Церковна благодійність на правобережній Україні (X – XVIII ст.): історичний аспект
In this article is analyzed the process of appearance and evolution of church charity in Right Bank Ukraine.
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In this article is analyzed the process of appearance and evolution of church charity in Right Bank Ukraine.
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The study closely traces the fate of Church Slavonic monuments in the collections of the Basilian monasteries since the establishment of the Order of the Basilians in 1617 to the period of socialism. A full quantitative and thematic characterization of the manuscripts and books preserved until today is presented against the background of historical events. The author argues that the collections of the Basilian libraries are unique in character and represent a kind of synthesis between western and eastern traditions.
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The article treats the iconographic specifics of the cycle of Christ’s acts and miracles at the earliest narthex of the Catholicon of The Assumption, Monastery of Cherepish, which researchers traditionally attribute to the work of St Poemen of Zographou. The study makes also certain observations about their connection with the so-called School of Epirus as evinced in the murals at the Church of St Nicholas of Philanthropenoi in Ioannina, Pamvotida Lake, as well as in other examples in the Balkans and the Athonite monasteries of the age. The analysis shows that the icon-painters were familiar with the models used by the sixteenth-century leading post-Byzantine artistic centres.
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Serbian Orthodox Church in Ecka is one of the oldest preserved cultural monuments in Banat. It is considered that it was built in 1711 by Serbs, after a great migration and exodus from Serbia in 1690. The church is dedicated to the Saint Nicholas, and the church’s slava is on May 9th according to the old or on May 22nd according to the new calendar. Only the two basin roof of wooden pieces are preserved from the original building. The roof of the belfry is also covered by wooden tiles, and it is done in Baroque style. Therefore it presents a rarity, because it is not common in the church architecture to cover new shapes with old materials. There is a part of the old iconostasis from 1744, the work of Nedeljko Popović Šerban, whose works mark the epoch of painting creation on the territory of Tamiš’s Banat. The iconostasis is well preserved and a part of it is in the Museum of Zrenjanin. The iconostasis in Baroque engraving is also kept in the church, and it was painted by Theodor Popović in 1786. The church’s gifts originate from different periods, and a few old books are of great importance. Regarding its great cultural and historical significance, the church is under protection of the state according to the Decision of the authorities in 1948, and it is declared as the national estate.
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The church of St. Nicholas in the village Krajnici is a monumental three aisle edifice from the 19th century. The fresco painting was accomplished during two periods (1875 and 1889) by different painters. In 1875, the fresco painting in the upper section of the central aisle, the dome, and the large part of the iconostasis was made by the painter – zograph Petre and his son Gligor of Tresonce in 1875, establish with the inscription on iconostasis beam. Together with Petre and his son Gligor, appears the name of the painter Krste zograph from Veles, the author of the Despotic icons (Jesus Christ and the Holy Virgin). Alongside the other icons, a mention deserves two graphic prints kept in the altar space. The print of the Holy Virgin and Christ of the iconographic type – The Virgin Unfading Rose. The print from Krajnici is identical to the Virgin Unfading Rose from the monastery of Saint Efpraxia, the work of the engraver Giannantonio Zuliani from Venice in 1820, under the expense of the painters Stephanos and Neophytos from Mount Athos.
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This article presents the history, architecture and murals at the Church of the Dormition in the village of Dolna Dikanya, focusing on the 16th-century paintings extant on the east wall of the naos: the Ascension, the Annunciation, Virgin Platytera, Adoration of the Lamb and Sts Deacons Stephen and Romanos the Melodist. Placing the Archangels Michael and Gabriel in medallions flanking the Holy Mandylion in the composition of the Annunciation may be interpreted as an iconographic specific. The sole example we are aware of is at the Church of St Demetrius (1488) in the Monastery of Boboshevo. Another specific, unknown from other monuments, is the representation of Christ Emmanuel in a medallion in front of the chest of the Virgin in the conch, replicating the radiancy in the scene of the Ascension. The frescoes were, in all likelihood, painted by a team of two masters of local significance. Until now, the literature has dated the murals at the Church of the Dormition to the 16th or 17th century. At this stage, no stylistic parallels could be drawn; still, some of the characteristics are similar to the monuments of the second half of the 16th century.
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The town Razgrad from today was established in the XV century on a early Thracian, Roman and Bulgarian settlement. During the Renaissance and the period from the middle of the XIX century Bulgarians in Razgrad created their own municipality and joined the struggle for church independence and establishing a new school. In 1860 was built the current church "St.Nikolai" and the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarchate was rejected. For the educational and spiritual development of the city worked many of the citizens from whom more notable were S. Petrov, D. Hranov, A. Tsanov, N. Georgieva and others.
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This report presents the construction of churches in Eski Juma, Osman Pazar, Hezargrad, and in several other settlements in the 1850s – 1870s. It also focuses on the procedures for building churches and on the reasons for their mass construction in the region under review during this period. The study analyzes the applications of the population, their reasons, and the ethnic composition of the settlements studied. In addition, the paper discusses issues concerning the construction of the churches themselves, their size, organization, and financing.
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Based on published and newly discovered unpublished sources, as well as the existing historical research on the topic, the author reconstructs the church-national struggle in Sofia in the years after the end of the Crimean War (1856). The events in Sofia are discussed in the context of the national struggle for an independent Bulgarian church and in comparison with the similar activities in Plovdiv at the same time. Two main moments in the church movement in Sofia attract the attention and form the cores around which the source material is focused: the reaction in the city after the secession from the Patriarchate of Constantinople on 3 April 1860 in the Bulgarian church „St. Stefan“ in Constantinople – two months later Sofia’s Bulgarians also renounced the Patriarchate and reinforced this with relevant changes in the municipal self-government; the dramatic events in Sofia in 1861 when the citizens of Sofia defended their previously stated position on the church issue by refusing to accept the patriarchal bishop – Bulgarian Dorotheos.
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The survey provides an overview of the private credit institutions in Svishtov in the period 1878-1912. The number of commercial and banking houses presented on the credit market, the sources of their capital and their role for the economic development of the city are specified. A brief overview of the history and activities of the two Svishtov Savings Joint Stock Companies is made. The question why no private joint-stock bank is established in Svishtov is explored.
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In the article, the author seeks the interrelation between two historic processes that seem to be independent of each other – the final conquest of the North Caucasus by the Russian army in the years after the Crimean War and the events that led to the Bulgarian liberation in 1878. The “linking point” between these two processes is the massive resettlement of the Circassian tribes from the Northwest Caucasus within the Ottoman Empire, including the Bulgarian lands under Ottoman rule – a resettlement that occupies an important place in the policy of the Russian rulers not only with regard to the Caucasus region but also against the Ottoman Empire and its possessions in the Balkans.
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The text contains elements from the history of the town of Pirdop and its` surroundings during the 19-th century. The codex of the local church community has been studied in detail. The accounting within was noted for two decades by the hand of the local notable, Simon. It starts from the decoration of the new church and further on contains data on the functioning of the church community as a microcredit institution. The core of local notable families was examined, as they were the leaders of the church community. More recent pre-Liberation ethnographic documentation, gathered by the teacher Simeon Aldov (Serdanov) was examined from a general anthropological, „patrimonial“, socioeconomical, ecological and geographical point of view in the frame of the region. Robbery and crime, local political unrest and their consequences have been mentioned in a cholistic perspective, in the spirit of local and regional studies.
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The aim of research is investigation of the reasons of evangelical religious community origin, its influence at cultural and educational development of Bukovina is a great significance for understanding the impact of segment of multicultural area on modern worldview of religious and cultural variety of region. The article basis is made on the documents of the archived funds of Evangelic religious community of Chernivtsi, Bukovynean regional administration, Chernivtsi city magistracy, researches of the Austrian historians and researchers of a particular region of Johann Polek, Kornelij Kozak, Eduard Fisher about protestantism on Bukovyna and history of development of Chernivtsi evangelic community. Especially valuable information is got from the statistical reports of the Bukovynean regional administration, results of censuses of population of Bukovyna in relation to intensity of distribution of evangelists, from documents about regulation activity of community and any associations of members of community, that open educator, their cultural and educational and social meaningful activity. The Community united christians-evangelists that lived in cities Chernivtsi, Kizman, Sadagura, suburbs of Rosh and Kalichanka, villages of Molodia, Tarashany, Szuchka and Lashkivka and entered in the complement of Chernivtsi evangelic parsonage. There were used such research methodologies like descriptive – generalization of sources; comparative – for analysis, synthesis and generalization of scientific theories. Scientific novelty consists in determining the role of evangelical community to form a multireligious and multi-ethnicity of our region. Conclusions. There were traditionally many different confessions in Bukovyna: orthodoxy, catholicism, old believer, judaism and other. The migration movement to Bukovyna, first of all for people of Germans originally, which was initiated by Austrian government in the end ХVIII of century by a grant to them of certain rights and freedoms, in particular in using protestant religion, resulted in a volume, that in the second half of ХІХ of century protestantism became the third after Orthodoxy and catholicism because of importance by the constituent of religious palette of Bukovyna. Evangelical religious community contributed to the spread of the reformation achievements in multi-ethnic community in Bukovina. By its activity community contributed to the implementation of initiatives to open and develop educational, commercial, industrial, religious and healthcare institutions, which had a positive impact on the development of the region in general.
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The aim of the study is to present the Czech intellectuals’ vision of the life in Plovdiv during the existence of Eastern Rumelia. Then, in the capital of Eastern Rumelia, a considerable number of Czechs lived, it can be said that there was a Czech colony. K. Jirechek, H. Skorpil, A. Sourek, R. Turn-Taksis, J. Voracek, Y. Vagner, drew attention to the Bulgarian society and described the differences in the lifestyle of the two nationalities. The citations quoted in the article are selected from a preserved correspondence and the printed memoirs of Czech activists.
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Нема сумње да је културна и политичка улога чешкословачког народа у Средњој Европи условљена неким географским чињеницама. Земље овог народа се налазе у средини између порајнске индуrстријске и подунавске аграрне Средње Европе, оне везују Запад с Истоком, преко њих води пут из северне Европе у јужну Европу. Сама Чешка, опкољена планинама, као нека тврђава доминира околним земљама; зато је Бизмарк и могао реhи, да је господар Европе онај ко има Чешку.
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The war of the Ottomans with the Holy League (1683-1699) causes significant changes in the lives of the Balkan provinces within the Ottoman Empire. An interesting moment in the history of the Empire is the participation of civilians in the armed conflicts between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman armies. The population is drawn into the conflict in various ways both by the Ottoman authorities and by the Habsburg propaganda in the Balkans, and assists both parties. One such moment is the Chiprovtsi uprising, as it is called in the Bulgarian historiography, from 1688. The story about the uprising and, in general, about the fate of the Bulgarian Catholics, had been constructed on the basis of the documentation of the Catholic communities, Christian chronicles from ХVІІІ c, relations of Dubrovnik agents, information by the Habsburg generals and correspondents for the military actions in the Balkans, as well as additions by orthodox priests. Up to that moment, however, the Ottoman sources that represent the point of view of the ruling party regarding the Chiprovtsi events remain almost unknown. The goal of this article is to reveal so far unknown information regarding the crushing of the Chiprovtsi uprising through the point of view of an Ottoman historiography monument from the late 17th – early 18th century. The main story was described by Bakkaloğlu Sarı Hadji Mehmed pasha Defterdar (?–1717) in his story Zubde-i Vekayiat (Important events). The author was for a long time a servant at the financial department in Istanbul in the 1680s and 1690s. In the early18th century he was appointed for the first time as a chief defterdar and he occupied that position several times in his lifetime, and that is why he was popular with his nickname – Defterdar. Some comparisons are also made with other sources from that period and some suggestions are presented regarding the chronological frames of the follow up events in Chiprovtsi region.
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In order to analyse in depth, the process of the present special status of the Bulgarian chitalishta, a look at the past is required to search for historical threads that lead to the reconciliation between their functions as state institutions from the one hand and civic organization ones from the other hand. The article highlights some features of the development of the Bulgarian civil sector and focuses on the chitalishta as the first civic organization with traditions dating back to the Bulgarian nation building period. Two major events in the span between 1878 and 1944 have an impact on the contemporary government policy concerning the Bulgarian chitalishta. Firstly, their consolidation in union in 1911 is initiated by the will of their leaders to coordinate the activities and to form high representation raising the organizational status. Secondly, due to the longstanding efforts of the chitalishte intelligentsia, the first Law to regulate them is passed in 1927, which strongly favours their financial and infrastructural support. This text intends to reveal how the democratic civic associations that have occurred in the context of non-existent national state during the Bulgarian “modernity”, acquire specific social and government-institutional hue that brings forth the prototype of their public duties and functions as a space for civil debate.
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Asserting for decades on end its status of a focal point of the (social and) cultural life of (predominantly small) communities, the institution of the Bulgarian chitalishte in its more than a century existence has gradually but firmly accepted and realized its functions related to the transmission of the local culture. The text develops the discourse about the chitalishte as “memory” as well as a a “generator” of local culture, closely related to its institutional status based on community unification.
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165 years separate us from the creation of the unique structure for Bulgarian education – the library community centers. The evolution of their functions has an unchanging focus – raising the cultural and educational level of the population regardless of gender, age, beliefs, ethnicity and religion, carried out in different, historically originated forms. One of them is the Library folk university – a higher form of library education in its capacity of the most popular extracurricular education. The derived practices and approaches applied by the people's universities in the process of education of the local population according to its real spiritual and social needs are a valuable experience for the modern educational policy, called to be an active factor for self-education and lifelong learning.
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