Хумско-дабарска властела Пићевићи (XIV- XV вијек)

Author(s): Radmilo Pekić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 4/2019

The paper presents a prominent noble family (Pićević), who was settled in Dabar, Hum land, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Based on Dubrovnik sources, then found inscriptions on the stećak tombstones, some members of this distinguished family and their subjects were shown. Until the fall of the Ottoman rule in 1465, the Pićević family were governed by provincial lords Vojinović as a part of medieval Serbia, later by the Bosnian rulers, Sanković and Kosač. The estates of the Pićević landlords were located in the settlements of Dabar: Ljuti Do, Potkom, Klečak, and Trusina. The medieval monuments of stećak tombstones, under which some of the members of this distinguished medieval family were buried, are located in these settlements as evidenced by the preserved tombstones.

ХХІІ интердисциплинарен колегиум по старобългарска литература и култура

Author(s): Lilly Stammler,Gergana Athanassova Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 29/2014

ХХІІ Интердисциплинарен колегиум по старобългарска литература и култура в памет на акад. Петър Динеков и в чест на 80-годишнината от рождението на ст.н.с. Стефан Кожухаров

Author(s): Gergana Athanassova Nikolova,Lilly Stammler / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 51/2015

Цамблаковата проповед ѻ͗ ѹ͗сопшии– социална картина на живота в България през XIV век

Author(s): Maria Spasova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2015

The article gives excerpts and information for the social life in the Medieval Bulgaria that are contained in the sermon of Gregory Tzamblak. In contrast to the historical sources where the facts are „painted” with background information, the sermons are characterized by the art peculiarities of the rhetoric prose and with elements of the vivid, folk language. The sermon is a kind of mediator between the clergyman preacher and the laymen who are playing the role of his audience. The theological theses, the Biblical excerpts and their interpretation are given through familiar to the Christians examples. Paintnigs from the real life are being painted and though this represents a Medieval realism of the imitation, the sermon is an authentic historical source for the picture of the social life in.

Цар Арев (Бележки върху българската Апокрифна летопис от XI век)

Author(s): Ivan Biliarsky / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 18/2009

The "Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle of Eleventh Century" is burthen with influences of many traditions, with pagan rests and veterotestamentarian images. We find cited in the text so many strange and unknown names, which cannot be related to any identified historical persons. Usually the Chronicle is proclaimed an "original work", created entirely in Bulgaria, what is a reason to attract the special attention of the academic milieus. Unfortunately, this conclusion reflects in a research methodology to isolate the cited literary work from any influence of any foreign tradition and to interpret it in a patriotic and especially anti-Byzantine direction. The present article will try to avoid this methodology aiming a very concrete and simple result: to suggest some ideas about the identification of a name we find in the Apocryphal Chronicle: that of king Arev. The king Arev is very briefly presented in the Apocryphal Chronicle: "And after this another tsar went out of Constantinople; his name was Arev and he sat on the throne of tsar Constantine and reigned seven years and died". Usually the commentaries on this citation are restricted to the assertion that this person is not yet identified. We shall try to propose below some ideas that could direct our efforts in an interesting way. We strongly believe that the Apocryphal Chronicle should be studied in the context of the Near-Eastern literature. The influence of the veterotestamentarian prophetical writing is obvious but now we would like to underline the link with the Christian Arabic tradition. The name of "Arev" is quite close to the form "Aref ', which derives from the Arabic name "Hārith". It is well known in the Empire because it passed in Greek under the form "Arethas" – the name of several great personages from the classical Byzantine times. Thus, we strongly believe that we have all reasons to offer the identification of the name of the tsar Arev from the Apocryphal Chronicle with the Christian Arabic name of Aref/Arethas. This is concerning the identification of the name but who is this person and how has he entered in the Chronicle? We have no evidence for one more Arab king in the Balkans and we rest only with Nicephorus Genikos and his dynasty. This should not be disappointing because our research led us to some important conclusions concerning the Apocryphal Chronicle. The first of them put under question the "original Bulgarian character" of the work and together with it the thesis of its "patriotic trends" in the "severe times of the Byzantine yoke". The presence of the cited Arabic name links the text to the Near Eastern tradition and put it in another than "national" or "ethnic" context. The second is the strong relation to the Biblical and Semitic in general convention and under the obvious influence of the Hebrew prophetic literature.

Цар Петър и характерът на неговия култ

Author(s): Bistra Nikolaeva Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2009

Relying on the main sources describing the reign of Tsar Petar (927-969), viz. information from Byzantine historians and contemporaries as well as from the Bulgarian apocryphal chronicle, the article reviews the conditions for the emergence of his cult. The main traits of the presentation of Tsar Petar as a saint are outlined and his rank in the hierarchy of sainthood is determined. The author discusses examples that highlight his qualities as a wise ruler and a protector of the Christian faith and praise his personality. This positive picture is projected on his kingdom and enhances the prestige of the Bulgarian ruler at the Byzantine imperial court. Special attention is paid to liturgical texts as the most important source for the cult of a saint. The typological analysis of the cult of Tsar Petar is followed by a critical assessment of the various opinions expressed in the scholarly literature with regard to the time and the place where the Service for Tsar Petar originated as well as the process of canonisation. Various strands in the characterisation of Tsar Petar in his cult are analysed, and possible contaminations with another cult are discussed. Of particular interest are arguments in favour of the hypothesis that the Service for Tsar Petar is the basic source for his cult and that the cult is monastic. The opposite thesis, according to which the cult is rather imperial and political (since it relies on the unity of holiness, power, and people as well as on the main traits of the political doctrine of Bulgaria under Tsar Petar), is presented as well. The analysis allows for the conclusion that the cult represents different tendencies, none of them being dominant. It is therefore impossible to describe the cult as belonging to one of the traditional types (monastic, hieratic, cult for a hermit, a desert saint, a teacher, a ruler).

Цар Самуил Български и съдбата на първото ни царство

Author(s): Iliya Georgiev Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 29/2014

ЦАР САМУИЛ В СЪПЕРНИЧЕСТВО С ВИЗАНТИЯ ЗА КОНТРОЛ НАД ВИА ЕГНАЦИЯ И ДРАЧ

Author(s): Sashka Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The article focuses mainly on Tsar Samuil’s efforts to gain and maintain control over Durres and its hinterland in the last quarter of the tenth century by using marital diplomacy and military force. The author gives new interpretation on the information about Samuil’s northwest raid in Dalmatia and along the Adriatic coast in 997 or 998. In conclusion the author states that the political interest of the last rulers of the First Bulgarian Tsardom in the control over Durres was due to economical reasons related to the functions of the city as a commercial center, where people exchanged imported goods brought in by sea and goods produced in the hinterland in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula.

Цар Самуил в Централна и Южна Гърция

Author(s): Momchil Mladenov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2017

The paper presents some moments of the campaigns of Tsar Samuil in Central and Southern Greece in the late 10th Century. Aattention was paid to the capture of Larissa – an important administrative and economic center. Thus, way Bulgaria controlled important roads in Greece. We present the archaeological evidence of Athens, Thebes and Corinth – centers of commerce and crafts. Greece in the late 10th century began economic upturn. According the author‘s view the battle of Spercheios (996) was a crucial for the war between Bulgaria and Byzantium.

Цар Самуил и неговите наследници през погледа на византийците

Author(s): Peter Angelov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1996

Цар Симеон Велики: от „варварската“ държава до християнското царство

Author(s): Ivan Bozhilov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Царь Стефан Душан IV Сильный как отцеубийца и нарушитель заповедей предков: негативное в образе правителя в сербской исторической памяти XIV–XXI вв.

Author(s): Tatyana Germanovna Chernykh / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2017

Stefan Dušan is one of the most famous heroes of Serbian medieval history. He is brilliant statesman, conqueror, legislator, monastery founder and the most powerful representative of Nemanjich dynasty. He made a lot of effort for the development of Orthodoxy in his state and he established the Serbian Patriarchate. Nevertheless, Dušan turned out to be one of the few from his dynasty who are not canonized. The author of this article analyses views of the authors of the 14th – 21st centuries on the two most contradictory moments of Dušan’s biography, and either can be reasonable enough for Dušan to stay as faithful tsar and being not canonized. First moment is his struggle with his father, Stefan Dečanski, for supreme power in the country and sudden death of the latter. Second subject comprises the establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate and Dušan’s imperial coronation without the approval of Byzantine empire and Constantinople Patriarchate. These events eventually resulted in the pronounce an anathema against Dušan and Serbian church in general and in the long breaking between Serbian and Byzantine church which was over only in 1375, twenty years after Dušan’s death. Studying medieval sources and works of historians and literary men of the 17th – 21st centuries, the author shows several different ways of looking into both subjects and deals with the reasons of all evaluations of Dušan’s actions. The author comes to the conclusion that Serbian authors still have undying interest in the personality of Serbian tsar as well as in the reasons opposing to his canonization. Apparently, although both moments in question can be crucial for the denial of becoming a saint for Dušan, it does not diminish neither his achievements as a ruler nor his value as a symbol of the greatness of medieval Serbia.

Цветан Тодоров (1939–2017) – апостолът на хуманизма, мечтателят за свобода

Author(s): Valentina Sharlanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

Цветные наслоения на поверхности средневековых товарных пломб: исследование в процессе реставрации

Author(s): Nikolai Kurganov,Konstantin V. Gorlov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2017

Patina of different bright tints of red, yellow and white on the surface of lead objects attract scientific interest to them. Raman scattering spectroscopy was employed in order to define their mineral composition. Different lead compounds have been identified on the surface of ancient lead artefacts. Some of the minerals may have been used from antiquity as pigments in paints. In the studied case, however, their origin is a result of natural mineralization processes rather than artificial colouring. In this article, different approaches to restoration of archaeological lead finds are discussed. Many restoration methods disregard the necessity of careful treatment of patina. Chemical reactions undergone during restoration change considerably the appearance and colour of lead objects.

Ценен принос в изследването на книгата "Лествица" от св. Йоан Синайски

Author(s): Vladimir Donev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2014

Церковна благодійність на правобережній Україні (X – XVIII ст.): історичний аспект

Author(s): Anna Svyatnenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 4/2010

In this article is analyzed the process of appearance and evolution of church charity in Right Bank Ukraine.

Церковь XIV в. на детинце Новогрудка

Author(s): Marianna V. Malevskaya-Malevich / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2016

The article considers the remains of the church built in the first half of the 14th century in the citadel of Novogrudok, excavated by the author in 1960—1970 s. It is the earliest known church built in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century. The results of the detailed archaeological study of the architectural monument are published for the first time. The church is considered in the context of the architectural history of the West Russian lands in the period from the mid 13th century to the mid 14th century. The study of the building materials and techniques enables firm dating of the church to the first half of the 14th century. The article is illustrated by field photos and drawings as well as reconstructions.

Церковь-мавзолей XV века: строение Стефана Великого из Рэзбоень

Author(s): Gheorghe I. Cantacuzino / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2000

The church in Razboieni was erected by Stefan cel Mare in 1496 to commemorate the warriors perished in the battle at Valea Alba on July 26, 1476 against a strong Ottoman army led by the sultan Mehmed II. During this battle the Moldavian army suffered heavy losses. An inscription on the church tells about these events in very expressive words. Archaeological research pursued in Razboieni in 1973 revealed large quantity of re-inhumated bones forming a stratum of 0.40 m lying in the altar part and in the median part of the nave at the distance of approximately 1 m from the lateral walls. In front of the altar, a second stratum of bones overlying the first one was discovered on a somewhat smaller area. Thus, the finds prove truthfulness of Grigore Ureche’s information given in his chronicle, where he wrote that the church in Razboieni was erected over the bones of soldiers perished at Valea Alba. Bones of those who died to protect their country and Christian faith, placed under and in front of the altar, similar to martyr’s relics placed in crypts under the palaeo-Christian sanctuaries, make the church in Razboieni a unique example of ecclesiastic edifice of Romanian medieval architecture meant to honour the memory of heroes fallen in the battle for their country’s independence.

Циклы поучений священникам в Кормчих западнорусской редакции (публикация текста)

Author(s): Elena V. Belyakova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: -/2016

This article is the first publication of the cycles of homilies by the metropolitans of Kiev, based on three manuscripts, which are preserved at the RGADA – the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (f. 181 No. 1596; f.181 No. 1594, f.196 inv.1. No. 1620). The homilies were incorporated into the Kormchaja of Ruthenian redaction that was circulating in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the middle of the 15th century. As for the basis of the homilies, it lies in the Old Russian texts with instructions to the priests, which are known from the 13th century, as well as the Encyclical Epistle of metropolitan Photius. Of particular significance is a text that is new for the Russian cultural circle, titled Ecclesiastical Order, which clearly articulated the duties of the priest and sets the list of liturgical books required for every church. The language of the homilies seems to be the most valuable because it combines, along with the classical layers of Church Slavonic, elements of the “simple language” — locally spoken (Ruthenian) language that at the time was started to be used in sermons.

Циркумтихоокеанское искусство в палеолите

Author(s): Yuri E. Berezkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2015

Figurative and to a lesser extent geometric professional art is a tool in a struggle for social positions. Its existence suggests the development of social inequality at least on a community level. Societies with the institutionized hierarchy of sexes like those that are known for South America, Melanesia and southern Alaska must have at least a minimum level of social segregation. Considering similarity of rituals and of myths related to them these societies did not emerge independently but inherited their traditions from common source provisionally localized in East Asia where the rich coastal environment ca. 20,000 B. P. could support a dense enough population. Systematic and exclusive iconographic traits shared by ancient and recent cultures of the Indo-Pacific part of Asia, northern Pacifics and Nuclear America help to reconstruct basic features of the East Asian art at the dawn of the peopling of the New World. The dominant icon was a monster face related to cult of ancestors and the underworld. Indian Kīrtimukha, Ancient Chinese Taotie mask, Sisiutl monster of Northwest Coast of North America, many Olmec, Mayan and other Mesoamerican representations as well examples of the Central Andean art of 2500 BC — AD 1000 all reproduce similar model. Nothing like it is found in most of North American styles. This fact correlates with patterns of areal distribution of Eurasian parallels for American Indian folklore. South America is related to East and Southeast Asia and North America to Siberia.