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Философские версии вечного сюжета об Амуре и Психее: от неоплатонизма к христианству

Author(s): Yuliya Kotaridi / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The subject of this paper is the transformation of the poetics of Cupid and Psyche plot in its national and historical modifications in European literature. The methodology of the analysis is based on mythological studies (A. N. Veselovsky, A. F. Losev) and genre studies (M. M. Bakhtin, S. S. Averintsev, E. M. Meletinsky, etc.). Allegorization of the images of Love and Soul appeared in the antiquity long before the novel by Apuleius “Asinus aureus” or “Metamorphoses” (the 2nd century AD). In a Greek epigram Eros is often associated with the element of fire that puts the soul — “Psycho” — to a variety of ordeals and tortures. In “Metamorphoses” by Apuleius the tale about Cupid and Psyche can be seen as an allegorical narration about the soul traveling around the world and looking for ways to Love and eternal life. Later, the parabolic core of the ancient story was enriched with new motifs from the arsenal of mythology, Neoplatonism and Christianity. The archetypical basis and platonic paradigm of the plot in “Metamorphoses” by Apuleius go together in a syncretic unity, that provides universality and polysemy of the different versions of tales about Cupid and Psyche in European literature. The neoplatonic version of the story, which interprets the reunion between Cupid and Psyche as the Union of God and Soul, is represented in literature by writings of Fulgentius, Boccaccio, Heine, Coleridge, Żuławski and others.

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ФИЛХЕЛЕН И СОЈУЗОТ: АЛЕКСАНДАР I, АТИНА И ПРВИТЕ ИСКРИ НА СЕВЕРОТ

Author(s): Voјislav Sarakinski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2016

Simultaneously with the siege of Thasos, ten thousand Athenian and allied colonists went on their way to establish a settlement at Ennea Hodoi, a crossing controlled by the Edonians. This attempt came to a grievous end, as – their alleged hostility notwithstanding – the Edonians and Alexander the Philhellene most probably had common interests in the area. It would be very reasonable, in 479 BC, to keep an active military force and try to implement some sort of administrative overview over Edonia; fifteen years later, however, after all immediate external threats became a thing of the past, Alexander withdrew the formal border of the kingdom to the west in order to alleviate the cost of keeping soldiers and administrators that far from the capital at Aegae. This, however, did not mean that Edonia left the Macedonian sphere of interest and/or influence. Ruled by a local basileus, they obviously remained ξύμμαχοι καὶ ὑπήκοοι (“allies and subjects”), following the pattern of certain tribes in western Upper Macedonia. Accordingly, in fighting the colonists sent by Athens, they seem to have acted in cooperation with the Argeadai – a fact that took the Athenians by surprise.

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Финал могильника Фронтовое 3 (к изучению миграций в Юго-Западном Крыму на закате античности)

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Финал могильника Фронтовое 3 (к изучению миграций в Юго-Западном Крыму на закате античности)

Author(s): Igor O. Gavritukhin,Anna V. Mastykova,Alexey N. Sviridov,Evgeny V. Sukhanov,Sergey V. Yazikov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2020

The paper presents a discussion on the chronological indicators and features of the latest complexes of Frontovoye-3 burial ground (Nakhimovsky district, Sevastopol). This cemetery appeared around the end of the 1st century AD; it was completely investigated in 2018 (328 graves of the Roman time). The latest finds (some types of elements of belt sets, a glass cup with blue blobs) are dated around the beginning of the 5th century. In the extreme South-West of the burial ground, three groups of graves of the last quarter of the 4th — beginning of the 5th century have been distinguished. Similar date is represented by a number of other burial places of the South-Western and Piedmont Crimea. Obviously, the appearance of the Huns to the West of the Don (in 375 AD at the latest) and the resulting migrations had not initially affected the Crimea. Cemeteries of the settled population of the Piedmont Crimea and a number of cemeteries in the South-Western Crimea cease to function in the late 4th or early 5th century AD. Some of this population moved to the Southern coast of the Crimea, while the other founded several new cemeteries in the South-West Crimea.

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Финальная линия развития мечей классической Скифии. Соотношение типов Чертомлык и Шульговка

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Финальная линия развития мечей классической Скифии. Соотношение типов Чертомлык и Шульговка

Author(s): Denis A. Topal / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

Since the beginning of 20th c. many researchers have paid attention to a series of Scythian swords with rounded pommel, oval handle and pseudo-triangle hilt. It is proposed to assign to this phenomena the following term — Chertomlyk type. Chronological analysis of burial complexes showed that this type was developed throughout the 4th c. BC., and the chronological frames of its biggest distribution are 350—325 BC. Chertomlyk type of akinakai is closely related to a group of ceremonial single-edged blade weapons — so-called Shulgovka type. It is obvious that in 4th c. BC centers of production of bladed weaponry moved to the South. Also, it is clear that at the end of Classical period the area of Scythian swords and daggers significantly contracts (comparing to the earlier types): the Eastern boundary of burial complexes is along the Don river, although complexes with Solokha type akinakai reached the Urals. The trajectory of this final line of evolutionary lineage reflects centrifugal trends in Scythian culture of late 4th c. BC, particularly leading to dissappearance of akinakai as a cultural tradition. Besides that, all these observations contradict to the widespread assertion, that the number of Scythian burials with akinakai had notably increased by 4th—3rd cc. BC.

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Формант -ъtь и склонение слов типа nogъtь, olkъtь, degъtь, desętь и dьnь в праславянском

Author(s): Mihail Nikolaevich Saenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The article analyses the formation of the characteristic Proto-Slavic nominal declension paradigm, which originally included the words *nogъtь ‘nail’, *olkъtь ‘elbow’, *degъtь ‘tar’, *desętь ‘ten’ and *dьnь ‘day’, later enriching itself mostly with derivatives with the formant *-ъtь. The author looks at the history of the formant as well as its combinatory power, depending on the final consonant of the stem, which in its turn can help determine articulatory characteristics of the late Proto-Slavic language *l. Apart from that, derivates with the formant *-ъtь are subdivided according to corresponding chronological layers and a number of details related to their history are analysed.

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Формиране на икономическа грамотност и на представи за стопанското развитие у учениците в V клас чрез новата програма и учебниците по история и цивилизации

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Формиране на икономическа грамотност и на представи за стопанското развитие у учениците в V клас чрез новата програма и учебниците по история и цивилизации

Author(s): Georgi Yakimov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

This article aims to explain how the textbooks for the subject History and Civilizations in the 5th grade influence the formation of the initial economic literacy of the school students. By studying prehistory and the ancient world they learn about the economic life in the past and acquire some important economic concepts. This article examines, analyzes and compares the textbooks with regard to the above purpose. Good examples in the relevant textbooks are shown, which to the biggest extent contribute to the formation of the school students' initial economic literacy. It is an important part of the formation of their civic culture. The topic about young people's knowledge of economic development and their economic culture is important for their successful future participation in the economic life of the present-day Bulgarian society.

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Формирование культурного ландшафта Уральско-Мугоджарского региона в позднем бронзовом веке: освоение меднорудных ресурсов и стратегия адаптации к условиям горно-степной экосистемы

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Формирование культурного ландшафта Уральско-Мугоджарского региона в позднем бронзовом веке: освоение меднорудных ресурсов и стратегия адаптации к условиям горно-степной экосистемы

Author(s): Vitaly V. Tkachev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The author uses archeological sources analysis and results of natural science researches with application of ethnographical data to reconstruct an economic-cultural model in one of the local variants of the Alakul culture in the context of the cultural landscape concept developed in geography. It is ascertained that in the late Bronze Age the life support system of population within the Ural-Mugodzhary region relied on nomadic cattle-breeding, while hunting played a secondary role, and both harmoniously combined with mining industry. An effective adaptation strategy supported a traditional cultural landscape relying on the capability of steppe geosystems to regenerate, maintaining their ecological function and dynamic equilibrium between human needs and natural resource potential. The geographical space, with the habitat it formed, was explored not only for utilitarian purposes, but also spiritual, semantic and symbolic ones.

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Формирование окуневского канонического искусства

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Формирование окуневского канонического искусства

Author(s): Liudmila A. Sokolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2004

The article discusses the problem of the emergence and origins of the Okunevo art in Southern Siberia. The author considers main manifestations of this art which are expressed in different forms: monumental sculpture, sculpture of small forms, small figurines and graffiti. The analysis of the Okunevo art shows that the bearers of these cultural traditions were not simple bands of taiga hunters but represented rather a complex society with developed hierarchical structure. It was ruled by leaders with theocratic nature of social power who possessed strong influence of non-economic character. The Okunevo art finds clear parallels in synchronous cultures of the Far East and Northern India. It can be supposed that certain similarity between the Yangshao and Okunevo iconographies are conditioned by a common ancestral tradition. However the influence of this ancestral tradition in the Yangshao culture was minimal. On the other hand, connections between the Okunevo and North Indian cultures were long-term and relatively stable including certain cultural borrowings and migrations. The author shares the opinion of D.G. Savinov that the Okunevo cultural tradition was shaped on the border of Northern and Central Asian cultural area on the basis of earlier Neolithic traditions and under influence of different cultural innovations.

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Формирование раннескифского культурного комплекса Келермесского могильника в Закубанье

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Формирование раннескифского культурного комплекса Келермесского могильника в Закубанье

Author(s): Tatyana V. Ryabkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2019

This article is devoted to an overview of groups of artefacts that were found in mounds in the Kelermes burial mound. A second exploration of Kelermes in the 1980s established the sequence of construction of the mounds, and this, along with changes in the collections of artefacts, makes it possible to trace the stages of the formation of the early Scythian cultural complex. The sequence of development can be traced on the basis of materials from the older Kelermes mounds, including mounds 1 and 2 excavated by Nikolay Veselovsky and mound 4 excavated by David Schultz: intensive peaceful contacts with Transcaucasia, characteristic of a population which had migrated from Central Asia at the time of Veselovsky’s mounds, ceased abruptly in the period of Schultz’s mound no. 4, which looks like a sort of ‘return to the sources’. Materials from mound 3 from Schultz’s excavations demonstrate the extent of cultural interaction with the peoples of Western Asia, Anatolia and Transcaucasia. At that time the fledgling nomadic culture was being enriched by the achievements of the Eastern-Greek world. The ‘royal’ class of artefacts from this complex show the unusually high social status of the deceased, comparable with that of an Assyrian king. There are numerous analogies of the materials from mound 24 in other mounds from the Ancient Scythian period, so it is possible to synchronize it with these monuments. Mound 24, one of the latest in the burial mound, appeared at a time when there was not yet any Greek pottery in Trans-Kuban, despite the fact that links with the Eastern-Greek world already existed. Finds from the 1st Razmenny (Kostromsky) mound and the settlement of Tarasova Balka are evidence of the large-scale import of ancient pottery into Trans-Kuban in the last quarter of the 7th century BC.The changes observed in the inventories from the Kelermes burial mound show the length of time the cemetery was in use, the incorrectness of applying the dates of monuments with ancient pottery to all its mounds and the impossibility of dating the burial mound to a narrow timeframe.

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Формування антиномічної концепції Бога в філософії та мистецтві християн II – VI століть

Author(s): Yaroslava Bondarchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2020

Purpose of the article: to trace the evolution of the conceptual definition of God in the works of Christian philosophers II-VI centuries. and the influence of religious and philosophical thought on the evolution of the artistic image of Christ from symbolic and allegorical in early Christian art to mimetic and spiritual in the icon painting of Byzantium. The methodology consists of using analysis and comparison of written sources and artifacts, reviewed in historical sequence. Scientific novelty: for the first time, is traced a dependence of the evolution of an artistic image to the conceptual definition of God in the works of early Christian apologists. Conclusions. The formation of the image of God in Christian art of the II-VI centuries was due to the development of theological thought, which evolved from the denial of the material nature of God to the affirmation of the unity of His transcendent and immanent principles. Emphasis by Christian thinkers I – II centuries on the transcendence and ―without imagery‖ of God denied any possibility of its depiction. The development of ideas about the presence of God in the immanent world prompted to the perception of the earthly world as a symbolic picture of otherworldly existence and opened up the possibility of the embodiment of spiritual essences in allegories and symbols that prevailed in the art of the 2nd - 3rd centuries. Comprehension of the antinomic unity of the divine and human natures of Christ became the ideological basis for creating mimetic-spiritual images, which was stimulated by a change in the status of the Christian church in the 4th century. and was entrenched by decisions IV and V - VI Ecumenical Councils.

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Фрагмент от източната крепостна стена на Сердика II

Author(s): Alexander Stanev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

A fragment of the substructure of the Eastern wall from the Northern extension of the Late Antique Serdica fortification was registered during rescue archaeological excavation in the area of the Lion Bridge square. Detailed investigations have identified three construction levels of the foundation of the structure – stones bound with solid white mortar, stones bound with yellow sandy mortar and a leveling layer of loose mortar and single stones. The stratigraphy of the site consists of three chronological groups: Late Ottoman/Revival (17th-19th century), Medieval (11th-12th century) and Late Antiquity (4th-5th century). Artifacts and numismatic materials date the construction of the fortress wall between the last decades of the reign of Emperor Constantine I and the end of 4th/ beginning of the 5th century AD.

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Фрагментация в археологии: собирая по кусочкам

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Фрагментация в археологии: собирая по кусочкам

Author(s): John Chapman,Bisserka Gaydarska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

One important aspect of prehistoric material culture is its deliberate fragmentation and the re-use of the resulting fragments in other ways. The multiple possible causes of object and body fragmentation are considered and the intentional route is theorised. Underlying all recent fragmentation research is the ‘Fragmentation Premise’ — which is fully discussed here. A number of examples of deliberate fragmentation and later re-use is presented here, concentrating on material from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age of Central and Eastern Europe. Materials to be studied here include ceramics, fired clay figurines, Spondylus shell ornaments and the human body. A final discussion explores the advances made in fragmentation research over the past 15 years and identifies challenges for future research.

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Фракийцы в Нижнем Поднепровье

Author(s): N. A. Gavriliuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2009

The author studies some archival and fund evidence of post-Scythian settlements and forts. They serve as a basis for a more precise dating of the Thracian complexes in the Lower Dnieper basin. The time span of the Thracian horizon on this settlement is narrowed down to 3rd – early 2nd cc. BC. The life time of the Thracian complexes is limited to 2nd c. BC. The author has widened the list of features of the Thracian culture. Besides the handmade polished pottery described by M.I. Vyazmitina, another feature of the Thracian presence can be square houses with clay walls, sometimes placed on stone foundation, with open hearths, clay oval home altars and big vessels planted in the floor. Localization of Thracian sites has been established (or places of compact settlement of Thracian or related population) on the Zolotaya Balka settlement. Thracian complexes are concentrated in the northern part of the Zolotaya Balka settlement (northern settlement) and on the K section 500-600 m south of it – in the southern part of the Zolotaya Balka on the territory of Gavrilovka fort – in the northern part of the acropolis. The article also defines some buildings on the territory of Annovka, Velikaya Lepetiha and Znamenskoe forts. Thracians of the Lower Dnieper are identified with the known Thracian tribes. The analysis suggests that the population of the Thracian villages in terms of their material culture were closest to the tribes that left Poieneshti-Lucasheuca culture, rather than to the southern Thracian tribes. Material and spiritual culture of the populations of these forts, in their early stages, was dominated not only by Scythian traditions, but also by Thracian ones. The Thracian population appeared in the Lower Dnieper basin not after the Getian invasion but at least a hundred years earlier.

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Фрако-гетские древности в южной лесостепи Среднего Днестра (культурно-хронологическая систематизация материалов из раскопок второй половины ХХ века)

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Фрако-гетские древности в южной лесостепи Среднего Днестра (культурно-хронологическая систематизация материалов из раскопок второй половины ХХ века)

Author(s): Maia T. Kaşuba,Vasile Haheu,Oleg Leviţki / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2002

The topicality of publishing the old archaeological collections of the period of the middle of I mil. BC is not only designed for the replenishment of the sources, but also, what is more important, for working out in detail the cultural and historical situation. Moreover, it is topical, since such important issues like the cultural genesis, the chronology and the division into periods have not been finalized or solved for the history of the Thraco-Getians and the historical fate of the bearers of this culture is not completely clear despite the fact that about five hundred Thracian-Getian sites are known by now and the appropriate bibliography is very abundant. It was not occasional, that the authors chose the territory of the Carpathian-Dniester area. For many years the Carpathian-Dniester area served as a contact zone, which was characterized by a particular dynamic development of its ethnic, cultural and social processes. It was the Middle Dniester area, which served during the first half of I mil. BC as a kind of cultural and genetic center, whose impulses were imperative for the cultural development of the forest-steppe regions of the Dnieper-Dniester-Prut interfluves.The research history of the Thracian-Getian sites of this area begins from the middle 40-s of XX century. There are three main research stages, whose turns are marked by important developments.81 Thracian-Getian sites are known in this area. Excavations were carried out in eight of them during various periods, but the materials were published in a very summarized form and did not become subject of specific studies. From the cultural-chronological viewpoint, the sites differ in their composition. Many layers represent all the sites. Bearing in mind the period, we are interested in, namely, the second half of the VII to the III centuries BC. From the viewpoint of the material culture (first of all the ceramic artifacts), all the historical periods (the final stage of the Basarabi-Sholdanesti culture, the early Getian and the Getian cultures) are represented by a number of various horizons.Proceeding from the above, one can conclude that it was this zone of the Middle Dniester area that played a particular role in the cultural transformations from this area during the Late Hallstatt time (the middle of the VII-VI centuries BC), it explains why the new, namely, Early Getian culture emerged from this period.Further on, the V century BC is represented by the appropriate horizon on the majority of the sites within this micro-zone. And finally, the classic period of the Getian culture is widely represented both for the micro-zone of the Middle Dniester area and for the entire Getian world.

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Харпократ в Тракия през Гръко-римската епоха

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Харпократ в Тракия през Гръко-римската епоха

Author(s): Vessela Atanassova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 25/2020

When Ptolemy I became ruler of Egypt (306 BC), he continued to have interests in Thrace and Asia Minor where Lysimachus, its ruler, married his daughter Arsinoe II. Most likely, their wedding was fixed with certain benefits, which led to the permanent presence of the Ptolemy in Southern Thrace. In fact, the whole 3rd century was marked by the presence of the Ptolemies in Thrace. This for sure, but also for some other unclear reasons facilitated the spreading of the Egyptian cults in that region. Several Egyptian deities, mainly Isis and Sarapis, but some other deities in relation with them, were found on various documents attesting their presence in Thrace from the Hellenistic period to the end of the Roman Era. Harpocrates, the presumed son of Isis and Sarapis in Greco-roman period, was one of those deities. Unlike his divine parents, he was a synnaos theos and his cult spread on a different manner. According to the monuments he was more likely worshiped because of his qualities as savior god and his magical competences. The study will examine the existing documentation and will discuss the mechanisms of spreading of the Harpocrates cult in Ancient Thrace from the Hellenistic period onward.

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Херкулов култ на подручју Наису

Author(s): Radmila Zotović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2017

Monuments of the Hercul’s cult on the area of Naissus are not numerous, but they are very important becouse theirs importance and interesting. To them it is possible acount votive monument dedicated to Omphala, becouse narrow tied the cult of Omphala with the cult of Hercul.It is especially interesting the fact that two of those monument (together five) are in the domen of euergetism, dedication made to the town of personal expensive. All of those monuments can be dated in the period after 212. year.

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Херодот (8, 115, 3-4) за Ксеркс, пеоните (при Сирис?) и „свещената колесница на Зевс”

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Херодот (8, 115, 3-4) за Ксеркс, пеоните (при Сирис?) и „свещената колесница на Зевс”

Author(s): Dilyana Boteva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 20/2012

This study is dealing with some unclear details in Hdt. VIII, 3-4 concerning the place where Xerxes had left behind the sacred chariot of Zeus during his march against Greece in 480 BC. Traditionally it is accepted that it was left with the Paeones at Siris, which however does not fit grammatically in the text. Accordingly, other possibilities or acceptable explanations should be searched for.

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Хора Борисфена, Ольвии, Нимфея и Гермонассы: опыт сравнительного анализа

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Хора Борисфена, Ольвии, Нимфея и Гермонассы: опыт сравнительного анализа

Author(s): Sergei L. Solovyov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2004

The article treats the issue of four important polises in the Northern Black Sea area: Borysthenes, Olbia, Nymphaeum and Germonassa, founded by natives of Miletus and, possibly, of other Ionian towns, and therefore culturally and ethnically homogenous. They all are classical colonies founded by the first wave of Greek settlers; they all played important roles of economic, political and religious centers of their regions. Each of these polises has been systematically researched for a very long time. The comparative analysis showed that the early stages of existence of these regions marked significant differences in what concerns the nature and ways of development of the rural neighborhood of the Greek urban centers. It is also obvious that the reason behind such differences are to be found in the structure of the local population around these Greek polises, namely in its economic, cultural and demographic characteristics. Later on, with enhanced social and economic basis of the Greek colonies in coastal Scythia and in connection with the enhanced domination of the steppe Scythians in hinterland, increasing influence upon formation of the ancient rural areas in the Northern Black Sea region had the military-political factor of relations, not only between the Greek and the local ethno-political unions but also between the ancient states themselves.

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Хора Ольвии (дополнения к этнокультурной характеристике сельскохозяйственной территории полиса)

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Хора Ольвии (дополнения к этнокультурной характеристике сельскохозяйственной территории полиса)

Author(s): Konstantin K. Marchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2013

This monograph presents an original view on the problem of the “inner“ Greek Colonization of one of the earliest “border“ regions from the North-Western Pontic Area — Lower Bug region — in the Scythian time. The main result of the research is the possibility to give an expanded characterization of some newly discovered agrarian settlements in the Chora of Olbia, which are of Scythian and Greek origin (6th — first third of the 3rd century BC). The emergence and existence of these settlements in the agrarian neighbourhood of Olbia is directly linked to the history and culture of the Polis itself. Nevertheless, we should not regard this relationship between Olbia and its Chora as a singular and exclusive binding force, although all the political and economical efforts of the Greek colonists were directed towards establishing such a relationship. One of the arguments in this sense is the foundation by the Greeks already in the Late Archaic period of a local and, possible, sacral centre on the northern outskirts of the Chora — Staraia Bogdanovka 2. Yet, at the same time, another populated locality — Kutzurub I — emerges in the south, with material culture quite different from the Greek one. The efforts of the Greek colonists towards establishing a solid base for the functioning of the state is traced also in the Classical period of the Chora’s occupation. But even at that time their possibilities were quite modest — a fact, reflected in the historical fate and the peculiarity of the cultural remains from the Kozyrka 12 site.

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Хотынецкая агломерация скифского культурного круга и ее значение для интерпретации культурных связей раннего железного века на пограничье Центральной и Восточной Европы

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Хотынецкая агломерация скифского культурного круга и ее значение для интерпретации культурных связей раннего железного века на пограничье Центральной и Восточной Европы

Author(s): Sylwester Czopek,Katarzyna Trybała-Zawiślak,Tomasz Tokarczyk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

The article presents the results of the latest discoveries that have been made in recent years in south-eastern Poland. In the vicinity of the town of Chotyniec (6 km away from the current Polish-Ukrainian border), a cluster of the early Iron Age sites was identified. It can be associated with the forest-steppe variant of the Scythian cultural circle. Its central part is a hillfort (Chotyniec 1), where the so-called “zolnik” (cult area) was excavated. It contained interesting material — bronze arrow heads and pins, fragments of golden objects, fragments of Greek wine amphorae and a large series of hand made ceramics, analogous to those found in many forest-steppe groups from 7th—5th century BC. The hillfort is surrounded with settlement sites with the same set of objects. This interesting cluster was identified as the Chotyniec agglomeration. It is a new, the farthest north-western enclave of the Scythian world. The article contains a preliminary assessment of discoveries in the context of territorial and chronological relations with other cultural groupings of the early Iron Age.

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