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Nasiłowska discusses encounters with the East as portrayed in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Polish literature, focussing on Wacław Sieroszewski and Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski. Experiences of forced settlement in Siberia, or of finding oneself in Asia as a consequence of historical circumstances, gave rise to a literary trope that anticipated such academic fields as cultural anthropology or international relations. As a rule, Polish writers did not identify with the Imperial (in this case mainly Russian) point of view. Their chances of survival depended on cooperation with various indigenous national and ethnic groups, and on accepting their own cultural difference. This is not to say that Polish culture was not Eurocentric, as is evident from incidents of anti-Chinese sentiment. Nonetheless, Polish writers painted a complex picture of Asia. Although the Russian Revolution hampered their curiosity and exploration, echoes of their earlier experiences were heard until the late 1920s.
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The paper is devoted to the research of the phenomenon of the Lusatian Sorbs cultural revival. The intensification process of cultural and national movement of the Lusatian Sorbs, that took place under the influence of the Age of Enlightenment at the turn of the 18th –19th centuries, has been considered. Changes that took place in the political and social life of the German states, led to the formation of a new layer – ethnic intelligentsia, who became a leader of the Sorbian revival. Despite the general laws, the Sorbian revival turned to be different from the similar processes of other Slavic peoples. For the Sorbs the main issue of the ethnic revival programme was not politicizing their movement, but preserving their own culture and its renaissance. Consequently, it is argued that the Lusatian ethnic community could not have transformed into a nation because of various objective reasons. However, as the Sorbs developed within the mainstream of the formation of European nations, in particular German, their cultural and ethnic revival was a part of the establishment of new European nations.
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Rhetorical figures and rhetorical strategies in The Minotaur by Harrison Birtwistle The Minotaur is the opera composed by Harrison Birtwistle to libretto by David Harsent. It was premiered in 2008 in Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Birtwistle’s musical language is basically modernist: atonal, centralised, based on interval or number patterns, pre-compositional operations, scales invented by the composer himself. His music is recognised as generally intellectual and connected with great avantgarde of 20th century. On the other hand, Birtwistle has never denied expression in his pieces. Titles and extra-musical inspirations are common (i.e. Melencolia 1). Birtwistle is inspired by music of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and, less often, Baroque. The score of The Minotaur is full of rhetorical figures: both hypothyposis and emphasis. They are evident and immediately recognised in spite of contemporary, atonal language of the opera. Mostly, they are inspired by Baroque musical-rhetorical figures but there are examples of individual, contemporary means. Figures are local and connected with only one or few words. General atmosphere of fear and isolation can be created with ‘rhetorical strategies’, which are active much longer than figures. Birtwistle uses musical symbols as well. There are two main symbols in The Minotaur: the iambic ‘glissando gesture’ which opens the opera and appears in its key moments, and the ‘motif of fate’ – repetition connected with powers of fate and with tragic irony. The question is, why Birtwistle used so traditional and instantly recognisable means, as he is known for his highly intellectual music. Answer given in this text is that they stay in service of narration. They are audible and visible signs of telling the story.
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The article presents the main types of synonymous prepositions in the Russian literary language of the first half of the 19th century. The author provides the examples of each type based on literary texts of the period under consideration and in accordance with the existing scientific classifications. The paper reveals such trends in the development of prepositional synonymy as the flexibility of the rules of using morphological synonyms and the stylistic reassessment of the components of synonymic rows.
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The article studies semantic development of Russicisms borrowed by the Persian language in the 19th–20th centuries. Based on the analysis of Russian and Persian lexicographic resources (including dictionaries of foreign words, explanatory and etymological dictionaries, and Internet data resources) and using the method of continuous sampling, around 300 lexical units have been revealed. Two structural and sematic types of Russian borrowings are described: 1) Russicisms the meaning of which undergoes no or insignificant changes when borrowed from the source language; 2) lexemes the semantic structure of which undergoes quantitative, qualitative or categorial changes in the Persian language.
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The article describes the group of seventeen early English prints from the second half of the 17th century. The prints are part of the collection of the former Preußische Staatsbibliothek in Berlin kept in The Jagiellonian University and contain ayres and religious songs. Fourteen of them were published by John and Henry Playford. The first part of the paper shows the biographies of the publishers and brings the state of research on their work. The second part includes the detailed description of the seventeen of early English prints. The final part presents the content of the prints and biographies of its most important composers.
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The music of Polish composers of the Romanticism is still quite a forgotten and undiscovered area. One of the examples of that issue are the works of Joseph Poniatowski (1816–1873), a composer who spent a significant part of his life abroad. His work concentrates mainly on the opera music, which was largely dictated by the environment from which he descended and in which he stayed. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the composer’s forgotten works – Mass in F major, and also to presently selected topics related to this work.
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Subject of research is the activity of Amirdovlad Amasiatsi in Plovdiv. He is among encyclopedic figures in the Ottoman Empire during the in its expansion in the Balkans in the XV century. Its activity is reflected in official documents and original medical works. The new read activities of Amasiatsi aims not only to promote a medieval physician and pharmacologist working in the Bulgarian lands, but whose works reveal scientific and cultural trends imposed during XV – XVII century. The activity of Amasiatsi consider three aspects that represent three separate research tasks – the role of Amasiatsi as a physician and scientist in the specific historical conditions in the Balkans, focusing on its activities in the region of Plovdiv and placing this work in the context of trends imposed in called. «Dark ages» – the destruction of the Christian intelligentsia, the collapse of education and scientific knowledge depersonalization of culture. Positive trends are striving to defend the faith, creation of literature in spoken language, care for the education of students – future healers and pharmacologists. In this sense, what Amasiatsi in Plovdiv is an expression of moral, ethical and human values inherent in the spirit of the Hippocratic medicine scientific medical school in Constantinople.
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The paper is divided into two parts together thematically related. The first part informs about fires occurring in Košice in 16th century on the basis of the literature, but most of the archival documents. The largest space is devoted to probably one of the biggest fires in the city dating to April 1556. The effort is not limited only to lay damages caused by this and other fires, but also points on the situation in the city after disaster, on the required financial and material assistance for the city from the emperor and from towns of Pentapolitana. The second part provides an insight into the incidence of arson in Košice, as one of the crimes against property, where output a specific perpetrators different management considerations and motives. It provides an informations about punishing offenders under the then existing regulations and laws. For both parts of the contribution the archival research was conducted in the Košice City Archives, to show the lesser known facts of the history of the city, as fires and other disasters have remarked economic and social face of this and later periods.
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The paper, for the first time in Russian history, considers the journalistic and literary critical statements of M.N. Katkov, a leader of the traditional conservative trend in political journalism during the late 19th century, devoted to A.S. Pushkin. M.N. Katkov’s journalistic Pushkiniana is the most significant one among other contemporaries and covers the period from 1838 to 1880. M.N. Katkov numerously appealed to the figure of A.S. Pushkin throughout his journalistic activity. The interpretations of A.S. Pushkin by M.N. Katkov in different years are analyzed.
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Košice represents an atypical European town in the 16th century. Unfortunately, due to numerous destructive events, relatively small number of documents has been preserved from this period. The testaments, which originated in particular period, were selected as the source for the reconstruction of everyday life. The primary aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on the townspeople of Košice in the 16th century. Secondly, the possible difficulties that might arise during the research of the topic are being listed. The final part of the paper contains specific examples of the life experience of the selected inhabitants of the town.
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The aim of this paper is to provide an overview over the last wills as the historical sources. The first part of this work consists of the overview of published relevant works; it also summarised the well-known facts about purpose and creation of the last wills. The paper describes its form, possible use as well as their development. The emphasis is put on the concrete manuscripts originated from the region of Kraków from the 17th and 18th century. The last part of paper is dedicated to specific section of testament – the invocation.
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Market town Miskolc has gone into the possession of pledge holders in the Turkish Era who preserved its medieval character and were elected by the serf-burgers. The serf-burgers continued to elect the town’s self-administration i. e. the council and the chief judge, which started to keep permanent protocols (Towns’ Book) from 1565. Chief judges emerged from among the serf citizens of the town, no nobleman could hold this position, but from mid 17th century, only noblemen, what is more, landowners filled this function. In the 16th century, the urban elite consisted of rich serf-burgers, craftsmen and a small number of merchants, but there was also a small ’outsider’ noble elite attached to the castle and dominium of Diósgyőr. In the 17th century, there were significant changes in the town’s society and elite. An increasingly larger numbers of the citizens applied for nobility, and due to the Turkish wars, a lot of noble families also moved into the town from the countryside starting to form a new noble strong group in Miskolc.
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At the end of the Turkish era the royal administration recovered the Diósgyőr dominium, including Miskolc, and in 1702 the inhabitants of Miskolc took loans and redeemed themselves from the serfdom for half a century. In 1755 the town returned to the administration of the crown’s dominium falling under royal property law, and o ffices of the dominium were established in Miskolc, and the establishments and facilities of the economic and business activities of the dominium appeared. After an almost 150 years’ predominance of the Reformed Church, a Roman Catholic parish was re-established in Miskolc and in the 1720s; a Catholic church was also built. The gaining ground of Catholicism was reinforced by the settlement of the Minorite order in Miskolc. The increase and strengthening of the central functions of the town are indicated by the fact that in the 18th century Miskolc became the permanent seat of Borsod County.
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The Jewish community in Kraków were an example of the organizational forms used in the Jewish communities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They varied from community to community. The administration system and system solutions were defined under state authority regulations, local and private legislation and internal regulations of Jewish authorities. For the Jewish community in Kraków in the modern period the most important internal sources were the Kraków Community Charter and the community record books – pinkasim. People who worked for the community could be divided into two groups. To the first group belong the Kraków Community Board (parnasim, towim and fourteen kahal members). In addition to the Kraków Community Board there were a number of other officials of the community. They had several areas of responsibility: finances, maintenance of order in the Jewish quarter ad supervision of crafts and trade. To this group belong also judges [three to each of the three governing bodies]. To the second group of the people working for the community belong rabbi, cantor, ritual slaughterer and beadles, community secretary, midwives, doctors, street cleaners, public bath personnel, prison guards and sentries watching over the gates leading to the quarter. The analysis of the list of the Kraków’s community officials and functionaries showed as the power was in the hand of a small groups of inhabitants. Nevertheless, the system of the communal institutions proved very durable, probably because till the end of the 18th century there was no other alternative solutions.
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At the end of the16th century Kraków’s Jewish community was the most important cahal in Poland. This situation lasted until the middle of the17th century. Just a century later Kraków’s elders were begging the voivode of Kraków to protect them against claims of smaller communities, such as Wodzisław, which demanded jurisdiction over Jews in villages just by the walls of Kraków’s agglomeration. The lecture will show how the changes in Jewish demography as well as the king’s resignation from jurisdiction over Jews in private estates and other changes in political system of the Polish Commonwealth affected the situation of Kraków’s community and resulted in its loss of power in the state and among the Jewish population in Lesser Poland.
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The study deals with the characteristics of Opava, the metropolis of one of the Silesian principalities in the period of completion of political and religious transformation (circa 1630 – 1660) and culminating transformation of the burgher society. Its elites are classified as people (and their families) with the highest extent of social prestige and political rights that shaped the public life of the locality in a fundamental way. It states that in Opava in the given period it concerned estimated 20 – 25 people/families out of circa 300 burgher families and 500 – 600 settled families. It perceives family strategies as intentional steps and activities aimed towards improving and strengthening of the positions of an individual and his or her family in the private, professional and public areas, and ensuring (improving) the status of the descendants in the town, respectively the country society. Based on the present micro-studies, it declares the initial theses for the consequent research considering the following strategies: 1. ensuring and enlarging of the real estates of municipal and free (nobility) character as a source of strengthening the social status and influence, as well as securing the family positions, 2. nobilitation as a source of achieving an exceptional position in the municipal society, 3. transitional rituals (marriage, christening, funeral) where the most substantial role is seen in the marriage policy and the choice of partners for the members of the elites and their children, or alternatively the closest relatives, 4. support of education and directing of the professional orientation of the descendants. The study also indicates further possible activities that may be included into family strategies that so far stand completely (or almost completely) aside from the interest of historical research of Opava in the given period (expansion of the family memory, marriages across the social classes, motivation and features of private bonds and contacts, relations of burghers and household members without blood and relative bonds, etc.)
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In 1965 František Matějek pointed to the mutual rivalry between what we can call municipal and manorial economy in the 16th through the 17th century. However, the question to what extent did the residues of the duchy land tenure made it hard for the municipal council to gain control of all the suburban domains whose legal status was different seems to remain unexplored – the conjecture here is that it was just the foregoing landlord domain that tried to prevent the municipality from making attempts at the use of the considerable economic potential and benefits that the overall area of the Opavian suburbia definitely rendered. The purpose of the following contribution therefore lies in showing whether or not did the municipal council succeed in exploiting at least some parts of the suburbia and, if they did, whether the latter underwent some changes that suited the interests of the community.
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In the legal sense, Silesian towns and cities constituted as early as the 12th century. Up to the half of the 13th century, approximately 20 towns and townlets were established. After the Mongolian invasion in 1241, apart from the economic significance, it was also their defensive role of towns that was valued. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period a rather extensive network comprising altogether 165 towns and townlets was built in Silesia.
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