Християнизация Руси и опыты „исповеда о себе”

Author(s): Ludmiła Łucewicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 173/2021

The article is devoted to confession as the primary form of autobiography. The author connects the experiences of self-understanding of the ancient Russian man with the sacrament of repentance, rooted in Russia along with Christianization. Attempts at self-determination of a person are considered on the basis of three texts of Spiritual Literacy and Confession by Hegumen of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery Euphemia Turkova, Tales of the Life of Martyri Zelenetsky, Life of the Protopop Avvakum. As the study shows, confession is almost always determined not only by the need or necessity of repentance before God, but also by attempts to comprehend one’s own life, creating a “history of one’s subjectivity”, which includes various forms of “confessing oneself.” The confessionality of Russian authors includes attempts at reflection, elements of introspection and autobiography, prayer, edification, preaching of religious morality, etc. Through the introduction of Christianity to a man of Ancient Russia, the secret of his own personality began to be revealed.

Хришћански идеал државе у четвртом веку и данас: Св. Константин и посткомунистичко доба

Author(s): Slaviša Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2014

The aim of this article is to present vision on engagement of Church within state in 4 century which in Orthodoxy usually has seen as ideal century. Therefore, it is draw parallel of Church-State relations between 4 century and in modern time: Christianity first became permitted religion and finally public religion. Accent is laid upon theological definition of Church-State relationship which is mostly formed by Constantine court theologian Eusebius of Cesarea likewise on arise of cesaropapism which has produced modern myths of ideal state with God chosen ruler, even persist today in traditionally Orthodox countries and through that analysis to perceive functioning Orthodox Church in modern democratic society. In this article it is also investigate is that kind of theological vision natural to Orthodox in itself and what would be the role of main religion in public sphere in post secularist era.

Хроника жизни «Хронографа»

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

(Proceedings of the archaeological seminarium founded by M. B. Shchukin)

Хронологическая последовательность мегалитических погребальных комплексов энеолита в кургане у пгт. Великая Александровка

Author(s): Marina Daragan,Sergey V. Polin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 13/2021

The emergence of the earliest burial mounds in the Eneolithic of the North Pontic steppes (3900/3800—3500/3400 BCE) was accompanied by the construction of the earliest megalithic structures — cromlechs, the circular structures of which consisted of vertically installed stone slabs combined with stone chamber burials, cist burials, and pit burials covered with stones. Similar structures continued to be built in the Pit Graves (Yamnaya) Culture period; but for how long they were used back then and what were the burial structure types they related with are the issues so poorly understood to date. Currently, all these megalithic structures are not visible on the surface of the burial mounds, since they are hidden from view beneath later earth structures built above Pit Graves Culture burials. When studying how such megaliths were built, stage by stage, one has the most effective tool at one’s disposal to reveal the cultural genesis of various burial traditions as they have emerged in a particular area. Among various burial structures ever discovered in the steppe zone of the Northern Black Sea region, the earliest burials explored in the burial mound No.1 near Velikaya Alexandrovka are of special significance. Here, the earliest burials of the Velikaya Alexandrovka Mound (No.22-24, and No.7) with associated megalithic structures (stone circles No.1 & No.2) are discussed. Also, zoomorphic images representing an aurochs and a scene with dogs chasing a wild boar were found engraved on two slabs from the cromlech No.1. The article introduces Eneolithic burials recovered in the mound, a graphic reconstruction of the appearance of the cromlechs associated with them, and the results of morphometric analysis of images engraved on cromlech slabs. The cultural and chronological attribution of the burials is considered in detail. Particular attention is paid to the position cist burials have held within the stratigraphy of the Pit Graves burial mounds as well as to the patterns by which cist burials and cromlechs were associated. The following data are considered: (1) cromlech structures of the Eneolithic and those encircling Pit Graves Culture burials; (2) cromlechs enclosing Eneolithic burials and Pit Graves Culture cists together; (3) cist burials located on the tops of Eneolithic burial mounds; (4) cist burials introduced into Eneolithic mounds; (5) chief burials in ornamented cists with no stone structures encircling them; (6) cist burials made on the surface of mounds of the Pit Graves Culture period, and (7) cist burials introduced into Pit Graves Culture mounds.

Хронология амфорных клейм Херсонеса конца IV — начала III вв. до н. э. (исследование комплексов и комплексные исследования)

Author(s): Oleg V. Fateev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

The author studies Chersonesos amphora stamps found in different complexes in the North-Western Crimea, the Lower Dnieper area and the Bosporus, and offers a chronological sequence of 31 magistrates. The analysis of Sinope stamps from these complexes has shown that they refer to the astynomes from magistrate groups IIIB-C and IV. This allows synchronising the stamps of Sinope and Chersonesos types. The absolute chronology of Sinope stamps reveals that the activity of magistrate 31 is to be dated within the time span of 315—280 BC. The catalogue of Chersonesos amphora stamps from the Lower Dnieper area is annexed to the article.

Хронология и распространение золотых нашивных бляшек в раннескифское время (VIII—VII вв. до н. э.)

Author(s): Anja Hellmuth Kramberger / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

As a characteristic of the Scythian cultural-circle the custom can be described to decorate clothes, weapons and horseharness, quivers and vessels of wood and ceramics with small golden appliques. In this paper on the one hand the dating of those Kurgans with golden appliques in the Early Scythian Period (8th—7th century BC) shall be discussed, and on the other hand the distribution of finds in the North Pontic Region and in the neighboring and more distant regions as well. Because it can be established, that identical golden appliques as in kurgans of the Middle Dnieper and the North Caucasus occur also in the Eastern Hallstatt region in grave finds of the late 8th/early 7th century BC, primarily in the Slovenian Doljensko. For some of the findings of gold appliques based on the archaeological findings we can establish that they were placed as ornaments on headdresses, and anthropological studies show that in the majority, these are the burials of women. The golden appliques were apparently reserved for a group of women of a special status. Parallels in the Near East as in the royal tombs at Nimrud/Kalhu can be pointed out. According to inscriptions, they belonged to Assyrian queens and we can interpret the outstanding female burials of the North Pontic region in a similar way as queens or priestesses. Maybe even some of the burials represent the exchange of women to stabilize political alliances.

Хронология культуры Басарабь по данным орнаментации на керамической посуде

Author(s): Evghenii Yu. Zverev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2002

The objective of this work is to develop the absolute and relative chronology of the Basarabi culture that occupies territories of the North Serbia, Banat, North Bulgaria, most part of Romania, and the territory of the Middle Dniester. The research is founded on the ornamentation of the Basarabi pottery. All ornamental patterns distinguished on a vessel are considered as a closed complex, which can be segregated by induction.Comparison of ornamentation patterns allowed to distinguish three main stages in the evolution of the Basarabi culture.Stage I (early VIII – middle VIII cc. B.C.). The stamp ornamentation predominates.Stage II (second half of VIII – first half of VII cc. B.C.). The stamp and the incised ornamentation are used equally.Stage III (second half of VII c. B.C.). The incised ornamentation is combined with the plastic ornament (the channel art).The research of the ornamentation confirms the opinion of the majority of the researchers that the Basarabi culture «was born» in south-western part of Romania. Three cultural traditions contributed to the process of its formation: Gornea-Kalakaca (incised ornamentation), Insula Banului (stamp ornamentation), Gava-Medias (plastic ornamentation). Gradually, the sources of influence disappeared and the Basarabi began to move towards the east to occupy the territories of the Danube Lowland. Here it experienced another influence from the sites of Tlacene and Babadag III types, manifested in a change of the ornamentation style (use of a combination of the incised with the plastic ornamentation).

Хронология могильников Предгорного Крыма I в. до н.э. – III в. н.э.

Author(s): Alexander A. Trufanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2009

The text deals with chronology of the graves of a cemeteries of Crimean Foothills of the 1st cent. BC – 3rd cent. AD. The grave goods are systematized, their date and co-finding in the closed assemblages are studied. This chronological scheme could to specify the dating of a North Pontic finds of various types. The list of dating finds is composed.The analysis of material of a cemeteries and fixing of the find in the closed assemblages allow to classify the seven relatively consecutive groups of graves and the coins and dating finds gave an opportunity to date these groups presumably.The chronology of the funeral assemblages of of Crimean Foothills of the 1st cent. BC – 3rd cent. AD, reasoned in details, is proposed in the thesis. It could be used for reconstruction of ethnic and cultural processes in the region.

Хронология монет независимой (автономной) Тиры

Author(s): Eugeny Ya. Turovskiy,Evgenij A. Kolesnichenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

The article studies coinage of the ancient Greek town of Tyras, which was situated on the Bank of the Dniester estuary, particularly the urban issues of 4th — first half of the 1st century BC. The аuthors believe that the beginning of coinage in the city falls on the 70s of 4th century BC. The beginning of minting silver and copper coins was carried out independently from each another, and took place around the same time. The early stage of minting ends in late 60s of the 3rd century BC and approximately coincides with the devastation of the Greek rural settlements from the Dniester estuary and around Tyras. Late stage of coinage in Tyras begins a few decades later and is characterized by the emission of exceptionally small copper coin denominations. The repertoire of images on the coins is diverse. Most often depicted are Demeter, Athene and Hermes. Small copper coins had been minted sporadically until about 60s of 1st c. BC. The last cooper issue with a typical image for Mithridates's time — an eagle on bolts of lightning — date to app. 63 BC.

Хронология орнаментированных зеркал-подвесок с боковой ручкой из меотских могильников правобережья Кубани

Author(s): Natalia Ju. Limberis,Ivan I. Marchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2018

An important chronological indicator for monuments of Sarmatian time are bronze mirror-pendants with a side handle. The researchers developed a typology and chronology of such mirrors for different regions. In this study we offer a chronology of ornamented mirror-pendants from the Maeotian burials of the Kuban region. Bronze fibula of different types and variants and glass vessels were found together with the mirrors. This made it possible to distinguish 4 narrow chronological groups of mirrors within 50s — 150s AD.

Хронология скифского присутствия на Ближнем Востоке (по следам Геродота)

Author(s): Tatiana M. Kuznetsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2009

The research is based on the data Herodotus’ “Histories” provide. The historian had received his information from the North Pontic region; he describes the “divine signs” pointing to the end of the Scythian supremacy in Asia, and Darius’ expedition against the Scythians (Hrd. IV, 119). The Scythians regarded solar eclipses of 608, 585, and 509 BC as the signs sent down from the divine intent. These data are considered chronographically reliable, and no other calculations have been suggested for the events. In the suggested scheme solar eclipse of 608 BC is considered as a chronological reference point. It marks the end of the war between Media and Lydia, and separates the events related to “the rebel Scythians” and “the Scythians of King Madyas”, as Herodotus takes it (Hrd. I, 73, 74).The author suggests a higher chronology of the events of the Scythian history: the presented scheme is 4 years higher, nevertheless, the author does not aim at revising the whole chronological sequence. Thus, the fall of Nineveh in the modern chronology is usually dated back to 612 BC, while the author suggests 608 BC as the date for this event. This date of the fall of Nineveh and dethroning of Astyages by Cyrus (546 BC) are established proceeding from cuneiform texts, and the obtained dates coincide with those provided by the Alexandria chronographers, who used different events as chronological reference points.The suggested chronology of the events related to the Scythians’ presence in the Near East looks as follows:624/623 – 613/612 BC – war between Miletus and Lydia (peace treaty in the reign of Thrasybulus – tyrant of Miletus, and Alyattes – king of Lydia);615/614 BC – flight of “the rebel Scythians” from Media from King Cyaxares to Lydia to King Alyattes (before the war between Media and Lydia);616/615 – 614/613 BC – the foundation of the city of Istria by the Milesians in the West Pontic area;613 – 608 BC – presence of the Scythians of King Madyas in the North Pontic area;614/613 – 608 BC – war between Media and Lydia (Cyaxares and Alyattes);February 13, 608 BC – solar eclipse and the end of the Median-Lydian conflict;May – September, 608 BC – seige and crush of Nineveh by Nebopiliser, King of Babylon, and Cyaxares, King of Media;Summer – autumn of 608 BC – the Scythians of King Madyas leave the North Pontic area;September, 608 BC – the Scythians of King Madyas invade Media, Cyaxares’ defeat, military expedition of the Scythians to Egypt;608/607 BC – foundation of the city of Borysthenes by the Milesians in the North Pontic area;608 – 585 BC – stay of the Scythians of King Madyas in “Upper Asia”, their excesses;May 28, 585 BC – solar Eclipse;Summer – autumn of 585 BC – the Scythians of King Madyas killed at a feast by Cyaxares and expelled from Asia; war against “the slaves’ sons” in the region from the Taurus Mountains to the Maeotis Lake, construction of the Kelermes cemetery;April 28, 509 BC – solar eclipse, Darius’ expedition to Scythia.

ХРОНОЛОГІЯ ОЛЬВІЙСЬКИХ «БОРИСФЕНІВ»

Author(s): Mykola I. Nikolaev / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2020

The aim of the study is a presentation of the chronological model of minting of a ‘Borysthenes’ of all groups by means of a prosopographic interpretation of their monograms. Research methodology – typical scientific methods in combination with the author’s own scientific work by synchronization of the eponyms catalogue IPE I2 201 (calendar) and Olbia’s prosopography: prosopographic reconstruction, prosopographic dating, prosopographic interpretation. The essence of the proposed tools lies in the study on the chronological basis of the eponyms IPE I2 201 catalogue of an extremely narrow stratum of real historical figures – mostly from the hight elite – who traditionally performed alternate senior government positions. Information about the activity of elite contained in various, almost synchronous epigraphic monuments, in this case, an eponyms catalogue, lapidary inscriptions, magical lists, graffiti, agoranomos stamps and weights, coin monograms and abbreviations. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the historical context for the monograms of a ‘Borysthenes’, that is, the identification with real historical figures have been obtained. Accordingly, a chronological model of minting of a ‘Borysthenes’ was constructed on this basis. Conclusions. The monograms (and/or reductions) of ‘Borysthenes’ did not have of eponyms character. However, approximately 50-60% of them correlate with the eponymous catalogue and indicate persons – monetary magistrates, who according to the ancient tradition in adjacent years held an eponymous position. Similarity of monograms from different groups of ‘Borysthenes’ is a realization of the ancient tradition of generic imitation of names. Accordingly, the similarity monograms (reductions) belong related persons from other generations. The first group of a ‘Borysthenes’ dates from 330 to 319 BC. The prosopographic dating of this group is exactly the same as the date of P. O. Karyshkovsky. Of the thirteen coin magistrates who produced a ‘Borysthenes’ of the first group, seven or eight also was an eponyms incumbency in 337 (?), 330, 329, 327, 326, 325, 324, 320, 319 BC. The second group dates from 307 to 301 BC. А real historical fact – four of the seven monograms of the second group of a ‘Borysthenes’ are concentrated in the narrow chronological section of the eponyms catalogue for 306, 305, 304, 303 BC. The other three monograms are not identified by eponyms. The hypothesis of P. O. Karyshkovsky about the break between the minting of groups Ι and ΙΙ is confirmed. This break was about fifteen years. Also, it is possible to narrow down to the end of IV century BC. dating of the second group of a ‘Borysthenes’, which P. O. Karyshkovsky attributed to the end of IV – beginning of III century. BC. The main problem of our further study is the presence of a chronological lacuna in the eponyms catalogue Olbia IPE I2 201 in the range of 290–227 BC. Prosopographic studies in the lacuna may be available through special tools, but they certainly tend to be more hypothetical and lower in chronological accuracy. The implementation of such studies is based on the preserved fragments of the catalogue of eponyms (both in the lower and the upper part), the possibility of reconstruction of fragments of major genera (according to the law of genealogy), the properties of the theoretical model of the urban community (in particular, the inheritance of coin monograms, the eponyms quotas, etc.), the use of prosopographic information from of relatively accurately dated lapidary inscriptions, agoranomos stamps and weights, also finding of correlation with legends of other coins. The historical figures mentioned in these monuments probably performed the functions of eponyms, magistrates and other. An important auxiliary research tool in the lacuna of catalogue is the relative order of the arrangement of the monograms proposed by P. O. Karyshkovsky. Unfortunately, the third group of a ‘Borysthenes’ has an inaccurate prosopographic dating – terminus post quem – 290 BC, terminus ante quem – 271 BC. It is a problem our chronological model. The fourth and sixth groups of a ‘Borysthenes’ (37-year issues) dating from 270+12 to 234+12 BC. A patronymics of the large group of eponyms 220–208 BC correlate with the monograms of ‘Borysthenes’ of the second half of the issues of the fifth group. It confirming, according to the law of genealogy, their dating in the range of 250–240 BC. e. Also, this provides a fairly reliable chronological benchmark in the dating of ‘Borysthenes’. The reader cannot fail to notice that the obtained prosopographical date of a ‘Borysthenes’ groups from the first to the sixth inclusive practically corresponds to the materials of P. O. Karyshkovsky. According to our working preliminary hypothesis, the seventh group dates from 232+12 to 231 BC, the eighth to the tenth from 228+12 to 219 BC. When studying the treasure 1978, V. Anokhin established the mass character of the used of two or more monograms with common front stamps. The main conclusion of the researcher was the assumption of the existence of special boards of magistrates, which for groups I–VI numbered six people, and for the latter groups – two. Accordingly, the duration of the release of ‘Borysthenes’ was not more than two or three decades. In our opinion, the reason for the mass character of the used of two or more monograms with common front stamps should be sought not in organizational forms, but in the application of technology known in ancient coinage. She involved the use of two or three (or even more) identical face stamps located side by side on the anvil. This technology, due to the random nature of use, among other things, provided a relatively uniform wear of several front stamps. As a result, we have the ‘Borysthenes’ with two or more monograms with common front stamps. Onomastic research is characterized by the multivariate interpretation of monograms without historical context. However, our prosopographic research also faces the existence of two and sometimes three variants of interpretation of monograms. But unlike onomastics, these variants have a historical component. The task is only to overcome the alternative. We have not yet succeeded in overcoming the alternative in interpreting some of the monograms. Prosopographic study of monograms on a ‘Borysthenes’ of all groups done for the first time, so it should be seen as estimated and approximate. Given the complexity of the task, it is obvious that further research is needed to overcome alternative interpretations, refinements, and to obtain new arguments (in particular, joint consideration with agoranomos stamps and weights) regarding the proposed hypotheses. New variants of monograms on a ‘Borysthenes’ it is necessary to consider, also peculiarities of generic inheritance of monograms, and correlation of a ‘Borysthenes’ with other coins, as well as comparing the results of numismatic researches with prosopographic ones, etc.

Художникът и поетът/певецът в архаичната култура (1)

Author(s): Ivan Marazov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2003

Цар Август – О великој изложби у Риму (Scuderie del Quirinale, 18. 10. 2013 – 9. 2. 2014) –

Author(s): Zoran Andrić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

Цар Резос и Орфей в планината Пангей

Author(s): Milen Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 23/2018

The present paper has been focused on the literary passage of (Pseudo-)Euripides from his tragedy “Rhesus”, which deals with the posthumous being of the Thracian king (Eurip. Rhes. 962-973), and the fragment of Aeschylus from his tragedy “Bassarids”, which tells about the life and death of Orpheus (Aesch. Bassar. Fr. 83). Both texts situate king Rhesus and Orpheus in Mount Pangaion. They describe on one hand Dionysian, chthonian type of cult and ritualism, and on the other hand – Apollonian, solar type of cult and ritualism. The passages have been analysed in comparison with other pieces of evidence from ancient authors, related to Mount Pangaion and other similar cultic topoi. These sacred places described in the ancient literary tradition correspond to the rock topoi of cult and ritualism in South-East Europe and in Asia Minor, which have preserved numerous ancient relicts as a vital heritage up to the present day. One important feature of Thracian religion is to be noticed – both its unity and its variety. we can see clearly juxtaposed the Apollonian and the Dionysian principle – this fundamental opposition which marks the entire European cultural-historical tradition. But this juxtaposition can be logically explained in the light of the literary evidence of the Roman writer Macrobius. In his work “Saturnalia” he provides numerous arguments that Apollo and Dionysus are one and the same god. In conclusion, Mount Pangaion may be considered as an important sacred place of synthesis between Dionysian and Apollonian types of religiousness.

ЦАРИЦА ЭВРИДИКА: К ВОПРОСУ О ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ РОЛИ ЖЕНЩИН В ДРЕВНЕЙ МАКЕДОНИИ

Author(s): Kristina Alekseevna Kilyashova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

The role of women during the time of the Argead dynasty of Macedonia is considered in the paper by the example of Queen Eurydice. Based on the cited sources and literature, the conclusion is made about the gradual integration of women in the political life of the ancient Macedonian society.

Царска тракийска гробница-мавзолей край Шипка в Казанлъшко, Южна България

Author(s): Georgi Kitov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2011

The paper presents the findings from the archaeological explorations of the Ostrousha tumulus near the town of Shipka. The mound with its impressive dimensions was са. 100 m in diameter and a little over 20 m high. A 4th century BC tomb was found in the southern part of the periphery of the tumulus, oriented to the four cardinal directions. The tomb was built over an old terrain after the tumular embankment had already been piled up and a part of it had been removed. All stone blocks had been hewn in advance and prepared for being used for construction, hence no traces of processing are noticed in situ. The total built-in area of the monument is 100 sq. m, on which there are six separate premises with entrance to the south. A stereobate is built and on it there is a sarcophagus-like burial chamber made of a huge stone block with a monolithic lid. An antechamber and four lateral built chambers were added to it. Ceramic vessels and architectural details were found in the tumular embankment (stone antefixes and an akroterion with stucco, traces of paint and plastic decoration). It is assumed that the tomb was plundered in the 4th century, which is also evidenced with finds from that time. The monolithic sarcophagus-like chamber is unique in Thracian sepulchral architecture. Inside it, a kline is hewn from the same stone block, with modelled aediculae, with imitation of legs, with plastic ornamentation and with a threshold before it. It is assumed that the kline had been additionally covered with wood or with organic matter. The chamber has a double-eave roof, with pentagonal section and imitation of beams on the eaves from the west, east and south. Inside it is coffered and by means of a modelled imitation of beams its inner surface is shaped in one round, eight triangular and 32 square image fields. The painted decoration in each of the fields is scratched and entirely or partially destroyed during the plundering of the tomb. In conclusion, the author emphasises that the tomb in the Ostrousha tumulus is part of a large tumular necropolis that needs to be associated with a Thracian dynastic centre.

Цветной металл ямной культурно-исторической области из памятников Украины: морфология и технология изготовления

Author(s): Natalia V. Ryndina,Anna D. Degtyareva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

Data of an analytical study of non-ferrous metal of the Yamnaya cultural-historical area of Ukraine are generalized by methods of the spectral analysis, x-ray microanalysis and metallographic analysis. The received results confirmed by morphological and typological characteristics of tools allowed us to classify the North Black Sea center of metal production as metalworking with the leading western Balkan-Carpathian direction of metallurgical contacts. During the Early Bronze Age a new model of organization of metal production appeared which persisted until the end of the Middle Bronze Age and is characterized by the use of low-alloyed arsenical bronze, forge and, in smaller degree, foundry techniques of tools production in the steppe zone of Eastern Europe. Skills and manufacturing techniques of the tools were determined by composition of availability of the initial raw material, i. e. arsenical bronze, to the craftsmen. Metal production demonstrates almost full unification and standardization of making tools and jewelry of low-alloyed arsenical bronze during shape-forming forging, to a lesser extent, using foundry techniques in unilateral molds with subsequent manufacturing of an item by heating it to 400—500°C. There were metallurgical communications of Yamnaya tribes of the Northern Black Sea coast with the synchronous Corded Ware Cultures, which, in particular, is manifested in distribution of Yamnaya tools on the sites of the Corded Ware Cultures and in possible acquisition of tin-arsenic alloys in the form of ingots from the Central European area.

Цензура рукописного та друкованого слова як давнє соціокультурне явище

Author(s): Oksana Fedotova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2012

The article is dedicated to the history of the censorship handwritten and printed words in the world practice. The author proves that censorship as a historical phenomenon appeared long before the first censorship institutions.

ЦЕРЕМОНИАЛ ПРОСКИНЕСИСА ПРИ ДВОРЕ АЛЕКСАНДРА ВЕЛИКОГО

Author(s): Yuriy Viktorovich Kornilov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

The paper presents an attempt to characterize the main idea and features of the Persian ritual of proskynesis in the ceremonial aspect. It follows from the studied material that proskynesis, which was carried out both towards the Achaemenid kings and subsequently towards Alexander the Great, indicated high status of the governor according to the traditional hierarchy of Persian society. It is revealed that adoption of this ceremony involved several stages. After an unsuccessful attempt to introduce proskynesis among the Macedonians, the ritual was practiced solely in the society of eastern subjects. It is concluded that the Persians while performing this ceremony before Alexander the Great admitted his superior status in the Persian hierarchical system. Thus, he in fact became the rightful king of Persia.