Элементы всаднической и дружинной культуры II—III вв. в Поднепровье

Author(s): Oleg A. Radjush / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2013

The present article is devoted to recently discovered categories of warriors' enamel goods: spurs, whips and drinking horns. The author fixes the main territories of their distribution in upstream of the Niemen, upstream and middle stream of the Dnieper. Most part of the presented goods belongs to so called stray finds and it makes the purpose of research in chronology and ethnicity more complicated. The present typology of spurs is based on morphological signs. Three variants are singled out. The first (I) variant is characterized by simple bail, the second (II) — by platforms and crosscut bar; the third (III) — by bosses and rossettes on bail. Spurs were mostly bimetallic: their body was made of bronze, and their calk was produced of iron. The chronology of the spurs is based on direct analogies from European Barbaricum. The earliest appear at B2 phase, the peak of their advance is dated to C1, the latest ones continue to exist at C2 and C3 phases.Finds of drinking horns decorated with enamel demonstrate possible existence of warriors' festive culture. Bimetallic whips also made part of the military outfit; they seem to find prototypes in the Roman Empire, where from they spread and further develop in Northern Europe until 11th c. AD.

Эллинистические железные кирасы из Южного Приуралья

Author(s): Anton V. Dedjulkin,Ildar F. Kayumov,Dmitri V. Meshcheriakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2019

A Hellenistic iron muscle cuirass was unearthed in 1995 during archaeological excavations of a Sarmatian warrior grave at Berdyanka V tumuli necropolis. Already in ancient times, the breastplate of the cuirass fell apart into small pieces. Its complete restoration was carried out in 2016—2017. For the first time, the article presents the restored breastplate and discusses Hellenistic iron cuirasses from nomadic tumuli of the South Ural region. The Berdyanka warrior grave is synchronous with the chieftain’s tomb from the Prokhorovka tumuli necropolis, eponymous for the Early Sarmatian culture. According to the archive photos, the cuirass from Prokhorovka was fully identical to the cuirass from Berdyanka. Their shape features indicate that they are equestrian armor. The authors review the problems of the Early Sarmatian culture chronology, the historical context of the graves with the cuirasses, and possible routes for import of armor by the nomads of the South Ural region. Both cuirasses were made in the second half of the 3rd — the first quarter of the 2nd centuries BC. in arms workshops of the Seleucid Empire or of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. The resemblance of the reviewed cuirasses with the similar body armor from Epirus and the Eastern Mediterranean shows continuance of the traditions among arms workshops of the Metropolis and the East Hellenistic states. The results of the metallographic study are presented in the Appendix. It has been established that the production of both cuirasses used sufficiently pure medium-carbon steel without quenching and cementation.

Эллинская милиция Балканской Греции (вторая половина II в. до н. э. — III в. н. э.)

Author(s): Alexander K. Nefedkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2018

In the Roman Republican period (after 146 BC), the Greeks continued to maintain their military state institutions: commandment, epheboea, and mandatory military service. The Romans limited the recruitment of mercenaries, so their role decreasing, the role of civil militia increased. Poleis needed guardians and police. During the Roman rule, field battles were an element of the “great war” between Rome and other states or civil wars, but they were rare in “small wars”, i.e. in conflicts between cities. Usually, “small wars” were the attacks during sieges and naval battles. Greek militia were called in during war times in Greece: I Mithridatic war (89—85 BC), Roman civil wars (48—31 BC). In non-military time, the Romans did not appreciate the Greeks as fighters, recruiting the belligerent inhabitants of the Northern Balkans (Macedonia, Epirus) to their legions and auxiliary cohorts.

Энеолит Центральной Италии

Author(s): R. Grifoni Cremonesi / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2000

The problem of the beginning of the Eneolithic in peninsular Italy must be related to the Late Neolithic cultures, in which the Lagozza current and the Diana one intertwine and, in central Italy, blend into the Late Ripoli aspects. In this period, between the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium b.C., metal makes its first appearance and the first hypogean structures, both funerary and cultic, are built within the Serra d’Alto-Diana cultural sphere. But these innovations do not change the general context, still neolithic, and the true break is evident only towards the middle of the 3rd millennium, when metallurgy is documented in some groups and clear cultural changes are visible mainly in funerary rituals and in the presence of weapons, both in burials and in representations on statue stele and rock art (Cremonesi 1988; Bagolini et alii 1987). The Eneolithic of central Italy cannot be easily defined in terms of cultures with clear-cut geographical and chronological boundaries: it is characterized by various aspects, roughly corresponding to large territories, that influence each other through mechanisms of contact that are often difficult to grasp. A first distinction can be made between the cultures of the Adriatic side of the peninsula and those of the Tyrrenian side: for many years Rinaldone represented the Eneolithic culture of the Tyrrenian side, while Conelle the culture of Marche and Ortucchio that of Abruzzo. Quite often all the findings between Toscana to the south of the Arno River and the Volturno River were attributed to the Rinaldone culture: generically eneolithic materials – such as arrowheads, battle axes, copper daggers and axes – were, in fact, often defined as Rinaldone in Toscana and Lazio although no typical Rinaldone elements were present in the same context. Moreover, in spite of the studies of Minto and Bernabň Brea (1956), this identification of the Eneolithic of Toscana and Lazio with Rinaldone did not take into consideration the different set of data from northern Toscana, generically connected with either the scarce evidence of Liguria or Remedello. In 1968 Cremonesi, in his study of Grotta dell’Orso (Cremonesi 1968, 1984), drew attention to the problem of “a squame” coarse wares (scale decorated pottery); the re-analysis of the regional materials, that began in 1962 and was published in 1971, highlighted the richness in data of the whole region (Grifoni Cremonesi 1971). It is important to notice that, in particular in central and northern Tyrrenian regions, the Eneolithic is documented almost exclusively by burials: the possible distinctions are limited to the typology of the graves and the composition of the grave-goods, as well as to the presence of different pottery classes in the graves and in the scarce settlements known today. The funerary ritual shows differences co-existing in the same geographical territory – Toscana, Lazio, Umbria, Marche and Abruzzo –, i.e. burials in artificial caves, pit graves and natural caves and rock fissures.

Энеолит Южной Италии

Author(s): E. Ingravallo / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2000

The article is a review of up-to-date findings attributed to the origins and the beginning of the Eneolithic in Southern Italy. The advent of this epoch is represented by the Macchia a Mare-Zinzulusa facies, still marked by the influence of the final aspect of the Late Neolithic Diana culture (Spatarella style) showing clear connections with central Italy, in particular with the late Ripoli culture and Paterno in Abruzzo. The first eneolithic aspect of the Eolie Isles is represented by the Piano Conte facies. The other cultures reviewed are the Gaudo facies, known mainly from burial contexts, the Laterza facies, which is the protagonist of the full development of the Eneolithic in south-eastern Italy, and the Bell Beaker culture, scarcely represented in the south of Italy. Although the Gaudo and Laterza findings are sometimes associated in one and the same context, their relationship still raises questions. The chronological length of the Gaudo facies is also debatable, as is the hypothesis of its eastern origin, which is difficult to confirm on archaeological grounds. While reviewing each of these cultures, the author describes the findings, mainly grave goods, including pottery, metal and lithic objects, identifying their most characteristic features and similarities wherever appropriate.

Энеолитические погребения кургана 6 могильника Константиновский-6

Author(s): Sergej N. Korenevskij,Yakov Berezin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

The funerary complex of the Eneolithic period from the Konstantinovsky-6 cemetery represents a typical example of the most ancient burial complexes under kurgans which are related to the tribes of the proto-Pit-Grave (proto-Yamnaya) culture. The buried man was laid on his back with legs bent at the knees symbolizing a special magic contact of human feet with the earth. His body was abundantly sprinkled with red paint including the area of the feet.The burial of two children disposed close to the first grave reflects the fact that the erection of the mound was connected not only with the burial of an adult but with infants too. Ornaments from the child’s burial in the shape of copper pendants–shells represent long-distance relations of the population from the Northern Caucasus with Eneolithic cultures of the Danube region and can be considered as symbols of the cult of the goddess of fertility.

Эпиграфика в трудах Э. Р. фон Штерна

Author(s): Alexander G. Kuzmischev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2013

Ernst Romanovich von Stern, a prominent archaeologist of late 19th — early 20th century, was also known as a reputed epigraphist. It was him, who published the Olbian proxeny and other inscriptions, Latin and Greek, which were preserved in the Museum of Society of History and Antiquities of Odessa. He published the inscriptions, found during the excavations in Olbia and Berezan, between them the consacrations to Achilles Pontarchus, and the inscriptions, made by religious communities of Panticapaeum and Theodosia. By publishing the graffiti and amphora stamps, E. R. von Stern was the first in the native classic scolarship, who attracted attention of contemporary erudites to the importance of these sources. This article reveals this aspect of his scientific activity, which until now has been little covered in historiography.

Эпиграфические и нумизматические находки из раскопок поселения Ильич 1 как отражение кризисных явлений боспорского общества в эпоху эллинизма

Author(s): Oleg V. Sharov,Natalia A. Pavlicenko,Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2019

This paper addresses the whole set of the epigraphic and numismatic materials yielded by excavations on the coastal area of Ilyich 1 settlement in 2015—2016 (excavation Bereg-IV). The site is situated around the well-known Ilyich fort located at the northern boundary of the modern village of Ilyich in Temryuk district of the Krasnodar Kray. The dig uncovered predominantly the materials of the early Roman period (mid 1st century BC — mid 1st century AD). In the course of the excavations, also a horizon of the Hellenistic period was discovered. The latter included two ash accumulations, five household pits and four baby burials in amphorae. The amphora stamps date the objects within 380/370—109 BC. The coins indicate a somewhat differing date of 314/310 BC — 14/13 BC/9—10 AD. A synthesis of the numismatic and epigraphic evidence helped identify seven ‘arbitrary’ chronological stages in trade and monetary relations on Ilyich 1 in the Hellenistic period.

Этапы развития металлопроизводства эпохи поздней бронзы на юге Восточной Европы

Author(s): Vadim S. Bochkarev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

A new scheme of relative chronology of metal production for the Late Bronze Age in southern part of Eastern Europe is presented in the article. Statistical correlation of 107 types of metal objects derived from 157 closed complexes (graves, hoards, molds) helped singling out seven stable groupings. Correlation of these groupings with archaeological cultures as well as other data enables to treat them as chronological periods. Each of the periods is represented by a relatively stable combination of several types. At the same time, each period includes some exclusive types. Typological composition of periods is described in detail and depicted in respective illustrations. Definitions of all 107 types are presented in an extended appendix. In absolute dates, the presented chronology embraces the time span from the border of the III—II millennia BC to the beginning of the I millennium BC.

Этническая интерпретация традиций домостроительства Нижнего Побужья позднеархаического времени

Author(s): Sergei L. Solovyov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 19/2011

The paper traces the long discussion on the ethnic belonging of the half-dug dwellings known from numerous late archaic archaeological sites in the Lower Bug region, as well as along the entire Northern Black Sea coast. It is noted that a widespread opinion among researchers is that the ancient building tradition in the cited region was represented by stone dwellings built on ground level, which demonstrate the high level of development of Greek architecture. This is evidenced by the fact that the colonists were familiar with single- and multiple-chamber dwellings, with inner courts, regulated building patterns, as well as the application of different constructions and building techniques. On the other hand, the influence of the local tradition is associated with the presence of dug and half-dug dwellings (dugouts) that are typical of Southeastern Europe, but not also of Mainland and Eastern Greece. Analysing the data from numerous archaeological sites, the author stresses that in the 5th century BC there was combining of elements of the local (barbarian) and of the ancient building traditions for the construction of dugouts that had been used predominantly by barbarians. The possibility is assumed that dugouts were used for a brief period of time by the first Greek settlers as well, but it is very complicated to differentiate their dugouts from those of the indigenous population. In conclusion, the author recalls that the Greek colonists brought the tradition of the stone construction at ground level, with typical volume planning patterns, though it appears that they started adopting elements of the local building tradition that was adapted to the respective climatic condition. That proved to be a long process with several stages, which ended in the 4th century BC with the emergence of buildings characteristic of the Antiquity, but having levels dug into the ground as well.

Этнические компоненты черняховской культуры

Author(s): Boris V. Magomedov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2000

While studying Cherniakhov sites, the author distinguishes three main groups:1) Kosanovo type, which occupies the main part of Cherniakhov area, from the left bank of Dnieper to Transylvania. These sites include many elements of north-western Wielbark culture bearers (Goths) and other German tribes originating from the North Europe and Scandinavia (particularly, Heruls). On the eastern boundaries, the newcomers are in close contacts of various nature with the bearers of proto-Slavic Kiev culture.2) The type Cherepin-Teremtsy in the upper areas of Western Bug, Dniester, and on middle Dniester (Teremtsy is chronologically a relatively later stage). The author is inclined to connect this group with proto-Slavic.3) Black Sea Coast group. An active part in its formation must have been taken by the Scythians of Low Dnieper, Sarmatians and Hellenes, inhabitants of chora of Classical ancient towns on the Black Sea Coast.The author does not consider essential the role of Dacian element in Cherniakhov culture.

Этнические перемещения в западных провинциях поздней Римской империи в IV в.: к вопросу об истории некоторых войсковых подразделений

Author(s): Evgenii Aleksandrovich Mekhamadiev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 11/2019

During the 4th century a central government of the Later Roman Empire usually attracted different external tribes to Roman military service, with respect to Western provinces this policy inevitably was applied to German tribes, which lived at the Roman borders across the Rhine. Meanwhile, the author wants to clear, how a roman government created regular military units both from external and internal ethnic groups, i.e. units, from which expeditionary and frontier armies composed of. The author traces peculiarities of internal organizational structure of such the units and a legal condition of the tribal aristocracy, who leaded these ethnic groups. In order to study the question the author turned to hagiography (“Life of Saint Martin of Tour” and “Life of Ambrosius of Milane”), classical narrative accounts (Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus), and also to inscription from the city of Strumica (Republic of Macedonia). The author concluded that an internal structure of such ethnic units was a similar to another regular units and that ethnic units themselves were headed by their tribal chiefs, these chiefs received the titles of tribunus and protector.

Этногенез волохов, предков молдаван, по данным археологии (историографический аспект)

Author(s): Gheorghii B. Fyodorov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/1999

The monograph Ethnogenesis of the Vlachs, Moldovans’ Ancestors, According to the Archaeological Data (Historiographical Aspect) was written by G.B. Fyodorov, famous scientist of Soviet period, in the beginning of 1980s, but owing to circumstances beyond the author’s control has still not been published. The monograph still preserves its scientific value. It deals with a critical analysis of Romanian historiography of 50s–70s dedicated to the issue of reconstruction of the Vlachs’ ethno-genesis on basis of archaeological researches. Fyodorov revealed a radical change in the opinions on the Vlachs’ ethno-genesis, accompanied by a complete “withdrawal” or limitation of the Slavic role in the ethno-genesis of the Eastern Roman peoples. Fyodorov distinguishes three basic stages in the ethno-genesis of the Eastern Roman peoples: First: from the turn of bronze – iron ages till I century A. D. includes creation of the Thracian ethnic unity, distinction of the two close related tribes – the Gets and the Dacians. Second: from II century A. D. till V century A. D. includes the Roman Conquest of the Dacia and romanisation of the Gets and the Dacians in Dacia and Moesia Inferior. Third: from VI century A. D. till the first centuries of II millennium A. D. – the period of Slavic settlements in Balkan and Danube lands; their participation in the ethno-genesis of the Eastern Romans as the third important element of the latter; assimilation of the Slavs by the romanised population as the last and final stage in the Eastern Roman ethno-genesis. The author is realistic about modest possibilities of the Archaeology concerning the issue of the Eastern Roman ethno-genesis study, yet he believes that the researches in this direction must be continued.

Этнокультурная ситуация на востоке скифского мира в III в. до н. э.

Author(s): Petr I. Shulga / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2016

The article briefly analyses the ethno-cultural situation in the east of the Scythian world in the 3rd century BC. The investigation is focused on the Scythian-like cultures of the 6th—3rd centuries BC inhabiting the territories from the Upper Ob region and Kazakhstan to Transbaikal and Manchuria, including the cultures of Northern Xinjiang (China) and Northern China itself that are barely known in Russia. We considered the problem of propriety of dating some relatively late Scythian-like burials of Tuva and Mongolia in the 2nd—1st centuries BC. It is concluded that these burials should be dated by the period no later than the 3rd century BC. Many artifacts described as the “chronological indicators of Xiongnu” cannot be regarded as dating materials because they had been common for eastern historical and cultural community of the territories from Northern China to Transbaikal before the Xiongnu culture existence. Paleoclimatic and archaeological materials and written sources describe the 3rd century BC as a period of crisis of Scythian-like nomadic cultures and a time of flourishing for the cultures that involved in complex economy of forest steppe. The reasons for the decline of nomads cultures differ. In Northern China the decline of nomads and Scythian-like culture was directly related to the expansion of the agricultural kingdoms of China that ended with their consolidation in the year 221 BC and the displacement of nomads to the northern semi-deserts, where in the 2nd century BC the archaeological culture of Xiongnu appeared.

Юбилей журнала «Antiquity»: 90 лет на острие событий и исследований в мировой археологии

Author(s): Yaroslav V. Kuzmin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2017

Юго-Западное Задунавье как посредническая зона. Данные к культурной истории раннего и среднего энеолита в свете последних исследований

Author(s): Eszter Bánffy / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2000

As compared to the Great Hungarian Plain in Eastern Hungary, Transdanubia has been far less researched in the last century. This is especially valid for the pre-Roman periods. The relative chronology and the cultural formations of the Late Neolithic, Early and Middle Chalcolithic were elaborated only in the last decades, while some prehistoric problems still remained uncleared. In the course of the West Transdanubian microregional research programmes my main goal was to clear the changes of the cultural history in the second half of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th Millennium BC, as well as to compare these changes with those in neighbouring areas. I tried to clear the problems with one large-scale and several smaller excavations of late Lengyel and also of Balaton-Lasinja culture settlements in the Hahót valley, County Zala. The main results are as follows: There is no break between the two cultures, as assumed earlier: the Lengyel population lives on. The beginnings of the Chalcolithic consists of a series of small, hidden changes, inspired from the Mid-Balkans. Western Transdanubia also played a key mediating role in the Chalcolithisation of Europe. The origins of the Chalcolithic impulses can thus be traced back to the Karanovo VI-Gumelnita-Vinca D2 circle, which was broken up by the migrations toward the Pontus region in the heart of the Balkans. Western Transdanubia and Eastern Austria were undeniably the mediators in this process. In these areas, the surviving Lengyel groups of peoples adopted and eventually transmitted through their commercial ties the new cultural elements. The terminal points of these influences must have been Upper Austria and Bavaria, from where these impulses were spread through secondary (and tertiary) contacts to the emerging Central German and other chalcolithic cultures. All these findings lead us to conclude that the peoples of the western Transdanubian Lengyel and Balaton-Lasinja cultures, and especially the inhabitants of the extensive settlement at Szőlőhegyi mező, played a significant role in disseminating the south-eastern European methods and culture of Chalcolithic metallurgy towards Central Europe.

Юлиан Апостат. Персидский поход и загадка битвы у Туммара 26 июня 363 г.

Author(s): O. V. Vus / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 11/2019

Based on the research and the analysis of some narrative sources, the article examines the final stage of the Roman-Iranian war of 338—363. The main component of this stage was the strategic offensive operation (the Persian Campaign), worked out and conducted by the Emperor Julian the Apostate. The research highlights Julian’s military-diplomatic, organizational and combative activities during the preparation and during the operation; a step-by-step analysis of the fighting in Mesopotamia from April to July 363 was performed. The issues of chronology and topography of the battles have been corrected and the peak of the combat tension, that occurred on June 25—26, 363 in the battles of Maranga and Tummar, has been determined. A hypothesis about the Julian’s injury in a fight with an Arab warrior of the Banu Tayi tribe and about the cause of the Emperor’s death, which occurred on the night of June 29, 363 has been put forward.The author states that as a result of the commander’s death and the loss of control, the strategic offensive operation of the Romans against Iran did not achieve its goal and ended with a complete military and moral-psychological defeat; with significant human and territorial losses of the Roman Empire in Mesopotamia.

ЯЗЫК СОВЕТСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ: ОСНОВНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ

Author(s): Sergey Borisovich Krikh / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2014

The article attempts to outline the specific language of Soviet historical science based on the example of Soviet historiography of antiquity. We emphasize the importance of scientific research in the field stated, and propose an interpretation of the language of historiography concept. The main part of the article describes the two main characteristics of the language of Soviet historical science: the elevation of all meanings to an absolute truth and the focus on orthodoxy; the relationship and interaction between these characteristics are shown. We also reveal specific “fears” of Soviet historiography, which were reflected in its language.

Ямная культура на Балканах (Динамика структуры погребального обряда и соотношение с другими культурами ранней бронзы)

Author(s): Lolita Nikolova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2000

The Pit Grave Culture (PGC) was distributed in the Balkans as a result of migration from the Northern Black Sea. From the latest fourth and in the third millennium BC it occupied with different intensity Muntenia, Oltenia and Northern Dobroudja in Romania, Northern and Southeast Bulgaria, Eastern Serbia and Banat in Yugoslavia and Albania. The Tumulus burial ritual characterized the Pit Grave Culture but in the Balkans it was specific of different Early Bronze cultures (Baden, Vučedol, Coţofeni and possibly Ezero). The burial ritual of the PGC in the Balkans was characterized by a system of stable elements that occurred in different combinations. However, in the areas far away from the core of its development those elements were transformed and a new system emerged – peculiar and innovative itself. In North-East Thrace (South-East Bulgaria) the PGC was distributed in the milieu of the Ezero culture. Recently, Golyama Detelina II Tumulus, Mednikarovo and Dolno Sakhrane Tumulus cemeteries have well demonstrated the dynamic of the structure of the burial rites of PGC population – active interactions with the local population and a transformation of the burial ritual. The data from Northern Bulgaria (Plachidol, Goran-Slatina and Knezha-Turnava groups) have given a possibility of some statistic analysis of the ritual and have posed the problem whether the Tumulus cemeteries had belonged to different PGC household or to different clans. For the analysis of the burial ritual of special interest was the pit equipment and the stone constructions in particular, types and variants if the inhumations, existence of double inhumations, the grave inventory, etc. To the west, the Tumulus graves of the PGC from Banat have showed a tendency of a preservation of the main elements of the PGC ritual. The types of body position and especially crouched inhumations on their back, floor covering, pit coverings, silver pendants belonged to the burial standard. But the disappearance of the stone constructions (structures?), the absence of numerous graves in the tumuli, wooden wheels etc. used to characterize the transformation of the ritual, in the light of the recent evidence. A question of primary importance is the relation of the PGC to the local Balkan Early Bronze Age cultures. It should be stressed that the PGC was distributed in the period of the prosperity of the local cultures based on the increased distribution of the bronze metallurgy, development of the agricultural and stockbreeding structures and increased multi-aspect exchange of goods. In this context, the recent data from the Balkans have increased the information about the PGC, on the one hand. On the other hand, it is obvious that the PGC did not spread over all the Balkan territories in the third Millennium BC as many local agricultural and stockbreeding or semi-pastoral communities have stable social-economic structures characterized by a density of the settlement and demographic systems. Then, the recent data showing the distribution of the PGC in the Balkans should not be overviewed. In fact, the population of the PGC was gradually integrated with the local population and the ritual as a system decreased toward new Tumulus burial rituals from Late Bronze Age in the Balkans. At the same time, in the third Millennium BC the population of the PGC occupied some territories in the Balkans rather intensively. It was involved in the dynamic and very developed EB culture system of the local cultures, possibly resulting in the development of the social stratification among the PGC society (for instance Goran-Slatina cemetery). Then, different types of the territories of the relations between the PGC and the local EB cultures can be defined. The ethno-cultural base of the latter was the transformed Balkan society from the Final Copper Age. Unfortunately, there are a lot of breaks in the record in that development from the earlier fourth Millennium BC, but the recent data make it possible to believe the milieu of the Balkan population was connected with the earlier prehistoric cultures developed there.

Ямная миграция и теоретические искания

Author(s): Leo S. Klejn / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2018

Debates generated by archaeological practice (particularly, around the Yamnaya westward migrations) led to attempts to find theoretical proves for various arguments advanced during the debates. Developing Ch.P. Snow’s idea on a divide of the modern educated society into two cultures (scientific and humanistic), C. Christiansen proclaimed the Third Scientific Revolution in archaeology, i.e. a new attempt to implement scientific methods in this field of knowledge. In his opinion, they were able to bring a radical change to archaeology and its humanistic foundations. His position was debated by T.F. Sörensen, who believes that archaeology can lose its inherent essence without this humanistic foundation. Both views are groundless, as the author of this article maintains. He sceptically questions the dichotomy itself in the classification of sciences, he denies the humanistic essence of archaeology and rejects supremacy of either humanistic or scientific methods in it. For it is all situation-based.