Украшения роменского времени (вторая половина VIII – конец X вв.) из Курской области

Author(s): Andrei G. Shpilev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2010

This article is the first attempt to create a corpus of adornments that existed on the territory of modern Kursk region in Romny culture time. The analysis of the collected material allowed to create rather objective picture of formation, borrowings and development of the corpus of adornments produced by Slavic tribes known as Severi, who lived in Kursk province on the banks of the rivers Seim and Upper Psiol in the second half of 8th — late 10th centuries.

Уличи и тиверцы в оценках историографии

Author(s): Roman A. Rabinovich / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2004

The article reviews historiography concerning the study of the past of two early medieval peoples in the Eastenr Europe – the Ulichi and the Tivertsi. The historians’ interest towards the Ulichi and the Tivertsi was long ago stirred by their peculiar geographic location close to the Danube, which is known as a historical cradle of the Slavic peoples, and by reflection of their history in the early Russian chronicles.The most debatable issues are: the ethnic origin of the Tivertsi and the Ulichi; localization of the Tivertsi and the Ulichi (along with a number of related questions: the location of the first settlement of the Ulichi and the location of the Peresechen, known from the chronicles as the town of the Ulichi, which the Kiev governor Sveneld could not seize for a long time); the time when the Kiev knyazes conquered the Tivertsi and the Ulichi, etc.The author examines historiographic records about the Ulichi and the Tivertsi starting from the mid 18th century to the present day. As it turns out to be, the quality of the historiographic records of the 19th-early 20th cc. is much different compared to the modern ones. This stage in studies of the Ulichi and the Tivertsi strikes one by a variety, vividness of many ideas, numerous bright surmises and hypotheses, which unfortunately have been absolutely “forgotten” by the modern historiography.The special brightness of this pre-revolutionary period in historiography becomes even more evident when compared to the second half of the 20th c.The key difference is the extent of use of different types of evidence. Emergence of an absolutely new type of evidence – archaeological ones – has drawn professional archaeologists to the research and has reduced the role of the analysis of written records. It has also revealed the drawbacks of mixed argumentation, violation of the principle of separation, according to which every discipline must arrive at its own conclusions following strictly and owing to analysis of its own records, done by use of its own methods and approaches to the research, without attracting arguments from other disciplines as an evidence (because these disciplines also require evidence).The analysis of a two-hundred-years historiography concerning the Ulichi and the Tivertsi proves the necessity of an obligatory periodical return to and re-introduction into the scientific discourse of forgotten, but most useful for the modern research achievements of the past historiography.

Улога нотара у средњовјековном Дубровнику

Author(s): Mirjana Pupić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Development of the notary institution in Dubrovnik has been presented within this document, covering period from its very beginning until the period of contemporary notaries. These information are based on the published and unpublished sources from the National Archives in Dubrovnik. At the beginning of the work it is given a brief overview of the notary institution development in European regions, particularly in Italy, which had the greatest impact on Dubrovnik’s notary office. Then, the author enters into the issue of Dubrovnik’s notary where elaborates various aspects related to notaries such as the appearance of the first notary, origin, and their role in the preparation of testaments. Special attention was paid to the analysis of various provisions of the notary institution which are contained in the basic source of Dubrovnik’s law, Statutarum civitatis Ragusii.

Употреба падежних облика у говору Параћинског поморавља - Балканистички и етномиграциони аспект

Author(s): Sofija Miloradović / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 2003

The region of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje belongs to the Kosovo-Resava dialect of the Serbian language, but the speech of this part of Veliko Pomoravlje occupies the bordering zone between two dialectal masses of Serbian — the Kosovo-Resava and the Timok-Prizren dialects. The speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje has proven to be a very rich source of information about metanastatic movements as well as about the origin of population. This speech is, to a very high degree, the result of migrations of the representatives of southern and south-eastern sub dialects, which have been taking place ever since the century and into this day. To a somewhat lesser degree the structure of this speech has been affected by its geolinguistic status i.e. its position in the bordering zone. The portion that belongs to the oldest — and the strongest — the Kosovo-Resava migrational stream, is about the largest one. Then it is followed — and in some villages even preceded — by the Vardar-Južna Morava stream, while the Dinaric population is scarcely represented and mostly overwhelmed by the settlers of the Timok-Braničevo and Šop streams. In the course of time, the immigrants of the Vardar — Južna Morava provenience, originality probably the most dominant in the places of the Paraćin region alongside the river of Velika Morava, have imposed the features of their original vernaculars on the population outside the Morava valley proprer. The abovementioned facts have directly caused the super stratification of certain Balkanistic features onto the unquestionable Kosovo-Resava dialectal basis of the studied speech. These include, in the first place, the proportion of penetration of casus generalis and a conspicuous tendency toward analytism. The situation regarding the use of case forms, generally speaking, is closer to that in the Prizren — Južna Morava vernaculars than to the one in Kosovo-Resava dialects. After describing the syntactic features in the realm of use of case forms in this transitional speech I tried to establish, by tracing the change of distribution of case forms brought about by a substantial influence of analytic structures, the extent to which — within the range of each case and each case construction — flective forms have been preserved (in otherwords, the Kosovo-Resava situation), as well as the lines on which they have been penetrated by casus generalis. The rivalry between genitive case and analytic constructions with casus generalis in the genitive function has been resolved in the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje in a way not described in hitherto studies about individual Kosovo-Resava dialects. Judging from the results of our analysis, it can be concluded that non-prepositional genitive — regardless of whether it is used adnominally or adverbially — is not very frequent, so that a tendency is observed toward securing a prepositional status of this case form. Departing from the materials analyzed it can be asserted that the forms of genitive case realized in relation with preposition vastly outnumber the instances of casus generalis in a genitive function. Therefore, it was solely the sphere of the genitive case with preposition that has remained fairly stable in the face of “tide” of analytic constructions with casus generalis. A pivotal position in the process of disintegration of synthetic declination in the history of the languages of the Balkans has been taken by the neutralization of case opposition between genitive and dative, which has consequently made the syncretism of their forms possible. In the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje this “primary” Balkanism is not effectuated to a full extent. Syncretized are forms of genitive and dative cases in the semantic category of possessivity, in such a manner that dative takes over the possessive functions o f genitive. It appears almost regularly as an inhibited case form (the compulsory determinator + a nominal word in dative case). Free dative in the studied speech also takes the adverbial position which is primary to it. The semantic differentiation within adverbial dative is considerably greater than within adnominal dative. The analyzed material shows that forms of non-prepositional dative are quite a marginal means of expressing a goal, i.e. the final point of a motion. Instead of dativus finalis with verba movendi the studied dialectal region features a Balkanistic innovation — a locational construction of the type kod + G/CG. Two features typical of the Kosovo-Resava dialect in general are also present in the studied speech: (1) the use of casus generalis in the function of instrumental case; (2) the use of sociative construction instead of a non-prepositional instrumentalis instrumenti. The studied speech, however, has witnessed an intensification of these two phaenomena, so that the suppression of synthetic instrumental forms as well as expressing various categories of non-prepositional instrumental by a sociative construction seem to have reached proportions unknown to other Kosovo-Resava dialects. One of the peculiarities of this speech is also an exclusive use of casus generalis instead of instrumental with prepositions pod [“under”], nad [“above”], pred [“before”] and među [“between”], as well as its incomparably more frequent occurence in the place of instrumental with the preposition s(a) [“with”]. As regards the use of locative syntagmata in the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje, there are two basic categories of features that make them different from the standard Serbian language and from other Kosovo-Resava subdialects: (1) a very low frequency of locative forms and a much more intensive use of casus generalis in the locative function, especially with prepositions u [“in”] and na [“on”]; (2) the absence or rather suppression of prepositions o [“about”] and pri [“by”]. However, when locative meanings are marked by the preposition po, the instances of locative are almost equally numerous as those with casus generalis with that preposition. An insight into this particular dialectal situation makes it possible to recognize yet another series of processes typical of the use of case forms in Paraćinsko Pomoravlje that fall in the category of consequences of Balkanistic linguistic developments on this terrain. We have in mind, in the first place, an expansion of the use of nominative case in the place of certain genitive functions (in existential and in partitive constructions). Since respective nouns are in the position (subjective) which makes the use of accusative as a casus generalis impossible, the nominative case, being a basic form of a noun, is extremely suitable for such a substitution for genitive proper. Furthermore, there are many instances of nominative as the central, as well as the second independent case, taking over the role of the vocative case. In the studied speech the possibility o f simultaneous use o f genitive and accusative in the same function and with the same meaning has not been exploited in the following basic categories of the free accusative case: (1) accusative as the case of the object with the verb imati [“to have”] and in some other adverbial, partitive syntagmata; (2) accusative as a case of the object of negative verbs; (3) temporal accusative. In this speech the process of loss of genitive forms has gone very far, and simultaneously with it there is the process of amplification of the use of accusative forms which have become a very productive category. Conspicuous is also a strenghtening of the role of prepositions — simultaneous with a weakening of case flection — in expressing case meanings, and consequently, a removal of non-prepositional forms of oblique cases from the frame of the still existent synthetic system. Namely, the semantic field of non-prepositional instrumental is very restricted — except for a considerable number of examples in the category of “tools”, the instances of instrumentalis loci and instrumentalis verbi medialis have been noted practically only by exception. Free case forms of the predicative and temporal instrumentals have disappeared from the studied speech. The grammatical category of number has also had its part in the vanishing of flection from the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje. Namely, the plural forms of all the nominal declension types have proved to be extremely prone to reduction of genitive, instrumental and locative case forms, thus giving way to the expansion of casus generalis. In that respect, genitive is the best example because the function of genitive plural of all three genders is expressed almost exclusively by forms of casus generalis. In the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje the syncretic forms of nominative and accusative occur in plural of all the four declension types, thus apparently opening the way to a broader use of casus generalis forms. The growing of analytic processes in the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje is represented by certain morpho-syntactic entities. Here we shall list just some of them that have undergone analytic re-organisation: od + G/CG m. of the possessive genitive, od + G/CG m. of the non-prepositional genitive with verbs of the type bojati se, kod + G/CG m. of dative of verba dicendi, kod + G/CG and uz + A m. of the non-prepositional dative with verbs of the type prići, s + I/CG m. of the non-prepositional instrumentalis instrumenti and instrumentalis verbi medialis.po + L / niz + AJ kroz A m. of instrumentalis prosecutivus, za + A m. o f the predicative instrumental with verbs o f the type smalrali, za+ A m . of the genitive of indirect object with verbs nadati se, seliti se, radovali se, etc. It is obvious that accusative syntagmata with prepositions are expanding on the account of certain prepositional syntagmata with genitive, instrumental and locative, as well as on the account of non-prepositional genitive, dative, accusative and instrumental cases in certain syntactic- -semantic categories. With regard to everything previously concluded about the use of case forms in the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje, and after observing the rivalry between flective forms and syntagmata with casus generalis, it can be concluded that the studied speech, in that respect, quite intensively takes part in the Balkan linguistic league. In the speech of Paraćinsko Pomoravlje the most prominent Balkanizing innovation is the presence of casus generalis as a morpho-syntactic construction which co-exists with the flective case forms. Thus accusative as casus generalis takes over the functions of genitive, instrumental and locative, occasionally even dative cases. However, regardless of the fact that casus generalis assumes a number of functions of various cases, in this transitional speech of the Kosovo-Resava zone all the seven cases still do preserve their flective forms. Instances of analytism are restricted, so that the synthetic structure of the morpho-syntactic linguistic level is not destroyed.

Управлението на Мануил II Палеолог (1391 – 1425), Османската им¬перия и Европа

Author(s): Nikolay Danev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The period of XIV and XV century is one of the most important for Balkan history. The Ottoman invasions of the Balkans predetermine the destiny of Bulgarians, Ottomans, Greeks, Serbs and a number of other nations, because Ottoman hegemony significantly alters the ethnic, religious and geopolitical outlook of Southeast Europe. One of the most memorable personalities of this period is the Byzantine Em¬peror Manuel II Paleologus (1391 – 1425), who in order to save his decaying state made a desperate move - on December 10, 1399, he sailed from Constantinople, aboard several Venetian galleys, to seek personal help from the rulers of the West. This adventure is one of the most romantic parts of Byzantium’s past, and to this day it is of great interest to historians. In this article we will explore some of the key points in this journey.

Урачыстае красамоўства св. Кірылы Тураўскага ў даследаваннях Вацлава Грыневіча

Author(s): Wołga Kryczko / Language(s): Belarussian / Issue: 07/2005

Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin,Svetlana E. Baksheeva,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Artur V. Kharinsky / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The Alestuy homestead site is located nine kilometers north-east from the Khirkhira Mongolian medieval town in East Baikal region. It consisted of a 1.5 m high filled-up platform with dimensions 17×28—32 m extended along the north-south line. The platform was surrounded by a low rectangular bank (0.3 m) with dimensions 71×71 m. The bank was oriented almost by the cardinal points. We have conventionally marked it as the main yard. Another 64×33 m rectangular banked area was annexed to the northern bank. We studied the northern and western parts of the homestead and the neighboring territory of the yard up to the bank. The total excavation area was 400 sq. m. Among the finds there were a large number of iron nails of various sizes, fragments of different iron and bronze goods, a flat arrowhead, a stone smoother, a fragment of a plowshare, bits of slag, fragments of a crucible, an iron lock, wheel hub liners, the rim and pieces of the walls of iron cauldrons, birch bark fragments with holes, dice made from tiles and some items made from rectangular tiles with holes. We also found 16 whole bricks. The most commonly spread material was the roof tiles. Typologically the tiles from the Alestuy homestead were compatible to the tiles from the Khirkhira town, Konduisky town, and had many features in common with the Narsatuy homestead from Buryatia and Den-Terek town from Tuva and Avarga from Mongolia.

Усадьба ювелира середины ХІІІ в. в Любече

Author(s): Olena M. Veremeychyk / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2016

The jeweler’s estate on the site Zamkova Gora in Lyubetch, which had been destroyed by fire in the middle of the 13th century, was investigated during 2010—2011. It was located on the northern part of the site, opposite to the driveway. The estate consisted of six different buildings, in which molds for jewelry, crucibles, anvil, silver bullions and cooper alloy bars were found. Remains of a high temperature oven with accumulation of glass bracelets and glassy mass inside were investigated in one building. It is possible that the craftsman, who lived in this estate, used to produce jewelry from non-ferrous materials and glass.

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара

Author(s): Denis Yu. Badeev / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Long-term complex archaeological work allowed to study a considerable area (2516 sq. m) in the central part of the Bolgar town of the Golden Horde period (100—160 m to the south-east from the Cathedral Mosque). Here, the remains of the unique monumental structure of the city bazaar (the middle of the 14th century) were discovered and studied. An important result of the work was the allocation of additional horizons in the strata of the Golden Horde layer of the 14th century, which makes it possible to date the objects associated with them with an accuracy of up to 30 years. Based on the analysis of the location of synchronous ground and buried objects, an attempt has been made to determine the boundaries of individual homesteads. The nature of the finds from the territory of the investigated complex of homesteads testifies that during the entire 14th century, an active handicraft activity was carried out related to copper-foundry, glass-working, jewelry, and also accompanying bone-carving production. During the existence of a city bazaar in the given territory (50—70s years of the 14th century), the activities of the inhabitants of the homesteads under consideration could be connected with the implementation of trade, as indicated by the numerous finds of merchandise inventory: plummets, elements of weights. An analysis of the density of buildings and the size of the established estates suggests that the area of the estates in the central part of the Golden Horde Bolgar decreased during the first half of the 14th century, and only the destructive events of the feudal war period stopped this trend.

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети

Author(s): Denis Yu. Badeev,Renat R. Valiev / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

A study of aboveground and dugout structures in the excavations territory (100-160 meters to the south-west of the Cathedral Mosque) enabled an attempt to single out urban homestead plots dating to the first half of the 14th century. A complex study of a large area (1912 sq. м), distinction of additional construction horizons within the clearly dated stratigraphic scale of the Bolgar hillfort, identification of the main street, as well as the location of certain dugout structures (cellars) and the study of their content made it possible to produce a spatial organization picture of Bolgar homesteads in the area and to determine the dimensions and space of at least one homestead plot.

Успение Кирилово в южнославянската православна традиция (= Кирило-Методиевски студии. Кн. 28. Кирило-Методиевски извори. Т. 3).

Author(s): Boyka Mircheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 2019

Since the moment of its discovery, the Short Vita of Cyril (Assumption of Cyril) has been incorporated in the Slavic Cyrillo-Methodian sources on a regular basis. Scholars exploring the work of Cyril and Methodius and their disciples have been using this text as a complement to their main research material. The text of Assumption of Cyril is significantly less explored in comparison to the rest of the Slavic Cyrillo-Methodian sources and so far there hasn’t been a complete edition of this important work based on all extant copies. This study seeks to collect, publish and explore all known copies of Assumption of Cyril contained in different types of codices. This, on the other hand, calls for examining the reasons for its inclusion in the manuscripts, in which it functions, thus forming a complete picture of the textual history of Assumption of Cyril in the context of the literary and cultural history of the Balkans. The drawn textological parallels don’t confirm the hypothesis of the text’s archaic nature. The dependence of the text on Vita Methodii suggested by some authors is not confirmed by the textological parallels either. The loci communes between the two works result from the influence of other, later Cyrillo-Methodian sources. It is possible that the compiler of Assumption of Cyril hadn’t known the text of Vita Methodii, at least he never used it. One of the reasons may be rooted in the fact that Vita Methodii was not as widely spread as Vita Cyrilli; moreover, no South-Slavic copies of this work have survived. The text of Assumption of Cyril bears closest similarities to its contemporaneous Assumption of Methodius, to which it is connected by numerous and close textological parallels. The fragment in BAS23 features the authentic text of Assumption of Cyril where the praise to the Bulgarian Orthodox Kingdom is preserved in the same form as it is found in two other works of the Tarnovo pre-Euthymian school: in the Life of Patriarch Joachim I and in Assumption of Methodius. The distinctive features of the work lead to the conclusion that the creation of the text of Assumption of Cyril should be related to the period of the restoration of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom and the rise of the Bulgarian Patriarchate in 1235, as part of the Tarnovo hagiographical cycle in praise of Bulgarian saints. Especially important are the copies of Moldovan origin of Assumption of Cyril, which account for half of the extant copies. There the praise to the Bulgarian Orthodox Kingdom has been reworked into a blessing to all orthodox kingdoms. The earliest witness of this textual tradition is preserved in the Collection of Gavriil Uric of 1439. It appears that political reasons have been behind the composition of the text, that it has been connected with works of the same period, in line with the same political and religious trend, as an outspoken advocacy of Bulgarian statehood and Orthodoxy. As testified by the copies, the text’s political line was used in its further life. Assumption of Cyril entered Romanian literature with the collections structured according to the Jerusalem Typikon and became one of the emblems of the political and religious identity in Moldova at the turn of the seventeenth century, remaining largely connected with the era of the Moldovan Metropolitan Anastasius Crimca. The book includes an edition of all extant copies: deciphered text and photocopies of the manuscripts.

Устройство и происхождение крепости Ландскрона на Неве

Author(s): Petr E. Sorokin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2019

The Landskrona fortress was built by the Swedish knights on the Neva River in the Novgorod Land in 1300. The Russian troops reached this stronghold and destroyed it in 1301. Architects from Rome took part in the fortress building and it was strongly fortified, as the Chronicle says. Large-scale excavations took place on the remains of Landskrona in 2006—2010.Landskrona was not a typical fortification made on a cape, as the documents witness. It was a regular fortress with two or three lines of moats and a square earth-wooden platform, with a wooden fortified structure in the centre. The wooden framework provided the basis for further regular constructions and prevented destruction of the platform. The plan of underground wooden structures marks the general design of the fortifications above the ground surface. The platform should have provided the conditions for construction of a regular stone fortress with a Convent House in its centre.This type of castles has been known since the late 13th century in the lands of the Teutonic order in Eastern Prussia and earlier in Southern Italy. In the 14th century, it appears in other lands of the Baltic States, including Livonia. Landskrona was one of the earliest and largest fortresses of that type in the Eastern Baltic region.

Устье Дуная на старинных портоланах

Author(s): Olena A. Radzihovska / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2010

The object of the study in the paper are some portolans, medieval maritime compass charts of the 14—17 centuries. The author emphasizes the need for comparison of their data with other sources. The importance of such a comparison lies in its potential for dating and locating historical and geographical realities of the Danube estuary and the adjacent territory. The analysis allows the author to make some suggestions about the number of medieval and modern toponyms.

Утицај законоправила Светог Саве на регулисање односа будућих брачних супружника у средњoвјековној српској држави

Author(s): Stanka Stjepanović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2011

By including translated Slavic text of Prohiron into Nomocanon, Saint Sava helped instill civil law (Greco-Roman) into the very foundations of Nemanjic state and raise awareness among the population of engagement (obručenje) as an essential component of the family and state. Saint Sava disseminated transcripts of Nomocanon which epilogue stated that each archbishop, presbyter and teacher is bound to know the Nomocanon and to teach it to others. He succedeed in making the Nomocanon widely accepted, so that the existing customs were gradually superseded. Thus, the Nomocanon of Saint Sava became foundation for civil and canon law of medieval Serbian state. The author strongly believes that it is an unfortunate mistake that in the past two centuries this unique legal transplant was insufficiently studied. Dusan’s Code makes mention of marriage on only three occasions in Articles 2, 3 and 9 which suggests that he did not feel marital law should be regulated by new provisions. Instead, he accepted the provisions about marriage made by the Byzantine Tzars and incorporated into Nomocanon of Saint Sava. This is also indicated by the occurence of transcripts of Nomocanon of Saint Sava following the adoption of Dusan’s Code, such as Sarajevo, Belgrade, Hilandar and Moraca transcripts. The very Serbian civil code adopted in 1844 cited the Book of Kormchy.

Участие византийской дипломатии в убийстве князя Святослава Игоревича

Author(s): Andrzej Paroń / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2009

The main purpose of this paper was to highlight the real role of the Byzantine diplomacy in the events of 971-972, closely combined with the Russian prince’s death. Having analyzed the main Byzantine and Russian sources (Leo the Deacon’s History, John Skylitzes’ and John Zonaras’ Cronicles, Povest’ vremennykh let’), the author states that Svyatoslav’s murder was the result of the Petchenegers’ independent political initiative. The nomads took vengeance on him for death of their fellow-tribesmen, Svyatoslav’s allies in the failed campaign against Byzantium (969-971), separatist peace-treaty with Constantinople and probably defeat by Kiev in 968. The victory over Svyatoslav gave the Byzantines chance to resume the good relationship with Rus’, typical for the time of Princess Olga’s regency (945-964). Therefore, Constantinople wasn’t interested in Svyatoslav’s death, but rather in his safe return to Rus’.

Феногеография одонтологических маркеров в средневековых популяциях Восточной Европы

Author(s): Vera F. Kashibadze,Olga G. Kashibadze / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2018

The study aims at highlighting the most relevant scenarios in the population history of medieval Eastern Europe on the base of dental markers. Compiled electronic phene-geographical maps of the two principal components loadings in 50 groups from the region bring the evidence of east markers domination and the localization of the complex in the Middle Volga region and in the Northern Pontic area. The second relevant combination concentrates in the Center of the Russian Plain and models the average dental status of the living Russians. The intensive expansion of this specific combination eastward and southward has resulted in the current population system in the region.

Феномен Ганзы: Ганзейское коммуникативное пространство: Международная конференция в Великом Новгороде

Author(s): M. B. Bessudnova,Marina Borisovna Bessudnova,Angela Huang Ling / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

Оn May 20-26, 2019the International Conference “TheHansa Phenomenon: Hanseatic Communicative Area” was held in the Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University. It was organized by Novgorod State University in cooperation with the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and with the support of the Russian Science Foundation. Researchers from Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Germany, Sweden highlighted various aspects of international interactions in the Hanseatic Area.

ФЕРНАНДО ЧЕКА КРЕМАДЕС О ПРОБЛЕМЕ ИСТОКОВ РЕНЕССАНСА В ИСПАНИИ

Author(s): Natalia Vasilievna Antonova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2016

The present paper looks at the interpretation of the Early Renaissance Spanish culture by Fernando Checa Cremades (1952), one of the contemporary Spanish scholars. The research aims to introduce the peculiar concept of Spanish Renaissance created by F. Checa to the Russian academic circles. It focuses on the way the Spanish historian explains the first steps of Renaissance on the Iberian Peninsula and his views regarding various aspects of the Spanish culture during the second half of the 15th century and the early 16th century. To achieve the set objective, methods that are typically employed by historians for studying national intellectual heritage are used. The problem is considered from different perspectives in order to assess the validity and reliability of the approach. Both primary and secondary scholarly sources along with data from the scholarly debates on the subject are utilized to better understand the studied problem. The specific features of F. Checa’s conception are identified and the importance of his contribution into the Spanish and international tradition of studying the Renaissance culture is demonstrated by comparing the ideas presented by F. Checa with those expressed by Russian and European hispanists. The information provided in the present paper can be of interest both for historians and historiog-raphers, since it helps to gain an insight into the Spanish Renaissance culture and the contemporary Iberian intellectual tradition of understanding the past.

Феудална својина

Author(s): Miroslav Milošević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1-4/2001

The term ,,property‘‘ has frequently been additionally qualified (,,private‘‘, ,,collective‘‘, etc.) due to its broad usage in various non-legal contexts. However, ,,property‘‘ is, in its legal sense, a unique technical notion, inherited with no essential changes from the Roman law. It is the Medieval theory of dual property (dominium directum and dominium utile) that gave rise to a widespread belief that the ,,feudal property‘‘ is the only alternative which deserves to be qualified as a ,,concept‘‘. Relying on the research by Lautz, Meynial and Feenstra, the author concludes that the relationship between the Medieval theory of dual property and the feudal land-based relationships is not as easy as it may seem at first. The theory of dominium utile has been created by Roman law jurists, primarily aimed at logical and consistent interpretation of Roman terms, with due respect to the original terminology, despite the terminological mess and dogmatic ambiguity of Roman texts. It is only with French jurists of the 13th and 14th centuries that this theory was given such a form which was capable of adequately expressing all the complexity of the feudal agrarian system and the Medieval perception of property.

Фибула как инсигния в западноевропейском костюме

Author(s): Natalia V. Zhilina / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

In Byzantium, brooches lost the meaning of insignia because of other regalia in development and of a rational design of clothing. But in Western Europe, the status role of large fibula remained during the developed Middle Ages. This is evidenced by all kinds of sources: written, graphic, material. Large, expensive, luxuriously ornamented brooches had the value of insignia.In preserving of the role of central brooches as status ones, one can see the striking feature of the ceremonial dress of the rulers and the higher social stratum of Western Europe. But here the brooches shared the fate of this jewelry category: they transit from the function of fastening to the decorative role and transmit their decorative form to large buttons.