BIBLIOGRAFIJA IZVORA I RADOVA O SREDNJOVJEKOVNIM BOSANSKIM ĆIRILIČKIM ADMINISTRATIVNO-PRAVNIM DOKUMENTIMA
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES AND WORKS ON MEDIEVAL BOSNIAN CYRILLIC ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL DOCUMENTS
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES AND WORKS ON MEDIEVAL BOSNIAN CYRILLIC ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL DOCUMENTS
More...
The present study is an attempt to systematize research on the military institution of the ethnic minorities and to identify possible ways forward. The Army's Institution was a complex construction that used the military resources of several Balkan military structures belonging to both newcomers and local populations, the most important of which were the south-Danubian Vlachs. A special place in this study is the process that led to the dissolution of the people at the end of the 16th century, when Mihai Viteazul, by their blow to Giurgiu, made practically visible the problems that this military institution was dealing with. The disaster in 1595 accelerated the process of disintegration of the structures of the nations, which only served to meet the concerns of the Ottoman sultans, worries generated by the weight of control of the violence practiced by these military groups on the European periphery of the empire.
More...
The article provides a comparative analysis of normativity accepted by Christian Enumerical Council and Local Council of IV–IX century and norms of Kyiv Rus canon law, in particular, the Prince Vladimir’s Charter and Prince Yaroslav’s Statute. The main attention is paid to the determination of the degree of Council decisions’ influence on designation and content of Prince’s documents as well as their common features and distinctions.The author comes to the conclusion that the introduction of canonic law in Kyiv Rus has been made under the influence of Byzantine church canons. Nevertheless, the above mentioned process and the essence of Russian canons are characterized by certain diversity. Eastern Church canonic law has been formed from the «bottom» within the period of nearly millennium at various Universal and Local Councils by Holy fathers and based on different sources and published in various collected works. Kyiv Rus canonic law has occurred «from above», supported by simultaneous publishing of Charter and Statute by two Princes that determined the sphere of the church jurisdiction quite clearly and precisely. The church, immediately after its introduction, was recognized as a special live orderliness while it had appeared in Rome only by the fourth century of its existence. Despite the fact that Nomocanon provided for different kinds of church hierarchs’ punishment by anathema, excommunication, deprivation of dignity as the result of numerous offences, the Charter and Statute didn’t contain such norms as well as punishment by damnation. The latter contained much more lenient punishment and provided for various monetary penalty ad- equate gravity of the offence. Within the battle with crimes against faith and church, the struggle for the morality of marriage and family relations and the observance of general Christian morality rules were highly emphasized. The Charter and Statute didn’t concern dogmatic issues; crime and punishment, provided for by these documents, were characterized by more peculiar specification and reflection of live realities. This way the church has influenced all legal aspects of Kyiv Rus society and formed original Russian canonic law. It manifested the Russian church deflection from the Greek one in its attitude towards modern secular society and state and formed the basis for its future development. In general the introduction of Christianity in Kyiv Rus meant the reception of the new Byzantine idea of law, which started to modernize all the aspects of society and state including political, legal, spiritual, cultural, ethical ones.
More...
Zdenac (Izdenc, today Zdenci) was in the Middle Ages a specific territorial unit which had initially been an integral part of the Somogy County, afterwards (from the second half of the 13th century) it was part of the Garić County. The big road leading to Virovitica traversed this area and as a travel route it dated back to antiquity when it had been one of the most important routes connecting the Posavina and Podravina main road. In the Middle Ages the most significant settlements alongside this road were Donji Zdenac, where in the 13th-14th century the square, the castrum and the parish church were registered, and Gornji Zdenac, where in the 13th-14th century the parish church and later the castrum were mentioned. Alongside the same road, more westward, there was the Parish Church of St. Stephen the King attached to the adjacent settlement Crna Rijeka, which was situated in the area of Ilovski Klokočevac. On basis of a military map from the 18th century, the text recommends the precise location of two more churches mentioned in the sources of Zdenci from the 14th century – the Church of King St. Stephen (south of Grubišno Polje) and the Church of St. Nicholas (between Mala Barna and Mala Peratovica). Because of the toponym Sesvete, it is also suggested that All Saints’ Church be located here; it was mentioned in the 16th century, to the left side of the Ilova River, between Veliki Zdenci and Končanica.
More...
This paper has, on the basis of available sources and literature, endeavored to give an overview of the history of the medieval Nevna manor from the 13th century, the time of its first appearance in sources, until it fell under Ottoman rule in the 16th century. This article endeavours to determine and to present the chronological sequence of noble families who owned Nevna, the way in which Nevna expanded over the course of various periods of time and it tries to determine the basic topographic data of places and settlements that belonged to the manor. The fortress and market town Nevna were situated in the vicinity of present-day Levanjska Varoš. Nevna was the seat of the great estate, of the same name, which was situated in the area stretching from the north-eastern slopes of the Dilj Mountain to the Đakovo plateau and was placed at the strategic important exit point of the Požega Valley towards the Đakovo area in the east. The estate was situated on the border of two medieval counties: the Požega and the Walko County. In 1422 the Nevna manor comprised 71 settlements, in 1428 93 settlements and in 1474 as many as 112 settlements. This manor was mentioned for the first time in the mid-13th century when it was owned by the eminent Ják noble family, which had moved to Hungary most likely in the time of St. Stephen the King in the 11th century. In the first quarter of the 14th the noble family Treutul obtained Nevna through marriage and it became their main estate. During the battles for the Hungarian throne at the turn of the 14th and 15th century, the Treutul family supported the queens Mary and Elisabeth and Sigismund of Luxembourg, hence the family was allowed to keep its estates and strove to expand them, and moreover the highest honours in the kingdom were bestowed on them. Due to the fact that the transfer of the ownership of Nevna through the female line was documented on two occasions, this paper has endeavoured to draw attention to the significance of women regarding ownership, i.e. the transfer title to properties during the Middle Ages. From the time the Treutul family became extinct in the male line until the end of the Middle Ages and the Ottoman conquests, the Nevna manor and other lands in their possession, fell into the hands of various other noble families such as: the “Czech” of Levanjski, Korođ, Herceg of Szekcső, Rozgony, Čupor Moslavački, Berislavić and Motičinski. These families played a major role in the Kingdom of Hungary and highest honours were bestowed on the members of most of these families, titles such as: baron of the Kingdom of Hungary, ban of Mačva, master of the treasury, duke of Erdelj and so on. During the time of Ottoman threats in 1512, Toma Motičinski, owner of Nevna, at the same time last ban of Srebrenička banovina, lost the fortresses of Srebrenička banovina to the Ottomans, hence the Motičinski family was deprived of the Nevna manor by the king of Hungary in 1520. Eventually, in 1536, the Ottoman army occupied today’s Slavonia and the fortresses in the area: Đakovo, Gorjani, Podgorač, Palyna, Zeklach, Zombathel and among others Nevna (Nywna). The market town Nevna (varoš Nivna) became the seat of nahiye in the kaza Gorjan in the Sanjak of Pojega within the Ottoman Empire.
More...
This paper has endeavoured to reconstruct the extent of the Laslovo manor in the Middle Ages as precisely as possible, that is, to precisely locate all settlements of the manor according to the documents from 1413, 1483 and 1491. Basic data on individuals of the Laslovo manor in the Middle Ages, from the Vaja family in the late 13th century to Ivan Berislavić in the late 15th century, have been provided. The church organization of the Laslovo parish and of other parishes covering the area of the manor in the Middle Ages has been reviewed. The major part of the paper deals with data on certain settlements of the Laslovo manor in accordance with the text of Pál Engel; however, some parts of the locations have been corrected; all settlements have been provided with additional comments, the Hungarian oeconyms in particular. Providing basic factual data on the Laslovo manor in the Middle Ages, further research is made possible, especially in the field of historical demography and topography as well as in that of Slavonian medieval society.
More...
The discourse on tolerance in the patristic age should be observed within the breakthrough of Christianity into the Greco-Roman world, which had been religiouslymarked by polytheism. ln the first three centuries Christianity was persecuted because it decisively rejected religious adoration of the emperor. Generally speaking, it was an age in which the state displayed a lack of tolerance for the Christians. During the Constantine turning-point, when the Church was given religious freedom, although the Church demonstrated evangelical tolerance, the Christians themselves adopted intolerant attitudes towards paganism. Some ecclesiastical writers, amongst which stands the well-known authority, Augustine, have with their sometimes awkward interpretations of the Gospel, laid the foundation for the theoretical justification of force in issues of accepting faith and of repression towards religious enemies.
More...
Bearing in mind the fact that in the Middle Ages the region of present-day Romania was in many ways tied to the region where Serbian people lived, the aim of this paper is to present a short overview of the relations between the two countries in the Middle Ages until the Ottoman Conquest, highlighting the connections, influences and cohabitation between the two people.
More...
Die seit einigen Jahren in einer Gemeinschaftsarbeit zwischen den Museen von Pula und Rovinj sowie der Freien Universität zu Berlin durchgeführten Forschungen in der früh- bis mittelbronzezeitlichen protourbanen Siedlung Monkodonja im Stadtgebiet von Rovinj, an der Westküste Istriens (Abb. 1), haben so manche ungewöhnliche Entdeckung erbracht. Dazu gehören auch zwei Knochenlager unmittelbar außerhalb der Befestigung am Fuß der Mauer, die hier vorgestellt werden sollen, weil sie das Ergebnis eines frühmittelalterlichen Massakers sind. Die bronzezeitliche Anlage ist anderenorts bereits mehrfach bekannt gemacht worden, so daß sie hier nicht mehr eigens beschrieben wird. Nur so viel sei gesagt, daß neben den eigentlichen Ausgrabungsarbeiten stets auch Restaurierungen an der Befestigungsmauer durchgeführt worden sind, wo dies ohne vorherige Ausgrabungen möglich war. So wurde im Jahr 1999 damit begonnen, den Bereich zwischen dem Nordtor und dem Hauptzugang im Westen von der Außenseite her wieder aufzubauen. Die Außenschale der Mauer ragte hier bis zu einer Höhe von 1,50m aus ihrem Schutt in originaler Position heraus. Es wurde also der sie umgebende Schutt, der aus den mehr oder weniger stark verwitterten Kalksteinblöcken der Mauer selbst bestand, dazu benutzt, sie wieder höher erscheinen zu lassen und sie gleichsam aus der Masse der abgestürzten Blöcke bis zum Fußpunkt zu befreien. Ziel war es, ein wenig von der ursprünglichen Monumentalität der Quadermauer Wiedererstehen zu lassen. [...]
More...
Belin, Belјin or B(ij)eljina (Bellen, Belyn, Beligna, Bielina, Bellina) is mentioned in historical sources from the 13th until late 15th century as a land, territory, keneziatus, district or province, often together with Mačva, but also as an archdeaconry of the Bishopric of Srem. Mihailo Dinić’s opinion – that the medieval castle Beljin was situated on the river Sava, near the village of the same name in the municipality of Vladimirci, and that the župa Beljin encompassed the castle and its immediate environs – has been widely accepted in Serbian historiography. However, one Hungarian document from 1464, which was never used before, states that the fortress of Zvornik was in “the land of Beljin” (castrum Zwonnyk in terra Belyn). Since another document from 1273 points out that Ernye Ákos, Hungarian ban of Usora and Soli was, at the same time, knez of Beljin, we are led to conclude that the notion of Beljin (Belin) from the medieval, mostly Hungarian documents is, in fact, preserved in the region which would be largely encompassed by the Ottoman nahiye Beljina (Belina). This nahiye was situated in present-day Semberija in northeastern Bosnia. Its main settlement – Četvrtkovište, which used to be a marketplace at least since the end of the 14th century, received the status of kasaba in the late 16th century and ultimately changed its name to Bijeljina, according to the name of nahiye, which it still carries.
More...
The staple right required merchants arriving from outside the town to offer their wares for sale there, giving the local merchants a head start in purchasing such goods over other merchants in the country. The first staple right for eastern routes appeared in the second half of the fourteenth century. Brașov gave a staple right in 1369 from Louis I – in respect of broadcloth. Sigismund extended the privilege in 1395: foreign merchants had to lay all kind of goods in Brașov and sell or exchange them. The kings never granted Sibiu a staple right in the classic sense, but the privileges (1378, 1384, 1413) they did grant could only be exercised if a staple right was set up and operated.
More...
The research is aimed at discovering the old medieval sites, of the current Sâmbăteni and Păuliș villages, on the lower course of Mureș River. It is an area with numerous habitat movements, due to the insecurities of the medieval period, the Habsburg systematizations from the 18th and 19th centuries and to the natural cataclysms with devastating effects until as late as the 20th century. This study puts together the available written documentation with the cartographic one and obtains beside a delimitation of the sites, some data corrections regarding the edification of important buildings, the population movement and the demographical evolution of the settlements. As a result, the Sâmbăteni village is easy to localize and there are obtained quite exact chronological references of its movement but regarding Păuliș, the reconstruction of these aspects is quite difficult. Only the comparison of maps of the same period can lead to re-evaluations of habitats' evolution in relation to their location. Eventually, the guidelines offered by this research can become subject for future surface and archaeological research that can discover more complete components of living, verifying and correcting the results of the studies so far.
More...
As a multidisciplinary analysis, the study endeavours to holistically reconstruct life conditions on representative mediaeval archaeological localities in northwest Croatia. Historical indicators speak in favour of the fact that life had initially been organised within the social and political frame of the central power impersonated in the king and the territorial organisation of the Hungarian Kingdom. The process during which the privileged classes had gained independence from the royal power created in the 13th century resulted in such a situation in which this new social, economic and political elite took over public administrative and judicial functions, which further led to falling apart of the old county units of the royal administration and their becoming autonomous. In the new system, towns started playing an increasingly major role, and their importance was additionally reflected in the development of economy as a further factor relevant for the quality of life of the then contemporary population. This inevitably led to the process of introducing into the country money, which became the principal means of payment regarding taxes that had until then been paid in nature. The paleopathological picture of the population of that time, observed through registered dental hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia, generally speaks of malnutrition, presence of certain diseases, etc., yet due to circumstances that may not be connected to the ones present on other localities in the same period. As a result of the development of socio-political and economic relationships in the period between the 14th and the 16th centuries, the factors influencing the quality of life of the population became increasingly universal, and essential differences between the life of people in northwest Croatia and other parts of Croatia ceased to exist. The paleopathological picture of the researched localities began increasingly reflecting individual problems of individuals, whilst the importance of the problems of communities decreased, except in extreme cases of global stress situations, such as famine in broader areas caused by either natural or war disasters. The 14th and the 15th centuries were marked by the development of socio-political relationships, the centralisation of the administrative pyramid on the top of which stood the ruler, and economic relationships primarily subordinated to the accumulation of capital into the royal treasury; agriculture as an economic factor also stood in the service of such organisation. The analysed archaeological material witnesses to the fact that culturological processes may not be connected with the socio-political circumstances of a certain moment; they should rather be regarded as a product of diverse influences, regardless of their territorial and temporal origin (east or west of Europe, periods preceding or following the movement of peoples, etc.), which primarily served the functionality and additionally perhaps also the economic status of an individual user. This conclusion excludes only money as an equivalent of political and economic factors closely linked to statehood, or rather the personalisation of the ruler.
More...Deutsch-polnische Verflechtungen im frühen 11. Jahrhundert
Bishop Thietmar von Merseburg reports in his chronicle, finished in 1018, on the peace treaty concluded on the 30th January 1018 between Emperor Heinrich and the Piast Duke Boleslaw I. in Bautzen castle. The article pursues the question of how this event came to pass, what events formed the basis for it and what the motives of the people involved were. These included not only the two main protagonists, the Emperor and the Duke, who were looking for confrontation stemming in both cases from a strong awareness of their roles as rulers. Important participants were also the Saxon and Piast grandees. While we know little about the latter, the Saxon religious and secular grandees were confronted with a very particular dilemma. The repeated military conflicts plunged them into serious conflicts of loyalty as they not only had obligations towards the German king, but were also partly connected to the Piasts through family and friendship ties. It was not least the endeavours of those involved to find a way out which led to the conclusion of the peace treaty of Bautzen. It is true that this treaty only provided temporary relief during the remaining lifetime of the two protagonists, Heinrich and Boleslaw, from the ongoing conflict between the Piasts and the German king about status and honour; it did not provide a complete resolution.
More...
U svom opširnom prilogu autor izlaže elemente koji govore o značajnom utjecaju ugarske krune i kraljevine Ugarske u cjelini na formiranje institucije bosanske krune, bosanske kraljevine i na način uspostavljanja vladavine u Bosni, osobito izbora njenih banova i kraljeva, kao i na Bosnu kao državu u cjelini.
More...
In the introduction the author presents the ideology system that is known under the folk name old faith. This system tried to establish permanent harmony, especially between the three basic natural elements: fire (sky), earth and water. In Slovenia the name tročan still remains in use for this old faith. In accordance to the tročan principles an ideal spatial organisation consisted of three points of worship that were dedicated to the three forces of nature. Settlements, fields, burial sites, as well as the points of worship themselves were oriented towards one of these points of worship. They were accompanied by the axis mundi that supported the sky. These principles were never an canonized part of the belief, and they were taken into account to a certain degree, depending on the context. However, some solutions were often repeated and showed the core idea. During Christianisation three scenarios were likely for these points of worship: a) churches were built on them, b) they were destroyed, or c) the points of worship were moved to a new point which included a Christian church. Unchanged old belief points of worship are today found very rarely. The text deals with three examples in Croatia. In the Krasno area (North Velebit) the worshiping practice of a fertility stone was moved from the high altitude plateau Jezera into the valley, where the pilgrim’s temple of Majka Božja od Krasna (Mary, the Mother of God) was established. On the island of Pag the three points of worship have clear spatial relations. St. Marija that lies south of St. Juraj is oriented towards St. Vid. With at least a part of its architecture St. Juraj is also oriented towards St. Vid. The latter is located on the highest point of the island and makes excellent use of its astronomic position, for it is oriented towards the sunrise on St. George’s day (24th April). According to the ancient Eurasian calendar this was when the year begun. The worship system was at its strongest in the early medieval period; it is clear that St. Marija continued the point of worship tradition from late antiquity. On the high altitude plateau of Rujno (South Velebit) two points of worship step out. The rock Baba was visited by women while ‘the grave of the virgin child’ (today St. Bogorodica - Mary, the Mother of God) was visited by shepherds, i.e. men. This means that we had a stone for men and a stone for women, and they were oriented towards each other (with the male stone the orientation was later on adopted by St. Bogorodica). The Baba rock is an example of an unchanged point of worship, which with its placement in the surrounding mythological landscape undoubtedly indicates that this is the clitoris of mother earth. In Croatia all of the compounds of the tročan old belief ideology can be found. Even though only a single point was determined on Northern Velebit, and two on the Southern side, this does not mean that this is the exact and final number to be found at these locations, i.e. that these points represented the entire structure. We could thus understand this analysis merely as an encouragement for future researches. There is a great possibility that much of the mythical landscape from the pre-Slavic period survived to the present day, of course it is now full of everything the younger periods have added.
More...
The only trace of existence of the medieval fortress Nevade is preserved in the Charter issued in 1411 by Hungarian King Sigismund to peer Petar Perenji, as well as in the name of the village of Nevada, located near Gornji Milanovac and former Rudnik. The abundance of material remains in this area is completely understandable if we bear in mind the importance of the medieval city of Rudnik and mining grounds around it. Although on the territory of the village of Nevada, there have not been found yet medieval material traces, there are remains of several fortresses in its vicinity. The fortress located in the hill of Trijeska, in the territory of the Jablanica village, on the mouth of the Jablanica Stream and the Grabovicka River, is the nearest one to the present-day village of Nevada. By all accounts this fortress is so far non located fortress of Nevada. Located near the village of Nevada, the fortress in Trijeska is one of the dominant points on the southern sides of Rudnik, from where it was possible to control the roads from Rudnik to Moravian Grac and Žiča. At the same time it was also part of the fortifications that protected the medieval town of Rudnik and the territory where strip mines, plants and settlements were located.
More...
Prikaz/The review of: Raffaele D’Amato, The Varangian Guard 988-1453, Man-at-Arms 459, Osprey Publishing, Oxford – New York 2010, 48 pp,
More...
When in 971, the Bysantine army temporarily conquers North-Eastern part of Bulgaria, the Bulgarian state continued its existance in the lands between the Iskar River and the Adriatic Sea.
More...
Prikaz/The review of: Момчило Спремић, Србија и Венеција (VI–XVI век), Службени гласник, Београд 2014, 340 стр.
More...