Раннехристианские апологеты Аристид, святой Иустин Мученик и Афинагор в контексте нашей современности

Author(s): Yuliyan Velikov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2018

The study of the early Christian period provides an opportunity for outlining the way in which the Holy Fathers and Church Writers address the pagan and Jewish anti-Christian argumentation. This article brings into focus the works of three Christian apologists – Aristides, Saint Justin the Philosopher (and Martyr), and Athenagoras whose approach in defending Christianity during the 2nd century is to be seen as a different route to reaching the solution of the same apologetic equation – the defence of the Christian faith.

Раннехристианские и византийские источники о распространении христианства на территории современной Украины

Author(s): Gennadiy V. Batizat / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2000

The publication is a compillation of Greek and Latin records narrating about spread of Christianity on teritory of Southern Ukraine and partly on adjacent territories, where Goths and Slavs lived. These records are excerpts from works by early Christian authors, Byzantine clerical and secular chronists and writers, as well as from hagiographic literature. The evidence of primary records is arranged in chronological order of the described events, with brief information about authors and records proper (if they are anonimous), as well as comments relating to names, concepts, historical events and chronology.

РАННЕХРИСТИАНСКИЕ ТОЛКОВАНИЯ ВОСКРЕШЕНИЯ ЛАЗАРЯ

Author(s): Alexey Mihailovich Nadezhkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2018

This article investigates the interpretation of the raising of Lazarus in early Christian literature. The author presents new data taken from the writings of St. Athanasius and other untranslated theological sources by S. Cyrill of Jerusalem, Pseudo-Clement, Didymus the Blind. The research focuses on the interpretation of the motif of the raising of Lazarus in Byzantine literature of the 2d–4th centuries. The research question concerns the writings of the authors of the given period that contain the interpretation of this evangelic motif. The author comes to the conclusion that the raising of Lazarus is an important theme in the writings of early Christian theologists. In Pseudo- Clement’s writings the name of Lazarus is nothing but mentioned for making the work more plausible, while St. Athanasius deeply reflects over the 11th chapter of the Gospel of John, seeking for anti-arian arguments in it.

Ранний бронзовый век и трансформация культур

Author(s): Svetlana V. Ivanova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2004

New scientific theories have appeared on a joint of archeology and natural sciences; further development has received the title «Theory of Catastrophes». It is probably necessary to reevaluate the origin and cultural values of apocalypses religions and traditions of catastrophes in ancient mythology and rituals. The Bronze Age marked emergence of new cultures. Some of them were so peculiar that archeologists cannot speak either about evolution, or about a smooth development of one culture into another. Their emergence could indeed be forced by some extraordinary phenomena that can be explained by the “theory of catastrophes”.

РАННЬОТРИПІЛЬСЬКЕ ПОСЕЛЕННЯ МОГИЛЬНА V ТА ДЕЯКІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ВИВЧЕННЯ КРЕМ’ЯНОЇ ІНДУСТРІЇ ЕНЕОЛІТУ

Author(s): Dmitry Kiosak / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 30/2019

The paper presents new data on the long-debated issue of Early Trypillian flint-knapping industry interpretation. The data were obtained during the field-work of 2017-2018 in the site of Mohylna V that was discovered by O.S. Peresunchak in 1998. The settlement is situated in the Central Ukraine, some 200 km to the north of Odessa (Kirovohrad region, Haivoron district, Zhakchik village council), on the long, gently sloping promontory between the river Mohylianka and its unnamed tributary. It is located between two previously known sites of Mohylna III and Mohylna II discovered by M.S. Gasiuk in early 1950-ies and it is the fifth Early Trypillian settlement along the 4-km stretch of the Mohylianka river. Mohylna V yielded abundant surface collection including tens of chipped stone artefacts. The rests of the destroyed pit were investigated by a testtrench. There were many animal bones, burnt clay, potsherds, polished stone tool and large-buttocks female figurine in the pit. The lithic assemblage is microlithic with many regular bladelets and narrow blades made mostly of pebble flint coming from the Southern Buh northern tributaries. Projectiles are represented by the "rhomboid points". They were produced of blades and bladelets by two oblique abrupt retouch truncations. Similar items are known from Early Trypillian sites of Dniester valley and north Moldova. Rhomboid points are fossil directeurs for Early Trypillia-Precucuteni. Many large (up to several kg) flint pebbles were gathered on the site's surface by local inhabitant. They are evidently not brought to the site by natural forces, rather they are manuports. The pebbles resemble the raw material used on-site for flint-knapping but they are barely tested and are mostly intact. Thus, we can deal with practice of flint pebbles "hoarding" activity.

Ранняя коринфская керамика из раскопок Мирмекия

Author(s): E. V. Lebedeva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2004

The article is a publication of fragments of a painted Corinthian vessel yielded by the diggings on Myrmekion. By its style, the vessel relates to the middle Corinthian period and can be dated by the first quarter of 6th c. B.C. Therefore, it is one of the earliest and rarest finds of Corinthian pottery not only in Myrmekion but in Bosporus as a whole.

Ранняя кружальная керамика черняховской культуры

Author(s): Alexandra V. Gudkova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2000

Many years of efforts to clarify chronology of Cherniakhov culture led to a possibility to study evolutions of typical elements of culture. The article analyses early Cherniakhov wheel-thrown pottery. It comes from early sites, identified on basis of chronologies proposed by a number of researchers. It gives description of this pottery, its comparison with pottery belonging to cultures found in the Carpathian region and Wielbark culture. It has been determined that none of them gave foundations for development of early Cherniakhov wheel-thrown pottery, although a number of links can be identified. An idea that the Cherniakhov pottery was based on a powerful impact combining La Téne (indirect), Central-European-German and provincial Roman features, has acquired further evidence and foundation for further development. One of possible ways to develop this idea lies in studying the appearance of proto-Cherniakhov wheel-thrown grey clay pottery on sites belonging to late Scythians on the North-Western Black Sea Coast dated by the first half of the I millennium AD.A special topic is a preliminary observation of ethnic and cultural features of interments, which yielded the studied Cherniakhov pottery. The grave goods found in majority of these interments include hand-made pottery with Wielbark, Przeworsk and German (Elba pots) features. Every fifth interment contains golden and silver articles, in proportion untypical of Cherniakhov culture. The individual finds are represented by artefacts of Central and North-Eastern European, less frequently, Roman origin. No Dacian elements were found.

Ранняя фаза черняховской культуры

Author(s): Oleg V. Sharov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The article discusses possibilities to prove some genetic links between Wielbark and Chernyakhov cultures. The author argues that this issue can be solved with the help of chronology, by distinguishing early horizones of finds on such representative cemeteries as Dancheny, Kosanovo, Ruzhichanka, Cherniliv Russky and Toki. The findings led to the following conclusions:1. Wielbark culture played a crucial role at the initial stage of the Chernyakhov culture. This manifests in a group of early Wielbark burials in Chernyakhov cemeteries, which forms the initial core of the latter, and in a number of categories of various objects and items of jewelry that existed throughout the Chernyakhov culture.2. The second horizon is marked by ties with the population of the Rhine-Elbe region, where settlements and burial grounds yield large quantities of handmade ware, forms of which are later found throughout the whole area of the Chernyakhov culture in wheel pottery. The same region gave various types of ware of Leuna-Hassleben horison to the Chernyakhov culture.3. The second and third horizons are marked by the Danish Wave: these are Monstruoso fibulae, iron combs, glass beakers, Bügelknopffibeln with a comb. All of these components merged together and transformed during the period C1b—C2, so that we see the classic Chernyakhov culture in the first decades of the 4th century, and it is difficult to single out the roots it stems from.

Ранохристиjанските базилики во Кратовскиот регион

Author(s): Jakim Donevski / Language(s): Macedonian / Issue: 17/2019

In this paper, I will be presenting the early Christian basilicas in the region of Kratovo. In this region, there are five basilicas, and they are located in the western part of the region of Kratovo. Three of the basili¬cas are located in the village of Konjuh, and the other two in the villages Vakav and Filipovci. The basilicas in the archaeological site Golemo Gradiste at Konjuh village, probably the ancient city of Tranupara noted in IV century, were excavated during the last six decades. These basilicas are: large city basilica (intra muros), Cemetery basilica (extra muros) and martyrium rotunda (circular basilica). These basilicas are dated between the 4th and the 6th century. The researcher A. Keramitciev discovered the rest of the basilicas during the last century. Probably those basilicas are from the same period like the basilicas in the village of Konjuh. In this paper, the accent will be on the other two unknown basilicas, one located in the archaeological site Cukarka at Vakav village and the other at the archaeological site St. Ilija in the Filipovci village.

Раскопки базилики «Крузе» в 2010 г. (краткая предварительная информация)

Author(s): Sergey V. Ushakov,Valentin V. Doroshko,E.S. Lesnaya,M.I. Tyurin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2011

In this article consider results of excavation of the basilica Kryze in 2010 year. In central nave of temple dug up cultural layers of the end 5-th till the middle 6-th centuries A.D. and were found pits of late antiquity pifosarium with bottoms of vessels. Also were find and excavated burials of XII–XIII centuries. In south conch of apse investigated the wells filling of Hellenistic time till the deep of 7 meters.

Раскопки гробницы бронзового века на верхнем Зеравшане

Author(s): S. Bobomulloev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1999

The tomb was found on the left side of Zerafshan river near Penjikent as result of building work and partly destroyed. The burial contains the human body placed on the left side and the skeleton of pet (ram). Among the burial goods were three bronze vessels, three wheel – made pottery vessels, bronze dagger and knife and some ornaments. The bone horse bits are identical with material from some monuments of South Ural (Sintashta and others). The unique object is the bronze pin headed by horse figurine. Wheel – made vessels belong to Jarkutan stage of Sappaly culture in South Uzbekistan and dated 1700 – 1500 B.C. The artefacts from this tomb present the combination of objects from south urban culture and cultural traditions of steppe.

Расписная керамика позднего энеолита на поселении Орловка-Картал на Нижнем Дунае

Author(s): Igor V. Manzura / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Fragmented painted pottery is uncovered predominately in the layer and structures of the Cernavodă I culture (the 2nd quarter of the 4th mill. BC). Part of fragments derives from complexes of the Early Iron Age cut into the late Eneolithic layer or is represented by stray finds. According to technological traits the pottery corresponds to painted ceramics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture. Several morphological types can be distinguished: cylindrical-conical bowls, relatively large pots with conical or cylindrical neck, jugs with high cylindrical neck, small widely open pots with globular body and small amphora with vertical handles on shoulders. The painting consists of two main kinds. The first kind embraces geometric or curvilinear ornaments composed from broad crossing or complementary bands which find best parallels mainly in the ornamentation of the Cucuteni B2-Tripolye C1 pottery. The second kind of the painting includes net-like ornament or compositions made of narrow crossing diagonal bands (“sparse net”). This kind of painted design is related only to the small vessels with globular body and amphora. Such morphological and stylistic types can be considered as manifestations of particular ceramic tradition of the Cernavodă I culture probably emerged under influence of the Cucuteni B-Tripolye C1 culture. They are broadly distributed in late Eneolithic graves of the Northwest Pontic region and can be regarded as additional evidence for attributing this territory to the area of the late Eneolithic Cernavodă I culture.

Расписная керамика Томашовской локально-хронологической группы трипольской культуры

Author(s): Sergey N. Ryzhov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2000

The monuments of the Tomashovka group are in the Bug-Dniester area and concern to a stage C I of the development of the Tripolye culture. The given group alongside with the earlier Vladimirovka and Nebelevka groups make a uniform evolutionary line of the development, which genetic roots are fixed in “western” Cucuteni monuments of the Ariusd-Cucuteni-Tripolye generality. Among a ceramic complex of group to technological, morphological, stylistic attributes the restaurant (painted) utensils is determined. Under the form 11 types of vessels are allocated. In a painting is established 7 ornamentical schemes for bowls and 12 schemes for other types. The Tomashovka utensils continues the local potter traditions of the Nebelevka group, but on its formation the ceramics of the Shipenets (Dniestr area) and Chechelnik (Bug area) groups also has rendered strong influence. In turn, the Tomashovka group ceramics influenced on the development of the Chechelnik utensils, and stylistic borrowings and straight linees imports of vessels were fixed in the complexes of the Petreny group settlements. The Tomashovka group imports are fixed even in materials of the Cucuteni settlements. Some of Tomashovka and Chechelnik groups elements of ornaments, but already in the transformed kind, meet on the vessels of monuments such as Varvarovka XV, which mark transition to the Latest Tripolye.

Растко Васич. Фибулы Центральных Балкан

Author(s): Evghenii Yu. Zverev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2000

Региональные особенности сюжетов и бытовых реалий в монументальных поминально-погребальных памятниках Малой Скифии I—III вв. н.э.

Author(s): Sergey A. Yatsenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2014

The series of depictions on the Funeral and Memorial monuments in three regions of Crimean Scythia Minor in the 1st — early 3rd cc. AD were examined, many new important local details were came to light. Their iconography and semantics may be explained on a religious pre-Islamic believes of Iranian and Indo-Iranian peoples, first of all — on Alanian-Ossetian traditions.

Редкие и уникальные монеты античных городов Северного Причерноморья

Author(s): Vladimir P. Alexeev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2004

The article presents a publication of unknown and rare coins of such ancient towns as Tyras, Olbia, Cercinitis, Chersoneses and Panticapaeum (Pantikapaion).

РЕЗОС – ЛИТЕРАТУРЕН ОБРАЗ ИЛИ ЛИТЕРАТУРИЗИРАНА ПРЕДСТАВА ЗА КОННИКА ХЕРОЙ НА ТРАКИТЕ

Author(s): Valeria Fol / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 22/2017

The paper analyses the written sources and the hypotheses expressed in favour or against a developed cult of Rhesos as a hero. The evidence on Rhesos shapes three images, each with its specificities. The idea of the Hero in Hellas and its “encounter” with the notion of the Thracians of the heroic are examined. Some authors accept that the image of Rhesos belonged to the Achaean mythological cycle. Most Bulgarian authors prefer the opinion expressed 100 years ago by W. Leaf, based on Cicero’s evidence (Cic. De natura deorum III, 45) that the tragedy Rhesos was born from poetic fancy, which is seriously criticised in Western specialised literature. The evidence shows that the socium in the region of the Rhodope Mountains overcame the conflict between the disappearance and the preservation of the cultural memory, and the defining of yesterday and today through a folklore narrative and rites connected with the image of the Horseman Hero, probably Rhesos. In the different cultures – of polis and ethnos types – the individual who had passed “beyond” can become unforgettable and divine protector of the socium in different ways, Euripides (Eur. Rhes.) and Philostratus sensed the different notion and understanding of a divine protector among the Thracians, which led to the confusing use of theos, heros and anthropodaimon, which is confusing to us, as the authors have tried to come maximally close to the way of thinking of the bearers of the faith-ritual related to Rhesos, i.e., to the Thracian world outlook and way of preservation of the cultural memory. The reference to Rhesos as anthropodaimon, daimon and heros can also be interpreted as defining of different recognised ideas in the “culture of death” of the Thracian aristocratic faith-ritual whose aim is the immortalisation and the preservation of the link with the deceased who had gone to the World Beyond, profanated and rendered as folklore during the Late Antiquity.

Результаты минералого-петрографического анализа изделий из камня могильника Малополовецкое-3 и поселения Малополовецкое-2А (Киевская область)

Author(s): Ihor S. Nikitenko,Sergey D. Lysenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2014

The article presents the results of the petrographic study of selected stone goods from the complexes belonging to the Malopolovetskiy and Belogrudovskiy horizons of Kievo-Cherkasskaya group of Tshinetskiy cultural circle. The origin of the raw material was determined. A considerable part of the raw stones was delivered from the territory of neighboring regions and modern Dnepropetrovsk region. Conclusions were drawn about the peculiar uses of the rocks. For the production of the most types of goods certain raw stones were used. This could be rocks of the following types: dolerite, granitoid, tectonite, sandstone, amphibolite, quartz rock, limestone, soapstone. It has been suggested that the population of the Kievo-Cherkasskaya group of Tshinetskiy cultural circle led exchange trade with neighboring regions, in order to obtain stone products or raw material.

Результаты минерало-петрографического анализа зернотерок из античных поселений V – начала III вв. до н.э. сельской округи Феодосии

Author(s): Alexander V. Gavrilov,Nikolai N. Makarov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2002

The analysis determined that the diverse stone rocks from the various local deposits in the Crimean Mountains might have been used to produce the cornmills. These were trass, basalt, diorit, dacit, porphirit, tufa of volcanic origin, porous drive, limestones and sandstones of various consistency. The deposits of trass situated in the mountain mass of Kara Dag, were mined mainly. It is the former volcano 18 km westward from Theodosia. The cornmills made of trass were found almost on all the sites and cities of European Bosporus. It proves the fact that the stone mines in the Kara Dag and the workshops in Theodosia produced the cornmills spread in the antiquity.

Рейды ранних сарматов в Северном Причерноморье по данным эпиграфики и материальной культуры

Author(s): Fedor V. Shelov-Kovedyaev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2020

The paper publishes some new and summarizes earlier known evidences demonstrating the presence of the Sarmatians in the North Black Sea Region and Crimea in the 3rd cent. B. C. The new evidence includes: the Attic black lacquer plate from the excavations on acropolis of Panticapaeum with a spell against the Sarmatians cast as late as the end of the 4th cent. B. C.; some traces of abandoning — under Scythian pressure–of the military settlement in the rearward area of Uzunlar Wall and, in similar conditions, of the elite manors of Bondarenkovo Vostochnoie and Manitra on the border of the current city of Kerch; the discovery of Sarmatian kurgans of the 4th cent. B. C. on the Mid Don. The earlier evidence includes: accounts about Sarmatian attacks on the Chersonesos territory in the decrees of Chersonesos ΙOSPE I2 343 & 353; an image of a Sarmatian — cataphractarian on the Nymphaeum fresco at the end of the first quarter of the 3rd cent. B. C.; finds of Bosporan coins and hoards with these coins in Khoresm and Dzungaria in the stratum of the 2nd half of the 3rd cent. B. C.; the fact that the chorae of all of the Hellenic polises in the North Black Sea Region and Crimea were constricted in the 1st — 2nd quarters of the 3rd century B. C. All of these evidences prove that the military and political situation in the North Black Sea steppes had changed at the end of 225—230s B. C. due to the Sarmatian raids. They oppressed the Scythians who, in their turn, oppressed the Greeks.