Ὁ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος L’HONNÊTE HOMME DANS LES MIROIRS DES PRINCES BYZANTINS

Author(s): Simona Nicolae / Language(s): French / Issue: 4/2018

This research aims at drawing out the portrait of the Byzantine emperor, as a character in the mirror of princes. The analysis shows that the humanness and the morality of the basileus are more and more important throughout the history of the Empire, to the detriment of his political dimension. The image of the emperor is highlighted by two effigies which overlap: one of them is diverse and brings together various qualities, the other is a sketch of the man simply beautiful and good, stripped of any particular trait, like the ideal of the classical Athens. We have explored the semantic areas which designate the qualities recommended to the prince (concerning the physical lineaments, the mind, the soul and the religiousness). We have also examined the monochrome portrait, which unfolds a human archetype with a “quantitative” side (defined by the notion of μέγεθος) and a “qualitative” one expressed by adjectival structures such as πλαττόμενος, τελειός). An extremely simple lexical formula, καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθός, crowns the image being analysed. The emperor must be, after all, the wise or rather honest man, with no degree of comparison, with no useless determiner, morally beautiful and good in the aesthetic vision of the Antiquity, for which morals and aesthetics were never dissociated.

Један незапажени податак о властелинској породици Паштровић

Author(s): Nebojša Porčić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 27/2006

Essay

Јубилеј Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1819–2019) – едиције извора за историју Западне Европе у Средњем веку

Author(s): Ivica Čairović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3/2019

This research should inform Serbian public about an important edition Monumenta Germaniae Historica, where – for two hundred years – were published sources about the history of western Europe and that greatly helps researchers of historical circumstances and the facts observed from a proper scientific methodology. In this way, almost two centuries has matured itself historical methodology in the context of history as a science, and has influenced the creation of new generations of researchers in the all world; which are, in the 21st century with the the Internet opportunities, able to access historical sources when writing about from State and Church topics in the medieval history of Western Europe. In the year of Jubilee, two centuries of the edition – Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1819–2019), this Institute boasts excellent cooperation with – perhaps the world’s largest Publishing House (Brepols) in the presentation of scientific research in the area of philosophy, history and theology. Also the Institute with Brepols may announce the possibility of a modern, simple and fast access to all publications published under their auspices, and to allow all international universities and institutes studing the sources of the history of medieval Western Europe.

Элементы всаднической и дружинной культуры II—III вв. в Поднепровье

Author(s): Oleg A. Radjush / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2013

The present article is devoted to recently discovered categories of warriors' enamel goods: spurs, whips and drinking horns. The author fixes the main territories of their distribution in upstream of the Niemen, upstream and middle stream of the Dnieper. Most part of the presented goods belongs to so called stray finds and it makes the purpose of research in chronology and ethnicity more complicated. The present typology of spurs is based on morphological signs. Three variants are singled out. The first (I) variant is characterized by simple bail, the second (II) — by platforms and crosscut bar; the third (III) — by bosses and rossettes on bail. Spurs were mostly bimetallic: their body was made of bronze, and their calk was produced of iron. The chronology of the spurs is based on direct analogies from European Barbaricum. The earliest appear at B2 phase, the peak of their advance is dated to C1, the latest ones continue to exist at C2 and C3 phases.Finds of drinking horns decorated with enamel demonstrate possible existence of warriors' festive culture. Bimetallic whips also made part of the military outfit; they seem to find prototypes in the Roman Empire, where from they spread and further develop in Northern Europe until 11th c. AD.

Элитный конский убор у населения лесостепного варианта салтово-маяцкой культуры: разнообразие в единстве

Author(s): Victor S. Aksenov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2019

At present, within the boundaries of the forest-steppe variant of the Saltov-Mayaki cultural area, such funerary sites have been discovered, where three burial rites are represented: inhumations in earthen catacombs, inhumations in earth pits, and cremation of the dead. This indicates presence of several ethnic groups. As suggested by the materials from the warrior-riders’ burials of different ethnic groups, at the stage of the formation of the Saltov-Mayaki culture (the second half of the 8th — the beginning of the 9th centuries), two elite horse attires were present here, that can be called “Alan” and “Turkic”. They differed by their form, composition and methods by which ornamental elements of horse belts were fastened, as well as by the material from which they were made. At the beginning of the 9th century, the elite harness set is unified, metal ornaments of horse belts are decorated with floral ornaments. The so-called “Saltov” horse attires start spreading, putting together all the elements of jewelry that formerly were specific features of the “Alan” and “Turkic” attire.

Энколпион с композицией «Распятие. Пророк Илия» из Довмонтова города Пскова

Author(s): Zoja V. Prusakova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2014

The article is a publication of an enkolpion which was found by V. D. Beletski during the excavation of Dovmont's City in Pskov in 1966. The cross is kept at the Department of Russian culture in the State Hermitage. The cross was found in a child’s grave from the burial ground found on the territory of Dovmont's City. The grave was situated near temples no. 2 and 3 which were built in the second half of the 14th century. In the researcher’s opinion, the burial ground functioned from the end of the 14th century till the middle of the 16th century. Most burials there might have been caused by an epidemic or a pestilence in 1465—1466. On the obverse of the enkolpion, there are relief images of the crucifixion in the centre and paired images of saints on medallions. On the reverse side, there are paired images of saints on medallions and of Prophet Eliya in the centre (9.5 × 6.8 × 1.0 cm). This type of enkolpion is widely represented on the monuments which date back to the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century. However, the specimen from Pskov is one of the best due to its clear images and legible signs. It makes possible to identify saints’ images on the medallions and specify their iconographic features. The examined cross can be dated by the end of the 14th century the earliest (the supposed time of the burial ground formation) or rather within the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries (by analogy).

Эпиграфические памятники XV в. из Белгородской крепости

Author(s): Andrew V. Krasnozhon / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2013

At the beginning of 2013 in the Kherson Regional Museum, the author found a collection of epigraphic plates of the 15th c. from the Belgorod on the Dniester, which was considered lost for more than 100 years. Three plates contain inscriptions in Old Slavonic, one — in Greek. Three of them are surely relate to the walls of the fortress and can be used to refine the chronology of the defense complex.The text on the first plate of 1440 indicates an autonomous position of Belgorod in Moldavian state during the reign of Stefan II. The appearance of this plate is associated with the construction of the southern line-walls of the Military court in anticipation of an expected Tatar raid.The second plate — 1454 — was removed from the walls of one of the towers of the Military court. The text tells about the fortification works undertaken by pan Stanchul, awaiting of the attack the Turkish fleet of Temir-Kai.The third plate, presented by N. E. Afanasyev, has no relation to the fortress. Probably, it belonged to the Moldavian church of 15th century in Belgorod (“Greek” church) and was established in 1480 to celebrate the end of the construction of the monastery (or a church).The fourth plate from Main (Kiliya) gate dates to 1484, and was established during the renovation of the tower in anticipation of the Turkish siege of Belgorod by Sultan Bayazid II. This plate is an unique example in the document of 15th c. of the Moldavian Principality, bacause it is dated by AD.The author proposes a new reading of the texts, which differs from the one previously suggested by other researchers, and clarifies some dates of the plates.

Эпоха Улуса Джучи в Северо-Западном Причерноморье и город Акджа Керман

Author(s): Gregory S. Boguslavsky / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The author examines political, economic and ethno-cultural developments in North-Western Pontic Area after the Mongol conquest and establishment of the Golden Horde (Jochi’s Ulus). He specially focuses on issues of urbanization of these territories in the Golden Horde Period, and first of all on the city of Akja Kerman (modern Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi). It is commonly accepted now that development of urban centers in the North-Western Pontic Area under the Golden Horde started during Nogay’s Ulus (1270—1302). It was the time when such forts as Jangi-Shekhr (Old Orhei) and Costesti appeared in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester Rivers, and Chilia and Isaccea in the Danube Region; the first account of Bilhorod dates to the same period (1290). The author reviews documents containing data on political status and economic development of this city, its ethnic and confessional groups under the Golden Horde’s rule, and its accession by Moldavia in late 14th c.

Этногенез волохов, предков молдаван, по данным археологии (историографический аспект)

Author(s): Gheorghii B. Fyodorov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/1999

The monograph Ethnogenesis of the Vlachs, Moldovans’ Ancestors, According to the Archaeological Data (Historiographical Aspect) was written by G.B. Fyodorov, famous scientist of Soviet period, in the beginning of 1980s, but owing to circumstances beyond the author’s control has still not been published. The monograph still preserves its scientific value. It deals with a critical analysis of Romanian historiography of 50s–70s dedicated to the issue of reconstruction of the Vlachs’ ethno-genesis on basis of archaeological researches. Fyodorov revealed a radical change in the opinions on the Vlachs’ ethno-genesis, accompanied by a complete “withdrawal” or limitation of the Slavic role in the ethno-genesis of the Eastern Roman peoples. Fyodorov distinguishes three basic stages in the ethno-genesis of the Eastern Roman peoples: First: from the turn of bronze – iron ages till I century A. D. includes creation of the Thracian ethnic unity, distinction of the two close related tribes – the Gets and the Dacians. Second: from II century A. D. till V century A. D. includes the Roman Conquest of the Dacia and romanisation of the Gets and the Dacians in Dacia and Moesia Inferior. Third: from VI century A. D. till the first centuries of II millennium A. D. – the period of Slavic settlements in Balkan and Danube lands; their participation in the ethno-genesis of the Eastern Romans as the third important element of the latter; assimilation of the Slavs by the romanised population as the last and final stage in the Eastern Roman ethno-genesis. The author is realistic about modest possibilities of the Archaeology concerning the issue of the Eastern Roman ethno-genesis study, yet he believes that the researches in this direction must be continued.

Этногеография Булгарской области Золотой Орды (по археологическим материалам)

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses peoples who lived on the territory of Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde in 13th—14th centuries, which can be proven by archaeological sources. Thus, these data suggest that along with the Bulgar this territory was populated by the Russians, Mordvins, Mari, Armenians, and part of this territory was occupied by the Kipchaks and, probably, by the Mongols, who settled there after their military raids. All these peoples closely interacted between themselves. At the same time, there were also some small local ethnic groups, such as the Permians and the Udmurts, who managed to preserve their identity. As a whole, Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde was multiethnic, which continued the tradition formed before the Mongol invasion.

Этнографические материалы для изучения древнерусского костюма Верхневолжья

Author(s): Yulia V. Stepanova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2010

The elements of Ancient Russian female costume are considered in the article. They are reconstructed by using evidence collected from the burials in the Upper Volga area dated by 11—13 cc. The ancient costume elements find analogies in ethnographic costume of Tver area in 18—19 cc. Headdresses with high front part and cylindrical are localized in the western part of Upper Volga territory, proved by both archeological, and ethnographic material. Sarafan-like clothes were found in the burials of the western and eastern part of the Upper Volga area. In this territory dresses with straps (18—19 cc.) preserved the archaic cut. In the east of the Upper Volga region the archaic clothes with straps can be connected with the Finno-Ugric component in the rural population, both in 11—13, and 16—19 centuries.

Ювелирные производственные комплексы X века вблизи Преслава. Технологии производства

Author(s): Stela Doncheva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2017

Systematic archaeological excavations over the last decade led to discovery of three production complexes in the vicinity of Preslav (the second Bulgarian capital). No similar specialized jewelry centers had been known on the territory of Bulgaria. This discovery marked the beginning of a new direction in the Bulgarian medieval archaeology, which will find a proper place for the studies of the well organized process of metal art. The importance of this activity is suggested not only by the territorial distribution of the jewelry complexes across the area from 40 acres (the jewelry complex in Zlatar) to 170 acres (the jewelry complex in Novosel), but also by other artefacts uncovered during the excavations. More than 3,000 metal objects were found. They give an impression about the leading trends in the development of metal art in the 9th — 10th centuries. The three production centers functioned in the first half and the middle of the 10th century.

ЮЖНОСЛАВЯНСКИ ИЗБОРНИ ПРЕПИСИ НА СКИТСКИЯ ПАТЕРИК

Author(s): William Feder / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 17/2017

Five South Slavic excerpt versions of the Scete Paterikon (all 14th c.) are examined with a view to establish the sources of their selections. Three of them are definitely, the fourth probably, copied from the 9th–century Glagolitic protograph, kept at Ohrid. The fifth (cod. Rila NMRM 2/25) copies a hitherto unknown 9/10th–century Glagolitic compilation, entitled “slovesa dushepoleznaya sventyh otec”, which had access to the protograph before it lost its first 6–7 quires. Together with the seven known full copies of the protograph they have important contributions to make to the task of reconstructing the idiolect of a 9th–c. reader in North–East Bulgaria, who profusely annotated the text and was poweful enough to ensure that all of his annotations superseded the original translation in the copies produced on his watch.

Южнославянские влияния в украинском диалекте с. Булаешты (зона Орхейских Кодр) и проблема их интерпретации

Author(s): Aleksey A. Romanchuk / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2009

The paper presents some results of ethnographical and linguistic investigations, which have been held since 2004 in micro zone Bulaeshty-Lopatna-Myrzachy (R. Moldova, Orhei dis.) by «Fun Anthropology» Research Center. The main conclusions are that the Bulaesty language is closely connected with some dialects of Ukrainian language from the Carpathian region. There are strong differences between these dialects and Bulaesty dialect as well. These differences show that relations between them disappeared not later than at the beginning of 16th century. On the other hand, we find some influences from the South Slavic languages in Bulaesty dialect which do not exist in Romanian language and some other Ukrainian dialects. So, the author suggests that the only interpretation of this fact is that these influences had their effect before the appearance of medieval Moldavian state. And we should consider that this Bulaesty population is connected by origin with some pre-Moldavian population of this region.

Юрий Михайлович Лесман (1954—2013)

Author(s): Serge V. Beletsky / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2014

Язык исторического источника и социальная действительность: средневековый билингвизм

Author(s): Aron Gurevich / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/1975

Проблема перехода от исторического источника к действительности, которую он отражает отнюдь не «зеркально», преломляя ее в сложной призме мировмдения своего автора, дополнительно усложняется применительно к западноевропейскому средневековью еще и вследствие разрыва, существовавшего между языком письменности и языком, применяемым в живой речи.

Языковидные фибулы: происхождение и стилистика

Author(s): Vladimir I. Kulakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

South-Eastern Baltic; Vikings’ age; tongue-shaped fibulae; Jelling style

Ямболският надпис на господин Шишман, брат на цар Йоан Александър, от 1356/1357 г.

Author(s): Nicolay Sharankov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The article presents a revised edition of the medieval Bulgarian inscription from Yambol dated to AD 1356–1357, now kept at the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia (inv. no. 555). The inscription was found in 1885 and has since been published and commented numerous times, but the readings of the text proposed by different editors are proven to have contained some inaccuracies. It is now shown that Shishman, who erected the inscription, was not the son of a non-existing brother of Bulgarian king John Alexander named Michael, as believed before, but was himself brother of the king, with the title милос[т(иѫ)] б(ож)иѫ г(осподи)нь, ‘Lord by God’s grace’ (lines 2–3). He was apparently given the name Shishman after his maternal grandfather, the Vidin ruler Shishman. Two signs after the name of the town in line 5, hitherto considered as ornaments/separation marks, are revealed to be two letters forming a case ending: прѣд дѫбилинѡм. Another correction is proposed for the reading of the protective clause in the second part of the inscription (line 7).

Ян Хус и Константин Костенечки: някои паралели

Author(s): Anna-Maria Totomanova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian / Issue: 53-54/2016

This paper proves that Jan Hus and Constantine Kostenečki—two refromers of the early 15th c. whose activities seem to be rather similar at first sight—had completely different approaches to the language question. Jan Hus was a pioneer in his fight to introduce the Czech language as a language of the Holy Scriptures, whereas Constantine Kostenečki strived to reform a written language with more than a five-century long history. Unlike Hus, who according to the extant sources hardly knew anything about Serbia, Constantine had enough information about the Hussite movement and the political situation in the Czech lands, since his sovereign, despot Stefan Lazarevič, was a vassal to the Hungarian King, Holy Roman Emperor Sigizmund, and took part in the anti-Hussite military campaign of 1421. And even though Constantine created the norms of Resava School which for centuries influenced the Orthodox written tradition while Hus’s ideas came to fruition only after his death, Constantine Kostenečki remained deeply rooted in the Middle Ages whereas Jan Hus came to be seen as a precursor of the Modern Age.

صورة الحاكم في أشعار الأمراء الأموي ين في الأندلس

Author(s): Ousama EKHTIAR / Language(s): Arabic / Issue: 12/2016

This research is interested in studying the poetry of Umayyad Princes of Andalusia, in the ages of both Umayyad Emirate and the Umayyad Caliphate ones. The aim of this study is to provide a picture of the princes of Umayyad in Andalusia through what came to us from poetry; it is no secret that this will be important because it is a historical document recorded by the prince or caliph tongue. And through it; we can imagine the political, social and cultural conditions in the Umayyad emirate's age and the Caliphate age. We will compare those poems and come in the historical sources of those prince's biographies, look between the poetries and the sources of consensus and differences. We will discuss the cases of princes in poetries of Umayyad princes from three aspects: • Nostalgia in poetries of Umayyad princes in Andalusia. • The method of consolidating the state in Andalusia through poetry. • Pride in their poetries and its relation to governance.