegetarianism in Warsaw and Krakow, especially in Bojarów near Otwock. He created a spa there in 1883, where one of the methods of treatment was a diet devoid of meat products.

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„Żołnierski wikt” w wojsku polskim w 1807 roku

Author(s): Tadeusz Srogosz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

While stationed in the barracks or in the quarters, with regular deliveries, the daily food ration in the Polish army was sufficient. In field conditions, especially in winter and in the pre-harvest season, the nutrition of soldiers deteriorated rapidly. The country, devastated by war and requisitions, could not feed a large number of soldiers concentrated in a small area. The lack of detailed data does not make it possible to determine the amount of alcohol consumption by soldiers, but it can be assumed based on indirect sources that it was higher than in the entire society. The feeding of soldiers in the field hospitals was similar to the shape of the stationing.

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Stół w życiu codziennym uczniów Gimnazjum i Liceum Wołyńskiego w Krzemieńcu

Author(s): Andrzej Szmyt / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the Volhynian Gymnasium and Secondary School in Kremenets, which functioned in the years 1805–1831, attention was paid to students’ maintenance. The quality and the sort of nutrition depended on pupils’ wealthiness. The table-board was related to an individual’s living place. Therefore, housing and feeding were diverse. The proper regulations controlled the students’ living conditions. It was necessary to respect them. The mealtimes as well as daily and weekly bill of fare were regulated by school rules. Thanks to students and their parents who resided in Kremenets social life developer there. One of its elements was diverse and very often rich sustenance. It differed from daily feeding. On the basis of bill of fair applicable in boarding schools and vocational schools it is known that table-board was galore, varied and nourishing.

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Wokół tradycji wielkopolskiego stołu: przedmioty, ludzie, obyczaje

Author(s): Emilian Prałat / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to presenting the table and dining room in the perspective of the material legacy related to the Wielkopolska landed gentry. Attention was paid to objects and places of historical importance, associated with figures important for the culture. There are also fragments of memoirs and correspondences devoted to, inter alia, tables at which spiritistic séances were held. Through the analysis of individual testimonies, attention was drawn to the multi-level importance of the table in the culture of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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„O smaku ze smakiem” – czy Jan Matejko otrzymał czarną polewkę, kim był Czarny Strzelec, gdzie malarz pijał najlepszą kawę...?

Author(s): Marta Kłak-Ambrożkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The sketch was prepared on the basis of a series of meetings “About taste with taste” conducted by the author in 2017 at the Jan Matejko House biographical Museum in Krakow in cooperation with the Lesser Poland Heritage of Taste Association. In the text we will find answers to several questions: did Jan Matejko receive black soup, as it used to be at the Matejkos in Krzesławice, and who was the mysterious Black Sagittarius? For dessert, a story about lipsticks from Redolfi and black coffee was recalled. Thus, it is a kind of return through manuscripts, diaries and memories related to the outstanding Polish master of the paintbrush to the roots of Krakow’s culinary identity in the second half of the 19th century.

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O dziczyźnie na polskich stołach w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

Author(s): Piotr Hubicki,Karolina Studnicka-Mariańczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Game meat has been an important component of human food for centuries. Eating it itself has been part of the traditions of many social strata throughout history. Each social group in the 19th century used game in a different way. For peasants, game was an opportunity to survive or earn money quickly, while on the tables of landed gentry it was often served and was one of the most important ingredients of the menu. The authors of the article paid attention to the issue of acquiring game, the appearance of the hunt and which animals were hunted by hunters. Game farms, i.e. methods of breeding forest animals, were described, as well as the issue of distribution of venison. It then discusses methods of preparing the meat. The final part of the work is devoted to the description of specific venison dishes based on 19th century cookbooks and family and estate archives. Preparing and eating meals can be a very prosaic activity, serving only to satisfy hunger, to fulfil one of the basic physiological needs. A meal may also take the form of a special celebration - marked by the abundance and elaborate preparation of individual dishes, their ceremonial serving at the table. The authors have therefore mainly paid attention to how and in what form venison was consumed in the second half of the 19th century.

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Kulinarne rozkosze ze snu naczelnego mechanika korwety „Żubr” D. D. Guslikowa z 18 lipca 1858 r. w Suchumi

Author(s): Olga Morozowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Nutrition is one of the most important components of material living conditions, and their level – one of the indicators of human well-being. After analyzing the diet, we can assess not only the taste preferences of its representative, but also his financial situation, status and possibilities. The aim of the article is to draw attention to dreams as a specific method of getting to know everyday life, as well as the private life of certain strata of the population of the Russian Empire of the 19th century, in particular the nutritional properties and material well-being of the lower ranks of the navy. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire developed its own culinary traditions regarding food preferences, food intake rules, table design, etc., which are different for certain categories of society. The representatives of maritime professions also had their own traditions. Their research and analysis are of particular interest. Based on the sleep analysis of chief mechanic D.D. Guslikov, seen by him in Sukhumi on July 18, 1858, as well as an analysis of scientific literature, the author describes the daily life, diet and material well-being of the lower ranks of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century.

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Przykłady wykwintnej kuchni dworskiej księcia żagańskiego Napoléona Louisa (Ludwika) de Talleyrand-Périgord w latach 1878–1894

Author(s): Katarzyna Głowania / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the sphere of everyday life practices in the second half of the 19th century through analysis of eating habits of the House of Talleyrand-Périgord. The basis of analysis are expenses from ducal court kitchen from Sagan from the times of duke Louis Napoléon de Talleyrand-Périgord (1863-1898). The ducal family shared time between Paris, an estate in Valençay, a flat in Berlin and a palace in Sagan in the Lower Silesia. There they celebrated ostentatiously both the family meetings (birthday of princes Pauline) and social events, especially in 1881 (the wedding ceremony of the Duke’s daughter „Dolly”) and in 1886 (the 100th anniversary of purchase of the duchy of Sagan by the Duke of Courland Biron), in which participated noble representatives of aristocratic European houses. The refinement of dishes increased during solemn meals. The luxury food products, like pineapples, vanilla, chocolate, Strasbourg pâté or truffles from the southern France, decorated the Duke’s table. Very often in the expensnes appeared local products imported from the entire Europe, like Tyrolean apples, Helgoland lobster, Holland oysters, Brussels poulards, English ham or Italian macaroni. Duke of Sagan cared not only about the quality of meals, but also about decorations of dining room, its furnishings and liveries of footmen, who served the meals. He attached special attention to professional preparation of meals. The high position of Duke was emphasized not only by the care of meal preparation in the court kitchen and table service. All those elements formed the culture of eating and emphasized the elegance of the Sagan’s table.

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„Woli w Polszcze leda schaby / Niż tu ostrygi i żaby / „Woli zraz pieczeni spory / Niźli kaulafiory”. Kuchnia włoska w oczach polskich peregrynantów

Author(s): Olga Szadkowska-Mańkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The cultural relations between Poland and Italy over the centuries have been an important element in historical and literary discussions. There is no doubt that Italianism – understood more as a way of perceiving Italy, resulting from the role played by Italy in Western culture, than as a doctrine about Italy – meant a completely new concept of sightseeing. Interestingly, it was not only the architecture, painting, sculpture or the exceptionally favourable Italian climate that evoked emotions in Polish peregrinates. Italian cuisine also remained in the circle of their interest. The love for Italian cuisine is not a homogenous subject – solid meat and dignified Polish drinks were often contrasted with Italian “exquisiteness”. The traditionalists of Polish society, stuck in the cult of the old custom and not venturing beyond Polish borders, have certainly contributed to the poor reputation of Italian fashion, including Italian cuisine. And although the majority of voices on the shadows and glories of Italian food belong to men, as they travelled more often, an interesting source for analysing everyday life on the road are the memories of women-peregrinates. Teofilia Morawska, Waleria Tarnowska or Katarzyna Sosnowska Platerowa are examples of Polish female travellers of the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, who enriched this topic with their reflections. Irrespective of the purpose and reason for a woman’s journey, each in her own way broadened her horizons and brought about an experience invaluable in human life. They described what they encountered in a balanced way, reflecting calmly because they felt a complete connection with Western Europe and its cultural life. They often included the reality of the country they knew – also from the “table” side. Did we really “fall in love with Italian cuisine only in the 20th century”? In my article, I would like to take up the issue of Polish attitude towards Italian cuisine in women’s travel memoirs of the early 19th century.

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Владимир Друмев Върбанов – Ботевият четник с неспокоен дух

Author(s): Veselina Beleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article tries to represent the image of Vladimir Drumev Varbanov, the revolutionary in Botev's armed company, an Isperih resident with a sleepless spirit, avoiding the mythologising characteristic of the era of the Bulgarian revival: ‘revivalist – rebel’, ‘sleep–wakefulness’, ‘disgrace – glory’. Therefore, the chosen research approaches are anthropological and comparative: looking into history through memory, personal history, and what has been preserved as artefacts in a Bulgarian museum – the Historical Museum – Isperih. As artefacts and people are witnesses of time through which history becomes more tangible, the article compares the (mis)coincidence between memory and artefact without observing the chronological principle in portraying one of the most interesting personalities who lived in Isperih. The memory and the artefact look at each other to reconcile the ‘revivalist’ and the ‘rebel’.

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Султана Горова-Петрович и четническото знаме

Author(s): Mariya Dzhurkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article constitutes a historical study, whose goal is finding the historical reality in regard to the sewing of one of the iconic objects of the revolutionary movement in Romania - the flag of Stefan Karadzha’s band of rebels. The author uses an analytical method of chronological research and historical description in order to reach the conclusion that Sultana Ivanova Gorova-Petrovic was the person who sewed the flag of the rebel band flag. As a result of this historical study, there is a well-argued, systematised narrative which outlines and analyses a series of chronologies, in which the author objectively seeks, studies and reveals the objective cause and effect links which define them as truth. Attention is paid in this work to the family tree and the links between Sultana Petrovic, the revolutionary movement in the 19th century and the revolutionaries in Bulgaria and Romania. Through studying various historical data, literature, testimonies of contemporaries and scientific publications, the author reaches the conclusion that there is irrefutable historical evidence showing that the studied person is the one who sewed the rebel band flag. Photographs, letters, written evidence, family trees and testimonies of contemporaries for the period 1814-1975 are used in the work. The wide temporal scope of the study gives an opportunity to present a well-argued and influential role not only of the studied person but the participation of Bulgarian women in general in the Bulgarian Liberation movement. A successful attempt has been made to perform a comparative analysis of the possibility of error in the translation of historical data by using transliteration from Romanian to Bulgarian. Due to the characteristics of the study conducted in the article, the goal, the nature of the gathered data, the analysis and the development of each of them, it is certain that the result is representative and there is every reason to claim that it reflects the reality.

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Дарителската дейност на Петър Матеев за котленци

Author(s): Martin Dinev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article aims to present the wide donation activity of Petar Mateev Mateev from Kotel. Objects donated by him are presented. Some of them are part of the Kotel Revival Exhibition, while others are conserved in the museum's collection. Petar Mateev left much of his inheritance to Kotel residents and was called not by chance the Benefactor of Kotel.

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„Спомените” на сопотските възрожденки Неделя Петкова и Съба Вазова

Author(s): Nadezhda Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Nedelya Petkova and Saba Vazova are famous women born in Sopot - one as a teacher and the other as the mother of Ivan Vazov. But along with these well-known facts, there are some not-so-popular ones. Both have described their lives, and have their "Memories". I will consider the peculiarities of their autobiographical books in my report.

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За най-ранната топография на култа към св. Седмочисленици. Обособяване на култа

Author(s): Evgeni Zashev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The current research traces and summarizes the information about the historical persons from the circle of the Seven Saints, paying special attention to the distinction between mention, enumeration and grouping. Various historical evidences are examined as focal memory points of a conjoint cult of the Seven Saints – some of them are literature sources – the Prologue life of St. John Vladimir (1690), the Berat liturgy for Seven Saints (c. 1720) and the Moschopol liturgy for Seven Saints (1742), other sources are artefacts –eight wall paintings, three icons, a carved medallion and three reliquaries. Based on the mentioned sources, the earliest topography of the Seven Saints cult is outlined, and the individual monuments are presented in their geographical, cultural-historical, and architectural context. There is an emphasis on the fact that the historical evidences of the early stage of the propagation of the Seven Saints cult derive from a relatively limited geographical area – the lands of the Berat diocese and its immediate surroundings. The images from Dratcha monastery (1735) and from the church “St. Prophet Elijah” in Siatista (1744) are rather exceptions. As a conclusion, it is noticed that the language of the entire described tradition, including both the three written monuments and the numerous images and artefacts, is Greek. This tradition cannot yet be recognized as a genuine Bulgarian national initiative of the revival type, but rather is a regional post-Byzantine cult that arose in the southwestern regions of the Ochrid Archdiocese in a multi-ethnic environment with a dominant cultural Hellenism. The artefacts preserved to present days, which are probably only a part of those actually created, testify to the inclusion of the Seven Saints in the sacral pantheon of the Ochrid Archdiocese, thereby raising its ecclesiastical authority and supporting its historical pretensions to canonical independence. The tendencies observed in the perspective of the cult development in the second half of the 19th century are the gradual transfer to the east and northeast to the lands of Macedonia, more compactly populated with Bulgarians, and the appearance of images bringing to the fore the creation of the Bulgarian alphabet.

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Артефакти за Кирил и Методий в Националния военноисторически музей

Author(s): Veselka Zhelyazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article describes artefacts from the collection of the National Museum of Military History in Sofia, which reveal the place of Cyril and Methodius in the cultural memory of Bulgarians. Three battle flags are represented – the Samara flag (1876), the main flag of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (1912), the flag of the 3rd Thessaloniki Battalion of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (1912). Bulgarian orders, medals and badges with the images of the Slavic first teachers are also presented, among which is the order “Saints Equal to Apostles Cyril and Methodius” – the highest decoration in the Kingdom of Bulgaria and a dynastic order of the Bulgarian kings.

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Lenteur et persévérance dans le développement de la lexicographie bilingue des glossaires au format numérique

Author(s): Maria-Alexandra FERCAL / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In this study we propose to make a diachronic presentation on the appearance and evolution of bilingual lexicography in our country, from the 17th century. In order to create a clearer picture on this topic, we need to understand what the first lexicographical works were. First of all, we will focus on the dictionaries and glossaries that marked the beginning of the lexicographic activity in our country. We will then indicate some pioneering works in particular fields, published between the 16th and 19th centuries. At the end of the 19th century, respectively the 20th century, bilingual dictionaries will begin to occupy a secondary place in Romanian lexicography, to the detriment of unilingual explanatory dictionaries, but they will change their format in order to still satisfy practical needs (those of small size as tourist guides, medium-sized ones as auxiliaries in education and the large ones as support in scientific research). The change continues even nowadays, but this time from the point of view of writing dictionaries, by changing from the paper format to the digital one.

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Die Derwisch-Sekte der albanischen Bektaschi. Anmerkungen zu ihrer Geschichte, Verbreitung und zur derzeitigen Lage

Author(s): Robert Elsie / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Aus der mittelalterlichen Bewegung des islamischen Mystizismus, auch Sufismus genannt, entstanden nach der schiitischen Tradition zahlreiche Derwisch-Sekten oder tariqat, arab. ‘Pfade.’ Viele dieser Sekten, deren Zentren oder Klöster man Tekes, alb. teqe, nennt, kamen während der fünf Jahrhunderte osmanischer Herrschaft auch nach Alba-nien und Kosova, vor allem die Bektaschi und die Halweti. Von geringerer Bedeutung sind auch noch die Rifa’i, die Sa’di, die Kadiri und mit noch weit weniger Verbreitung die Tidschani zu erwähnen. Man besitzt auch einige Angaben von einer Vielzahl kleinerer Sekten auf albanischem Boden, vornehmlich in Kosova, u.a.: die Dschelweti, die Sinani, die Bajrami, die Mewlewi, die Melami, die Nakschbandi, die Badawi, die Jesewi, die Schahseli und die Dessuki.

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Protistátní trestné činy v moderních kodifikacích

Author(s): David Kolumber / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The contribution “Anti-state Crimes in Modern Codifications” deals with the topic of anti-state crimes during centuries. Firstly, legal concepts in the pre-state period are mentioned. Then the attention is paid on the evolution of this institute in the Euro-Atlantic area. From this point of view, there are mentioned mainly regulations from England (1351), France (1810), Germany (1871) and Soviet Union (1958) which could be remarked as the most important for the development of other countries. On the other hand, it also reminds the development of codifications in Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which were affected by the Austro-Hungarian legislations as well as German and Soviet approaches. The Czech current arrangement generally does not depart from the other European samples, but it cannot be omitted that in the Czech Republic it is distinguished the penal concept of the high treason (Landesverrat, vlastizrada) from the constitutional concept (Hochverrat, velezrada) which is dedicated to the presidential anti-state activities. The contribution also indicates that the concept of anti-state crimes in countries has not been unified and it has been varying according to various experiences and attitudes.

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4.50 €

Z dziejów żydowskiej awangardy w Łodzi

Author(s): Krystyna Radziszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to present "Yung Yiddish", the first avant-garde Yiddish group in Poland, operating in Łódź in 1919-1921. The group was founded in a multinational city with various traditions and spiritual sources. Moyshe Broderzon, with his experience of avant-garde movements in Russia, played a leading role in creating the group and its program. The group included outstanding painters, writers and theater creators of international rank co-created the community as Yitsḥak Katzenelson, Yekhezkl-Moyshe Nayman (Neuman), Chaim Leyb Fuks, Chaim Krul and artists: Yankl Adler, Marek Szwarc, Yitskhok Broyner (Brauner), Henekh Bartshinski. They created mainly in the circle of the Yiddish language, which became their programmatic distinguishing feature. They were also open to inspiration from outside, to the influence of other avant-garde groups from Warsaw, Poznań, Berlin, Dresden, the cities of the Rhineland, as well as Moscow and Kiev. It also drew from other cultures among which Jews lived and worked. The artists published a magazine with the same title that combined visual and literary experiment. Six issues of the Yung-Yiddish magazine have been published.

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