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This article is about the migration and the settling down of Seljuk Turks in the Bulgarian region that received the name Dobrudja after becoming part of the Ottoman empire. Professor Hristo Matanov is following the notion stated in the article and gives arguments concerning its authenticity.
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The present work aims to trace the problems around the settlements and the settlement network in the Ludogorie region in the 13th–15th centuries and the evidence about them. The subject is closely related to the population – its nationality, migration and way of life. Questions are put, which answers are sought in different sources – written, archaeological and ethnographic. The survey is based on detailed information on the specific settlements, as far as such exists. Evidence in documents from the Ottoman period is also taken into account. The varied types of sources show that life on the territory of today’s Ludogorie was very dynamic. Apparently the area was less populated than other parts of the Bulgarian lands. Nevertheless, its inhabitants from the 13th–15th centuries had left traces of their existence. Future studies can provide more information about the type of settlements, nationality and density of the settlement network.
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The article offers to scientific discussion some materials of archaeological research on the settlement Vasilievskoe. It is the only ordinary unfortified settlement that has been studied in Novgorod area. The settlement is situated between the lake Ilmen’ and the Veryazha river. The Ilmen’ basin was one of the most populated and agriculturally developed areas in the Old Novgorod land. Excavation has yielded various industrial and dwelling constructions – debrises, a stone oven, remains of open hearths, pillar and household pits, as well as massive stuff, pottery and other stuff. Pottery, other stuff of the site and radio-carbon test results enable us dating most of Vasilievskoe complexes by 10th c. Digging conducted over several years on the Vasilievskoe settlement enable the authors to infer that the studied area was peripheral on this settlement and occupied under industrial and household complexes.
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The article considers the particularities of farming and animal husbandry of the inhabitants of Zhyvotinnoe hillfort — a site of the old Slavic Borshevskaya Culture. The analysis of the climatic conditions shows that the inhabitants chose the most optimal place for settling. Paleobotanical data and finds of working tools indicate a high level of agricultural technique, including two-, three-field systems and changing of sowings. Among the cultivated plants, a large proportion of fastidious, but more productive cereals should be mentioned. Archaeozoological data indicate the predominance of adult and sub-adult animals (cattle and horses), showing that the husbandry was concentrated near the settlement. Both branches of the rural economy organically supplemented each other.
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Знаменная нотация - это один из главных видов русской средневековой музыкальной письменности, с тысячелетней историей своего развития. С помощью знаменной нотации записаны все основные певческие книги, главные песнопения годового круга. Этой нотацией зафиксирован главный русский средневековый роспев - знаменный роспев со всеми его разновидностями (столповым, большим и малым).
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The article is devoted to the introduction of a new finding: a silver dirham of the Golden Horde period from the burial near Cheben’ki village, Orenburg Oblast. The coin is dated to 739—740 AH (1338—1340) and is attributed to the reign of Uzbek Khan. The finding is compared to the existing analogies and is considered among other materials prepared for the mapping of dirhams found in burials located in the Cis-Ural steppes. The finds of coins in burials of this region confirm its close contacts with the Lower Volga area and Central Asia in the Golden Horde period.
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Four types of Muhammad bin Timur’s dangs with common reverse legend, containing (according to the interpretation of the author) name of Mahmud bin Küchük Muhammad and his title beklerbek, are published and analyzed. The article includes images of coins, reconstructions and interpretations of their legends. It was ascertained that on Küchük Muhammad’s coins his name could be transmitted as Muhammad bin Timur or simply as Muhammad. Published dangs suggest that Mahmud, the son of Küchük Muhammad, during some time held the post of beklerbek under his father and at this time coins were minted with the name and title of Mahmud bin Muhammad as beklerbek on their reverses instead of the mint name. These coins were intended to inform people about the heir to the throne.
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Purpose of Article. To collect and research information on the musical culture of the High Middle Ages (c. 1001-1300) and the Late Middle Ages (c. 1301-1500), Middle Ages in the westernmost historical Ukrainian ethnic territory, which is now a part of Poland - Przemysl’s land. Methodology. То apply general scientific objectivity principle, historical and logical, analytical approach and methods of cultural studies. Such methodological approach allows to disclose the limits of the main stages of Przemysl land musical culture development, to determine their specificity and regularity of the transformation specificity. Scientific Novelty. To expand a notion on the musical heritage of Ukraine and Ukrainians in a specific ethnocultural region and, thus, to include the certain knowledge in general, all-Ukrainian musicological discourse. Conclusions. In the result of the research it was defined that due to the Ukrainian discourse a history of the musical culture of these lands appears in new light and obtains novel meanings. We know a little about the musical culture of the Przemysl region in the XI and XIV centuries like any other regions of Kievan Rus. We know about next historical period almost exclusively under the sign of the Catholic musical culture, because the Southern part of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia was annexed to the Polish Kingdom. Due to the own opinion, it is necessary to implement the idea of creative contribution into the Ukrainian musicology which has revealed a prominent role of Ukrainian musicians (Ruthenians) to the church musical culture of the Latin rite, in particular, in the XV century on the Przemysl and Sanok lands. A similar rethinking took place among the Ukrainian literary critics, who called this phenomenon as Latin-language Ukrainian literature. Also, this period is marked by the saved information concerning the existence of secular urban and traveling musicians in Przemysl and other cities. There is a markable fact that claims about German-origin musicians who have been colonists on the particular lands. In general, sometimes professional musicians gave an opportunity to the talented Ruthenian youth to make a dizzying career, as it happened with Gregorius Sanoceus.
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Не буде перебільшенням назвати опубліковану більше дев’яти десятиліть тому у виданому Російською Академією наук першому томі збірника „Статьи по славяноведению“ працю Михайла Грушевського „Звичайна схема „русскої„ історії й справа раціонального укладу історії східного слов’янства’ справжнім маніфестом в оборону права на існування окремої української історії. Репрезентуючи найкращі традиції української наукової історіографії і наукового українознавства історична схема Михайла Грушевського обгрунтовує „безперервність українського історичного процесу в контексті етно-політичного, культурного і територіального пов’язання модерної української нації і держави в ХХ-му столітті з античною українською історією, середньовічною українською державою (Київська і Галицько-Волинська держави), Козацько-гетьманською державою і українським національним і державним відродженням XIX і XX століття„
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We analyzed and characteristic of the feature development medieval dance of Byzantium, Western Europe, Russia.
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The article deals with the basic notion of creation from the point of view of ideological doctrine of Catholicism. Theological conceptions of creation are analyzed. The specific features of theological approach to the notion of creation are investigated in the contest of the development of the doctrine of Catholicism.
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Владимиров Г. 2019. Обеци с форма на въпросителен знак от средновековна България (XIII—XIV в.). За материални следи от куманите и Златната Орда в културата на Второто Българско царство. 2 изд. — София: «Уникарт» ЕООД. — 86 с
Book review: Владимиров Г. 2019. Обеци с форма на въпросителен знак от средновековна България (XIII—XIV в.). За материални следи от куманите и Златната Орда в културата на Второто Българско царство. 2 изд. — София: «Уникарт» ЕООД. — 86 с.
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Rape was identified as a criminal act in the earliest known legal writings, Hamurabi’s legal code (cir. 2000 BC). In the Balkans, in the Middle Ages, rape was always punished in one way or another, in the statutes of the Adriatic maritime towns, which were under the rule of the Nemanjic state or the West. All categories of women, even prostitutes and slaves, were protected by law from sexual violence in many statutes. Also in Dusan’s legal code the regulation is found, severely punishing rapists. Laws following the Second Serbian Uprising, also provide severe punishment for sexual violence, especially towards women but also male minors. Legal and court practice, following the Second World War, indicate that the protection of women from sexual violence is completely inadequate and this at a time when women had achieved equal rights with men in many spheres of life. World events at the end of the 20th century: collapse of the Soviet Union: as well as the happenings in this region,: war, ethnic and religious conflicts resulted in massive rape of women, opening of brothels, trading women and family violence. Non state organisations, mainly women in expert associations, invest great effort to rectify this very unsatisfactory situation. They exert pressure for change in the law and in court practice, by which women would have more effective defense against sexual violence, as well as organised assistance for women victims of traffic, and warning of the possible danger.
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Modern Balaklava is located on the banks of a well-protected winding bay. The infrastructure of the medieval town formed during the 6th—17th centuries and was historically linked with the Byzantine, Golden Horde, Genoese and Ottoman periods of its existence, changing its name from Symbolon to Cembalo to Balaklava. The paper offers a brief retrospective consideration of the etymology of these toponyms in their historical and cultural context. It is also noted that the topography of the ancient fortress and the town is characterized by an unusually low number of preserved microtoponyms and urbonyms that had formed in conditions of cohabitation of the population speaking three languages: Greek, Tatar and Ligurian.
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The authors publish two unique Byzantine glazed bowls of Constantinople production. One of them shows a Western European knight’s family coat-of-arms, the other — a war vessel with flags of the Republic of Genoa. Both bowls are dated by the second half of the 14th century. Symbols of power in the countries of Europe in the Middle Ages were placed on flags, textiles, jewelry and embedded plates. In this case, they decorated mass production — glazed pottery. These findings on the territory of the Northern Black Sea Region suggest a new view on interactions between the Western and Eastern cultures: it seems that Byzantine metropolitan masters were commissioned by the Italians to manufacture bowls with Latin power symbols on them.
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The present study aims at finding the real sea projects in tsar Symeon’s political, economic, military and culture strategy. A marine-centered approach is being adopted when disclosing how and to what extent sea has been incorporated in Symeon’s state vision plan. For a much complex interpretation the research uses as its methodological frame the geopolitical conception of the American admiral, historian and geostrategist – Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914). He believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea, with its commercial use in peace and its control in war. According to Mahan’s theory there are six general conditions affecting the development of sea power: – Geographical position, i.e. the access to the open seas, chance for sea communications and control over the important regions; – Physical Conformation, i.e. the configuration of the sea coast and the number and qualities of the adjacent harbours; – Extent of territory – the length of the coastline and the character of its harbours; – Number of Population – the number of people following the sea, or at least readily available for employment on ship-board and for the creation of naval material; – National Character – the ability and willingness of nation to do sea-borne activities; – Character of the Government – the character of rulers at one time or another, have exercised a very marked influence upon the development of sea power by using the best human and nature resources in order to enhance sea trade, develop a mighty fleet and accumulate wealth. The implementation of Mahen’s sea power criteria to tsar Symeon’s Bulgaria reveals considerable advancement in most of the indicators in comparison to the previous early medieval Bulgarian rulers. Following their policy of pushing along the Balkan coastline, Tsar Symeon builds on his predecessors’ achievements. Quite purposefully, he strives to crown all his military campaigns against Byzantium with the extension of the Bulgarian seaboard. Actually, during the last decade of his reign Bulgaria gained access to all the Seas bordering the Balkan Peninsula – the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea as well as the Adriatic Sea. Tsar Symeon made some successful attempts to strengthen the military and administrative control over his coastal realm, to develop the littoral settlement network, enhance the sea trade and provide effective custom regulation thus collecting bigger incomes in the tsardom’s fisc. Besides, Tsar Symeon’s Golden Age shows some cultural openness to the sea as well as awareness of its benefits which is also visible in the everyday life structures. The literary achievements of the Bulgaria Golden Age with all its cognitive-didactic messages somehow increase the interest in sea and via instruments of knowledge create preconditions for a potential involvement of much more medieval Bulgarians in sea activities such as navigation, fishing and sea trade. However, Tsar Symeon’s Bulgaria had no naval strength because the ruler himself, just like his predecessors on the Bulgarian throne, showed no signs of political willingness to build a navy of his own and instead, opted for collaboration with the Fatimid fleet. Lacking warships, the Bulgarian Tsardom, despite all the favorable prerequisites, became rather a coastal state than a real sea one and could not evolve into a sea power able to challenge the thalassocracy of the Byzantine Empire.
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This study summarises the author's way of finding the initial contents of the famous translated anthology of homilies by and excerpts from John Chrysostom. It was compiled by educated Bulgarian ruler, Tsar Simeon the Great (893-927) and was translated in the 9th century, after 893. The exceedingly apt title of 'Zlatostruj' (literary 'Golden Stream') is a symbolic expression of the blessed word of Chrysostom and the book surely has the objective to transform the unenlightened Bulgarian people by means of persuasion, not by force, as it was until 893. The initial translation features 45 homilies. This thesis is confirmed by two Vilnius copies of the 'Zlatostruj' from the Monastery of the Annunciation in Suprasl, currently located at the library of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius, Lithuania.
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The cave monastery of Saint Simeon by the Roghi Village on the Dniester River near the Moldavian town of Dubossary is the most mysterious historical and archaeological site of the Bug-Dniester interfluves. It was known at the end of the 18th century, but later scientists and villagers forgot about it. The article is devoted to the republishing of old works on this unique religious complex and the description of its objects (the church and the cell). Based on the analysis of images of stone crosses and a general historical situation in the Ottoman Ukraine, the author suggested that the monastery dates 1710s - 1730s.
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The article reviews the latest results from the analysis of the Old Church Slavonic Glagolitic Psalter Sin. slav. 3/N, which was discovered in 1975 at St. Catherine’s Monastery and named after its prominent user and, possibly, last private owner, Demetrius of Sinai. Attached to the article is the text of the manuscript’s first page, containing the beginning of the prayer-cycle and an intertwined Graeco-Latino-Glagolitic abecedarium that was added by Demetrius on empty folia after the Psalter’s completion. On the basis of this and similar additions to other Sinaitic Glagolitic manuscripts, we can hypothesize that their author was a monk-priest (Glagolash) from the Western Balkans, who migrated to Sinai in an attempt to preserve and defend the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition.
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