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This paper is devoted to Eastern Slavonic pagan sanctuaries and their priests. This issue has been little studied by Russian researchers. The purpose of the investigation is historical reconstruction of the pagan cult system specifics of our ancestors in the pre-Christian age. The source analysis of the problem has been carried out. The biased criticism of the currently available basis for source studying of Ancient Rus during the pre-Mongolian period has been revealed. The following methods have been used to fulfill the above purpose: comparative philosophical religious and comparative analytical analysis, as well as such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, generalization, individualization, and historical narration. While working on the paper, both written and archaeological sources have been used. The written sources date back to the 6th – 17th centuries, including data on the cult system of the early Slavs in the pagan and early Christian epochs. They are native chronicles of the 11th – 14th centuries (Primary Chronicle, Hypatian Codex, and Novgorod First Chronicle), Lives of Saints, Legend of Yaroslavl Foundation. The materials of foreign authors of the 9th – 11th centuries (Ibn-Fadlan, Adam of Bremen) have been also considered. Archaeological data have been also carefully analyzed: materials of the excavation at East Slavonic settlements, sanctuaries, and warriors’ mounds. Using the vast scope of historical data, the peculiarities of keeping small family sanctuaries, sanctuary settlements, city sacred centers and its priests have been reconstructed. The main peculiarities of pagan cult in cities have been discovered. The hierarchy of priests has been identified. Special attention has been paid to regular financing of a city sanctuary in the city of Kiev, when Vladimir, the Prince of Kiev, issued the corresponding order in 980.
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The article focuses on the first Bulgarian-Wallachian diplomatic marriage, which was concluded to cement a military political alliance between Bulgaria and the Wallachian voevode Ivanko Basarab. The interests of the allies were united by the presence of a common enemy – Hungary. Mihail Shishman, at that time ruler of the Vidin Despotate, was the main acting figure on Bulgarian part. The marriage was the result of his diplomatic efforts, which were also beneficial to the overlord Theodore Svetoslav. The alliance with the most powerful Wallachian voevode was designed to prevent Hungary to expand at the expense of the Trans-Danubian Bulgarian lands and in general the goal was achieved despite some losses in Severin. The author traces also Ivanko Basarab’s policy of manoeuvring between Hungary and Bulgaria that helped him to defend his interests, pressured by his powerful neighbours and eventually allowed him to start building his own independent state.
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Изучив историю монетного дела византийской Таврики, мы проследили преобразования, произошедшие в сфере денежного обращения на полуострове. В результате удалось определить периоды существования устойчивых систем: гемифоллиса, фоллиса и так называемого «анонимного фоллиса». Было установлено количество эмиссионных центров и локализована большая часть из них.
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Уже не первое поколение исследователей изучает древние памятники Горного Крыма. В том числе и самые заметные, а, следовательно, известные и посещаемые — т.н. «пещерные города». Как правило, они расположены на южных склонах Внутренней гряды Крымских гор. «Пещерные города» протянулись цепью от среднего течения р. Альмы до устья р. Черной (рис. 1).
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Мы не можем основываться исключительно на результатах исследования пещер у Южных ворот и должны учесть артефакты из слоя, образовавшегося ниже их по склону. Есть все основания считать, что он стек с поверхности плато, и, в таком случае, может содержать предметы, используемые священнослужителями, создавшими изучаемый культовый комплекс. Кроме того, изучение содержания слоев, образовавшихся в пещерах после их оставления, позволяет датировать это событие. Учитывая эти обстоятельства, опишем артефакты, найденные М. Я. Чорефом во время раскопок изучаемого пещерного комплекса.
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The aim of the article is to asses the presentation of medieval tombstones –stećci as the one of the most significant cultural monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its neighborhood in Middle Ages in the textbooks. The analysis has been conducted on the textbooks created by the present curricula for history education in Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the three languages (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian). The main question that is raised is to whom the stećci belong to and in what extent the contents of the textbooks are influenced by ideologies and in what extent they are presented as a cultural-historical and common value.
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Since the Middle Age, the icons of Eastern Slovakia have often contained the elements of Western art that have undergone transformation and adaptation following the needs of the Byzantine-Slavic liturgical ceremony. Graphics and painting of the Renaissance and Baroque periods enriched not only the ornamentation, but also the iconography of many icons and wall paintings of the churches in Eastern Slovakia as an integral part of post-Byzantine art.
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Views of most Polish archaeologists and some historians on the beginnings of the Polish state have been radically changed within the last twenty-five years. Therefore, it is possible to speak about an emergence of the new model which can explain the formation process of the state of the first Piasts better. Progress in the archaeological research have contributed to this change as well as enabled not only to distinguish new and for the early Piast period also significant sites and objects, but also to reanalyse already known material. The most crucial factor which has revolutionary influenced the knowledge concerning this period has been a wide application of the absolute dating (by dendrochronology as well as radiocarbon dating) which has enabled to verify – mostly negatively – older hypotheses as well as to provide more reliable grounds for those more recent ones. The older model of the Polish State emergence was created in the 1950s and 1960s, in the period of so-called millennial research which had been generously supported by the contemporary state power. A basic methodological directive was an acceptance of a gradual and evolutionary concept of the social development in Polish lands. Current Polish research on this issue has created a basis for an almost general consensus with an overall view on the issue. At the same time, there are many various solutions as far as individual questions are concerned. However, I suppose that this consensus is grounded on two false assumptions: that the state emergence should be equated with an abrupt development of fortified settlements building and secondly, that the Piast power domain had been centralized and ruled by a single ruler since its beginnings. A rejection of bases of the older "millennial" concept is currently only illusory as even newer opinions refer to the evolutionary vision of a social structures´ development. The difference is that these views perceive mechanisms and speed of this evolution in the first millennium of our era in a different manner.
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The process of domination of the Mirdasi State (1024-1080), corresponds to the Turks in the most intensive and most effective activities in the Aleppo region. A good analysis of this period provides us with access to serious information about the arrival of the Turks in the Aleppo region and their settlement. In the process, many Turkish commanders came to the region together, either alone or in conjunction with Arab tribes have been in activities. The Turks have also become a nation that has been most benefited from its military capabilities in the region and has been brought to the posts such as the military command and governorate. As we will see in this study, Since the 11th century, the states that took back the support of the Turks in the region have made their situation in the region stronger. At the end of this process that the Turks were so active, the Aleppo region was totally handed over to the Turks through the Great Seljuk State.
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This study deals with changes and reversals in Hussite Wars´ interpretations which have been presented by the Slovak historiography since the 1960s until now. The Hussite Wars and their influence have been one of the most important topics of both Czech and Slovak national histories, either based on a nationalistic or class viewpoint. These wars were incorporated in both socialistic and nationalistic narrative. Because of this reason, interpretative variations of this topic reflected changes of contemporary social and historical conditions more than changes of scientific paradigms. This paper analyses how interpretations of individual historical events or personalities were changing essentially in dependence on ideological changes (e.g. even in works of the same historian). The source base remained almost unaltered, though. The interpretations have been developing according to the ideological transformations in Czechoslovak and Slovak society, including changes of official ideological dogmata of the Communist power applied in historiography. Interpretations in the last half of the century have been determined by the presence of two main ideologems: the ideologem of the class conflict and the ideologem of the Czech-Slovak unity. The year 1993 was a significant milestone as the state ideology was changed and both former ideologems lost their place within the Hussite Wars´ interpretation. The topic itself lost its exclusive position in the Slovak historiography and the national narrative either. As far as the perception of the Hussite Wars in Slovakia is concerned, after decades of a positive (though internally contradictory) evaluation, the negative assessment has started to prevail.
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Being as it is in all around the archaeological research carried out in 2013- 2014. Found a lot of new archaeological materials during the investigation. They were systematized and compared. Being around the Gamigaya of archaeological monuments and inscriptions has been proven to be one of the oldest residential areas. Being around the Gamigaya of archaeological investigations new monuments, archaeological materials archaeological research in this area at any time of obtaining evidence that is relevant topics.
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In pre-Islamic Turkish mythology, there is belief in existence of guardian genies which express the faith into secret natural powers, and such eudemons were called iye. Among the supernatural evil spirits, Erlik is the primary one, which brings every kind of evil, illness and death to people and which is composed of scary shaped creatures and demons. In Mesopotamian cultures, such imaginary creatures were believed to be winged creatures protecting the king. Assyrians had winged guardian demons with either human head or eagle head (griffon), which were called as apkallu. In Greek and Roman mythologies, non-physical concepts called as Psykheler were found, which were forest and water Nymphs. According to Islam, it is believed that there are follower angels acting with the order of Allah and protecting the person by moving with him/her. In Turkish-Islamic culture, demons and evil creatures have been formed with mixture of Turkish, Indian, Persian, Mesopotamian mythologies and Christian beliefs. On inscriptions belonging to Turks during Middle Age or following periods, especially on metal works, such imaginary creatures were depicted frequently. The objective of this study is to examine ten coins belonging to Mosul Zengid Atabeg Kutbeddin Mevdud and his son Seyfeddin Gazi II and included in Mardin Museum. Related coins constitute an interesting group with the image of guardian genie (or angel) image on them. It has been seen that usage of such kind of coins did not end upon death of Kutbedding Mevdud; his son Seyfeddin Gazi II continued to use them for a while.
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The copper trachy coin included in the Tunay Demran Collection is a rare find that was issued by Theodoros Mancaphas of Philadelphia after he revolted against the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople to proclaim himself emperor. Theodoros Mancaphas minted his own coinage and engraved his name on it to maintain his official governance in the region, and he received military support from Philadelphia and its surroundings, which indicates the chaos in Western Anatolia and the weakness of the empire's authority in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. In this period, the Byzantine Empire was economically and politically weakened, and uprisings and riots in various regions foreshadowed the demolition of the Empire by the Fourth Crusade. Electron and billon aspron trachy coins attributed to Theodoros Mancaphas are very important since they are rare finds and their iconography and legend forms differ from those of Byzantine coinage. Numismatists have different views on these electron and billon coins, which emerged under the political, economic and social conditions of the late 12th and early 13th centuries and are attributed to Theodoros Mancaphas, the rebel. In the extant studies, these coins were classified in accordance with two different views and various opinions. In our study, numismatists’ opinions on the ruler to whom these coins should be attributed will be examined, and their circulation by Theodoros Mancaphas for a while will be discussed and accompanied with this rare coin find–whose copper version has yet to be published–in the Tunay Demran Collection.
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Today toys that comes to mind firstly issues child health, natural materials that damageless to health, safe forms and use, attractive appearance and ergonomic design. Modern technology is wealth that can meet all these demands. However, clay has become one of the most strong material centuries ago. Extant Dolls, Horses, Chariots are a few examples that remain in the production of this kind from Ancient Egyptian, Hittite, Ancient Greek Era. According to surviving findings, similar objects are also made medieval İslamic geography. These produced with common materials and techniques in their age, reflect ethnographic characteristics, lifestyle and clothing in the region in which they occur as well as shed light on some cultural traditions. This article researched Ceramic-Trinket Toys in that period, examined the applied techniques in the construction and decoration, put forward some estimates based on the form and size in terms of usage.
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