“Greatˮ Bulgaria – metaphor or (possible) reality. Boundaries and content of a national project

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

What is the concept of “Great Bulgariaˮ? Another metaphor, which politicians and publicists handle; concept to mobilize public opinion on various political purposes, outside of the borrowed or at least prevalent in external model (Greater German Reich) or felicitous term, behind which a never expressed but possible geopolitical project hides? Let us try to reconstruct the story.

„…fzuekseges-is volt erre nézve ily koenyvet valaha Magyari nyelven irni,…” (Az első erdélyi, magyar nyelvű kertészeti könyv Nadányi János református lelkésztől 1669-ből)

Author(s): Zsigmond Csoma / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2011

The lack of Hungarian horticultural literature was sorely felt in the 17th-century Transylvania; therefore Princess Anna Bornemisza, wife of Prince Mihály Apafi of Transylvania, commissioned János Nadányi (1643–1707), teacher and pastor, to compose a useable translation on the basis of the relevant late Renaissance literature. Although Nadányi finished his work in about four months, it was published only in 1669; the author felt forced to apologize in advance, probably because he had noticed during the translation process that his sources were not quite up to date. Nadányi’s compilation was based on the works of the renowned late-16th-century French physician and botanist Antoine Mizauld (1520–1578), entitled Secretorum Agri Enchiridion Primum and De Hortensium Arborum Insitione Opusculum, and several other tractates on the medicinal usage of wines and herbs. Although Mizauld’s œuvre was well-known and interesting, it was hardly more than a typical Renaissance composition based mostly on antique authors, even if not without any critical sense. Viewed from Transylvania, these books may have seemed quite modern at the moment; yet a book on the same subject, that of János Lippay, published in the royal Hungary, was far more apt for practical use. The translator had not been interested in the science of horticulture previously; he had to rely on the antique authorities. On top of that, he had to struggle with the insufficiency of the Hungarian botanical terminology, almost non-existent in those days. In the first part, he only adapted Mizauld’s books, but in the next stage of the work, he had recourse also to Asklepios Alexikepus’ Medicinal Garden, another similar work with a strong interest in the medicinal use of the herbage; while the last unit of Nadányi’s book was based on Mizauld’s other tome on viticulture. At the end of his book, Nadányi discussed the medicinal wines too.

„Angels and Men’ assisted by this Art, May Sing together, though they Dwell apart”-Angielskie antologie świeckiej i religijnej muzyki wokalnej z drugiej połowy XVII wieku w kolekcji Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej

Author(s): Róza Zuzanna Rózanska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

The article describes the group of seventeen early English prints from the second half of the 17th century. The prints are part of the collection of the former Preußische Staatsbibliothek in Berlin kept in The Jagiellonian University and contain ayres and religious songs. Fourteen of them were published by John and Henry Playford. The first part of the paper shows the biographies of the publishers and brings the state of research on their work. The second part includes the detailed description of the seventeen of early English prints. The final part presents the content of the prints and biographies of its most important composers.

„Bzik na punkcie mieszkania”, czyli mieszkanie i jego otoczenie w Prusach w latach 1871–1918

Author(s): Dariusz Lukasiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 04/2016

To have a roof over one’s head was an unattainable dream for many people in Prussia after 1871 in the era of industrialisation and urbanisation. The groups for whom that problem was the most acute were: peasants, agricultural labourers, labourers paid per day, factory workers, craftsmen, poorer white collar workers and low-ranking officials. The dwelling forms were strongly influenced by a growing phenomenon of pauperisation of lower urban classes, industrialisation, an enormous inflow of people into towns, inappropriate nutrition and an inadequate satisfaction of other basic needs. Yet, it was in the 19th century when the bourgeois cultural image of a friendly home was constructed, which has become a space of rest against the threats of the outside world and a basis for the present-day mass concept. But, at that time only members a tiny part of the society managed to get this friendly retreat; for the overwhelming majority their homes were just sleeping places.

„L’air seul de Naples est un remède“

Les parcours napolitains du comte Charles-Joseph de Clary-Aldringen en 1816 et 1818-1820

Author(s): Matthieu Magne / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2017

Count Charles-Joseph of Clary-Aldringen (1777-1831) travelled down to Italy twice.In 1816, Naples was a stage on a journey dedicated to the arts and the landscapes of thepeninsula which was affected by political changes. From 1818 to 1820, staying in the Neapolitanbay with his family was more motivated by health concerns. The Count inheriteda princely estate mainly around the spa of Teplitz in North Bohemia. It thus gave hima precise point of comparison when he discovered the changes that had occurred in Naplesafter the Congress of Vienna. Our point is then to bring to light what the Count waslooking for when he came to Naples, his economic and social resources and the descriptionshe then sent to his relatives and friends in central Europe at the beginning of the19th century.

„Osoba polskiego pochodzenia”. Terminologiczno-prawny aspekt represji po powstaniu styczniowym na Ziemiach Zabranych

Author(s): Roman Jurkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The development of the system of reprisals against the Polish landed gentry in the Taken Lands after the fall of the January Uprising (1864) resulted in the need to legally define the subject of system restrictions by the Russian state. It was therefore necessary to determine who was a “person of Polish descent”, and devise a method of separating such a person from other inhabitants of a multinational and multi-religious society living in the former Commonwealth lands taken by Russia. The purpose was to determine who should pay the contribution imposed on the Polish population for participating in the January Uprising (1863–64) and who should be subject to restrictions in the land sales in the Western guberniyas. This was done not only by special committees (Western Committee), and special commissions (e.g. for the Settlement of the Russian Element in the Western Country of 1865), but also state ministries (mainly the Ministry of the Interior), successive state cabinets (especially under Tsar Alexander III), and governor-generals from Vilno and Kiev as well as more zealous Russifiers in the persons of governors from nine Lithuanian-Belarusian-Ukrainian guberniyas. This task turned out to be too difficult for members of the Russian bureaucratic machine; in practice, the ethnic differentiator (sometimes based on the everyday language) was combined with the religious one (Catholic). So the “person of Polish descent” was usually a Pole who used Polish at home and professed Catholic faith. Problems appeared when the landowner was of Polish nationality, he spoke Polish, but he was not Catholic, e.g. Orthodox, or he was Catholic, he spoke Polish, but he considered himself a German, or worse, a Russian! In the face of such cases, which were not uncommon, everything (i.e. paying contributions and the right to trade in land) depended on the decision of an individual governor.

„Pieśni mięsopustne” Jana Stoińskiego – powrót

Author(s): Maria Barlowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

The paper presents Shrovetide songs by Jan Stoiński, known among past historians but in the recent times believed to be lost. They were discovered in Andrzej Lubieniecki’s silva rerum (manuscript of the Remonstrant Library 527, p. 628–691), where they appear under the title Pieśni mięsopustne [“Carnival Songs”]. The circumstances surrounding the creation of the work are described as well (it was written in Łostaje estate, Lithuania, in the house of Mrs. Koszkielowa in 1650). The cycle is composed of six pieces written in octosyllabic verse and preacher-like rhetorical form. The paper provides a review of their thematic content and citations of selected fragments.

„Refl eksje” kanclerza koronnego Jana Małachowskiego (1755–1757)

Author(s): Tomasz Szwacinski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

In 1753, Great Crown Chancellor Jan Małachowski joined the so-called “Kolbuszowa party”, which meant his entering into conflict with the Saxon-Polish court. Despite this, he did not intend to remain in opposition, although he ruled out agreement with the leader of the new court party, Jerzy August Mniszech. In 1755, he began correspondence with the first Saxon minister Heinrich Brühl and with the secretary of the Russian mission in Warsaw Jan Rzyszczewski. He intended to gain decisive influence on the situation in the Commonwealth through Russian protection, and the Dresden court would be forced to accept this situation. The article presents and analyses Russian diplomatic correspondence on this issue. The Russians agreed to Małachowski’s presentation of his project of arrangement of Polish affairs.In October 1755, the chancellor presented Rzyszczewski with his “Reflections”. He wrote in them that although Russia had always wanted to keep peace in Poland and to observe the laws, it was portrayed by supporters of France as a force using violence. Even if that was the case, wrote the chancellor, it served the Poles themselves. Russia’s attitude to Poles he compared to a father using the rod to discipline his unruly children. Małachowski asked that a new Russian ambassador be quickly appointed in Poland, who would be a mediator in conflicts. As a model, he cited the example of the impartial mediation of Tsar Peter I between August II and the confederates in 1716. At the end of the project, Małachowski suggested that the new Russian diplomat should organise Polish affairs through the persons of Polish primate and chancellor. This was to serve Małachowski to become an administrator of order in Poland alongside the new Russian ambassador. St Petersburg’s response to Małachowski’s proposals was cautious, the case was being postponed. The immediate effect was that in 1756 the chancellor was put back on the Russian pay list with the amount of 7,000 rubles a year.In April 1756, a decision was made in St Petersburg to send a new diplomat to Poland. Although this was due to the broader plans of Russia, Małachowski was told that this step was due to his requests. Encouraged by this declaration, the chancellor began new negotiations with Brühl, and kept St Petersburg informed in detail. He told the Saxon first minister that Russia had offered him partnership in resolving Polish conflicts. However, due to the silence of St Petersburg, the matter was brought to an impasse. It was only in March 1757 that the text of Małachowski’s “Reflection” was quoted as a fragment of instructions for the new Russian diplomat in Poland, Mikhail Volkonsky. Małachowski, however, did not obtain any personal benefits from this.

„Śmierć Stefana Jegomości króla polskiego w Grodnie 12 Decembra Anno Domini 1586 (Prawdziwa sprawa o chorobie i śmierci nieboszczyka Stefana Batorego króla polskiego)” – źródło do losów Stefana Batorego i historii medycyny

Author(s): Agnieszka Pawlowska-Kubik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 56/2018

The sudden and unexpected death of Stephen Bathory, king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, on 12 December 1586 provoked many hypotheses. Since the king was generally regarded as a healthy man in his prime, historians and physicians have for centuries tried to solve the mystery of his sudden death. One of the primary sources to this question is a text attributed to one of the royal physicians – Jakub Gosławski. The document, entitled The Death of His Majesty Stephen King of Poland at Grodno on 12 December Anno Domini 1586, better known as The Real Truth about the Illness and Death of Late King Stephen Bathory of Poland, was written soon after the king’s death. Its original version has not been found, while two copies have been preserved in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw and in the Princes Czartoryski Library in Krakow.The source contains information extremely valuable for historians and historians of medicine about the last days of King Stephen, symptoms of his illness, and treatments meted out to him by his physicians. A valuable supplement is made by a post-mortem report describing the appearance and state of his internal organs. Gosławski’s text has already been published in the past, but either it was done without due care, with many mistakes and omissions, or on the basis of some other manuscript, unknown to us. The present edition juxtaposes the two known copies, with a substantial body of editorial commentary and that pertaining to the content. This makes it possible to see the differences between the two copies, in the first place. There is also the first edition of the text included, issued in 1830 by Edward Raczyński, which in the most important fragments is quite different to that of the texts kept in the Central Archives of Historical Records and in the Princes Czartoryski Library.The edition of this source is even more pertinent given the fact that, in recent years, there is a number of specialists questioning the widespread and preserved diagnosis that the king’s death was caused by uraemia. The well-edited source text, with a commentary pertaining to the content, can help researchers in thoroughly analysing the symptoms of Bathory’s illness and shed new light on the causes of his death.

„To jest owczarnia onego Dobrego Pasterza”. Pojęcie „prawdziwego” Kościoła w polskich szesnastowiecznych katechizmach

Author(s): Waldemar Kowalski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

The paper focuses on the way in which the authors of Polish Catholic and Evangelical catechisms of the 16th century understood and explained of the idea of the Church. According to the decrees of the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church was presented as the continuator of the teachings of the Apostles, with its power deriving from the authority of the Pope, the successor of Peter, and unity of faith confirmed by miracles. Protestant theologists preach about the visible church, which exists wherever the pure Word of God is preached, and claim that sacraments are administered in accordance with the Gospel. The universal invisible Church exists alongside the visible Church. It connects every person following the Christ, who is the only head of his Church.

„UKRAYINHELIYE” FROM K. MORDATENKO: POETIC VISION OF HISTORIOSOPHY OF UKRAINE

Author(s): Lidiya Vylka / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Цель статьи: исследовать историософские мотивы в сборнике К. Мордатенька „Украингелие” и сделать анализ ключевых проблем, разработанных в поэтической книге. Методы исследования. Специфика объекта исследования, цель работы обусловили использование определенных методов, в частности, рассмотрение понятия историософия в культурологическом и историческом контексте осуществлялся с привлечением компаративистского метода. Методы историко-литературного, пообразного, сравнительного анализа используются при исследовании историософии поэтических текстов К. Мордатенко. Научная новизна проявляется в том, что до сих пор практически нет научных статей о творчестве К. Мордатенко. Выводы. В статье рассмотрен сборник стихов „Украингелие” К. Мордатенко сквозь призму апробированного автором философского понимания сложных исто- рических фактов и реалий нашей страны и мира в целом.

„Велика“ България – метафора или (възможна) реалност Граници и съдържание на един национален проект

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2016

What is the concept of “Great Bulgariaˮ? Another metaphor, which politicians and publicists handle; concept to mobilize public opinion on various political purposes, outside of the borrowed or at least prevalent in external model (Greater German Reich) or felicitous term, behind which a never expressed but possible geopolitical project hides? Let us try to reconstruct the story.

„Дигитален архив Марин Дринов“ – резултати и перспективи

Author(s): Tsvetana Velichkova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1-2/2015

One of the first projects of the Science Archive at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is the “Digital Archive Marin Drinov” (http://www.math.bas.bg/digi/drinov/archiv.html). It was realized in cooperation with the department of Applied Information Technologies in the Humanities at the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The project began back in 2006 with the scanning of 24 archival units (176 facsimiles of manuscripts, 14 printings and 15 black and white photos) from fond № 104K of the Science Archive. It is worth mentioning that the digitalization of a personal archival fond is the first of its kind in Bulgaria with respect to the technological, methodological, and classification merits of the digitalized information. The future plans of the team that undertook this project are closely related to the systematic updating of published information, in terms of quantity and thematic content, with documents reflecting the life and work of M. Drinov which are kept in the fonds of the Science Archive. This project is still viable in 2014, a year marking the 145th anniversary of the Bulgarian Literary Society (now the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.)

„За хазната неверникът е най-полезен“: За религиозната политика на османците в Унгария

Author(s): Pál Fodor / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3-4/2015

Similarly to Beldiceanu’s thesis, who claimed, that conversion to Islam on the Balkans was against the interests of the central treasury, as it created exemption from the so-called poll tax (cizye), Pal Fodor argues in the same tone when investigating the religious policy of Ottomans in Hungary. Islamization remained limited owing to several factors beside the mentioned interests of the central treasury. As the territory of Hungary was never totally controlled, the Hungarian nobility was more or less able to tax the serfs from the refuge area and prohibit any relations with the Ottoman authorities (even under the penalty of death). Beside the existence of the condominium, the relatively small number of conquerors (50-100 thousand, beside them many Orthodox – compared to the 850 000 local reaya population), also implied that Islam could not be established among broad layers of society. Forced conversion was against the principle of zimma, but of course minor repressions against Christianity were regular (prohibition of reconstructing ruined churches, insulting priest or kidnapping them for ransom was a good business, etc.). The Ottomans tried to increase the existing opposition between Catholics and Protestants, but in this respect their attempts were mostly futile (although Catholics often claimed, that the success of Protestantism in Hungary is partly the result of the Ottoman support). The puritanism of Calvinist churches and the anti-Habsburg behaviour of Protestants were advantageous for the Ottoman rule. It is true that Catholicism was never treated so well, but even this initial sympathy towards Protestantism disappeared by the 1560s as many Protestants fought against the Ottoman army. Furthermore, the Antitrinitarians wanted a syncretic religion reforming the Islam too instead of accepting it. The Ottoman behaviour soon shifted to neutralism (they even let Catholic monks entering the occupied zone from 1615 on), and religious questions only had relevance, when these could serve political or economic goals. Favouring Orthodox people (establishing churches) was also among the tactics partly because of the family ties of the conquerors. On the whole, the attitude of the Ottomans towards their Hungarian subjects can best be described by the term “religious indifference”. Taking advantage of the constant religious disputes between the various denominations, the main aim of the Ottoman’s “religious” policy was to extort as much money from the local Christians as possible.

„Най-важните двигатели на развитието на една страна“ – ролята на окръжните съвети като институция в Североизточна България (до 1912 г.)

Author(s): Petar Dobrev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2018

It is a widely shared opinion that local governments had limited power in the new Balkan states at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. While this was also true for Bulgaria, this paper tries to show that holding positions in the local government and especially in the District councils proved to be very beneficial for big landowners in Northeastern Bulgaria prior to the Balkan Wars. The District councils provided powerful leverage to shape local policies in areas such as agriculture and infrastructure and also helped its members form influential political networks. While Bulgarian government policy focused mainly on industry in that period, local institutions, under the tutelage of the big landowners, served as a channel through which to divert some state funds towards agriculture, especially in areas like Dobrudja where large estates predominated.

„Неповинний българин“ на Г. С. Раковски – (авто)биографичното писане и евангелският текст

Author(s): Paulina Stoicheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 103/2018

This article starts from the understanding that the unfinished autobiographical text of G. S. Rakovski Nepovinnyj bolgarin [The Innocent Bulgarian], in the so-called second version, was deliberately built by his author according to the models known from martyrology. The papers discusses the links between Rakovskiʼs work and the biblical text, in so far as the hagiographic writing is presumably referred to the Holy Scripture as a model. Several types of reminiscences and references to the biblical text in the work of Rakovski are analyzed. The high frequency of biblical references is interpreted as an attempt to sacralize the (auto)biographical characters, which adds additional features to them as compared to the characters of the pure ‘secular’ type autobiographies.

„Ний и да живейме под влиянието на назърина, но все таки много ни закриля стопанът на чифлика“ – Балчо Нейков и добруджанските чифлици на Еюб паша

Author(s): Nikolay Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2018

The article provides new information on the socio-economic development of Northern Dobrudzha in the 19th c. extracted from unpublished Ottoman documents – temettuat defters. Temettuat defters appeared in 1845 as a result of an ambitious survey of the Ottomancentral authorities which registered the land, immovable property, incomes and animals of the Ottoman subjects. Those documents provide valuable information for the demographic picture, social, ethnic and religious characteristics of the settlements in the Ottoman Empire. Another important source of information for the history of the region is Balcho Neykov's memoirs. The problem of the Ottoman agrarian policy in Northern Dobrudzha and the role of the local Ottoman elite in it was studied before, but the provided new sources give new perspective and support innovative theses. The question of ciftliks is also discussed in the paper. These ciftliks are owned by representatives of the local elite – Hasan Bey and Murad Bey, who had significant role in the domestic economy.

Щрихи от ежедневието по време на Руско-турската война 1877–1878 г.

Author(s): Ruslan Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2014

Der Artikel arbetet einige Aspekte des Soldatenalltags während des russisch-türkischen Krieg von 1877-1878 heraus. Es sind das Kriegsgrauen, der schwierige Voranschritt der Truppen, die schlechte Unterbringung und Besorgung, Freizeitaktivitäten der Armeeangehörigen, der Gewinnlust der lokalen Bevölkerung und der Händler hervorgehoben.

Щрихи от живота на Никола поп Лазаров – преписвач на Паисиевата история

Author(s): Todor Mollov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2015

Some biographical facts about the life of Nikola pop Lazarov are clarified in the following article. In mart-april 1811 he writes a copy of the Gheravna transcription of the History of Paisiy of Hilendar in the town of Ruse after which he returns to his home town of Elena. There, in 1820 – 1821 he comes across another transcription of the History of Paisiy (by Hilendar from 1820) containing additional new records about the life of Saint Dimitar of Besarbovo. Perhaps due this in 1824 he visits the Ruse region again – his name can be found on the church in Krasen village and in the rock monastery near the village of Besarbovo.

Щрихи от портрета на наемните работници в чифлиците от XVII - средата на XVIII век

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to add some elements to the portrait of hired workers (ter oglani, irgat) or share croppers (ortakci) in the askeri cifliks. The inheritance documents of several men and one woman who had died in the cifliks present a rare opportunity to examine aspects of the life of this category of people. The inheritance inventories (terke/ muhalleft defters) of these people were registered in the kadi court registers of the towns of Sofia, Vidin and Ruscuk (mod. Rousse). The first part of the paper analyses the main elements of the contractual relations between ciflik owners and the people they had hired and taxation of the workers. The second part of the paper examines some aspects of the portrait of these workers, based on a structural analysis of inheritance inventories of their representatives, who were either peasants or town dwellers.