ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LATE ANTIQUE TREASURES SOUTHERN OF THE LOWER DANUBE (4-6 CC.) COMMON DIRECTION
ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LATE ANTIQUE TREASURES SOUTHERN OF THE LOWER DANUBE (4-6 CC.) COMMON DIRECTION
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ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LATE ANTIQUE TREASURES SOUTHERN OF THE LOWER DANUBE (4-6 CC.) COMMON DIRECTION
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The four graves were identified during a rescue research determined by a ditch digging in the area of the archaeological site of Moșnița Veche–„Dealul Sălaș” (Timiș County) for underground utility. The unauthorized interventions there deranged some of the described graves. We might note that they had intervened since olden times on the grave No 3. Only the inferior part of the skeleton remained in the anatomical connection, the skull was identified on pelvis and the bones of the upper part, in the grave padding. We take this intervention after inhumation for graves plundering, a practice of the Sarmatians in the area of the Romanian Banat, northern Serbia, and eastern Hungary, largely documented since now. SN is the general orientation of the graves; the funerary furniture consists in ceramic vessels and metallic findings. Vessels consist in truncated cone-shaped bowls and pitchers in a fine and well worked paste, burnt by reduction, specific to that age. The pitcher with a trickling tube from Grave No 1 is the one to attract our attention and dates the grave to a period between the last third part of the 4th century AD and the first half of the 5th century AD. Grave No 3 might be dated to the same age as the fragment of an iron fibula certifies, belonging to the type of fibulae with the spring behind the body. The funeral furniture from Grave 2 and Grave 4 certify a largest dating of the two archaeological complexes, to the 3rd – 4 th c. AD.
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The presence of Avar warriors in Transylvania during the 7th–8 th centuries is a reality that cannot be contested, as it is proven by the cemeteries and graves that belong, beyond doubt, to warriors of Avar origin. The first Avar incursions in the Transylvanian Plateau took place after 630 and aimed at occupying/conquering the salt-rich areas in the center of Transylvania. This was only possible after they established their direct control over the Gepid communities in the center of the Transylvanian Plateau. I do not believe we can speak of a conquest of Transylvania, but rather of an act of taking control over a territory that the Avars were interested in due to its salt resources. They did not decimate the Gepid communities, but lived alongside them and used them to extract salt. According to the archaeological data that can be attributed with certainty to the Avar warriors (cemeteries and graves), one can note the fact that the entrance of the Avars in the Transylvanian Plateau was not a large-scale phenomenon and the territory they actually dominated was much smaller than some specialistshave estimated. This territory was restricted to the area between Câmpia Turzii and Teiuș, where the Mureș turns south, on both sides of the river. Current data do not allow one to form a general picture of the way in which the Avar domination in Transylvania ended. The history of the central province of Romania during the first half of the 9th century still holds many uncertainties that only future archaeological researches might decipher. Based on everything presented so far, I believe one cannot speak at all of an „Avarization” of Transylvania, but rather of a „Slavization” of the region, as Slavic settlements and cemeteries from the 7th –8 th/9th centuries have been documented throughout the territory of the Transylvanian Plateau. The Avars made a place for themselves in this Slavic world, in a relatively small geographic area.
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Homo Sapiens (HS) started emerging around 300,000 BP. HS, a long-distance fast bipedal runner had a29-year life expectancy. The ensuing physiological mutations caused the birth of long-dependentchildren. Their side-effect was enhanced vocal articulation. Linguistic phylogeny produced language withthree time-ordered articulations: 1- rotation vowels-consonants into roots; 2- space- and timecategorization of roots into stems; 3- functional and temporal specifications of stems into fronds. Womenhenceforth developed as spiritual members in their communities, hereinafter their place in the productionof symbolic cave and mobiliary art. The spiritual dimension of such symbolism must heavily be centeredon women. Around 45,000 BCE all over the world, HS communities who had migrated out of BlackAfrica between 250,000 and 70,000 BP developed women-centered symbolism for the first time ondurable media, though male-centered hunting weapons and tools had been produced even by previousHominins.
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The paper presents two drachms minted in the 1st century B.C. by the Greek colonies of Dyrrachium and Apollonia. The drachm of Dyrrahium of unknown provenience has long been in the Numismatic collection of the Regional museum in Visoko. It can be traced back to the last phase of issuance of this type of drachms in Dyrrachium, dated ca. 80-40 B.C. the drachms of Apollonia was discovered in march 2020 in the area of the Old town Visoki by Mak Sirčo and remains in his possesion. The coin is well preserved and datable to the last phase of issuance of such drachms in Apollonia, ca. 80/70-48 B.C. The discovery of the coin in the area of the Old town of Visoki is of great importance because this kind of finding refers to the fact that this area was inhabited in the Iron Age by the population which, directly or indirectly, had contacts with the neighbouring tribes as well as the Greeks living along the Adriatic coast. These two coins make reference to ancient trade routes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The departure point of one of these routes was Narona. The route further led to Mostar and, via Ivan Sedlo, to Sarajevo. In Sarajevo, the road was divided into two branches. The first one led to Pale and further to Pljevlja and the second one to Fojnica and Vareš. However, it is important to mention that both drachms could have come to central bosnia from the north, actually from the areas of Danube and Sava valleys inhabited by Celtic tribes, where multiple coin hoards and single coin findings of these coins have been identified.
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Worship, beliefs and various religious rituals gained a significant place in the lives of Arabs since the period of the civilizations of Mesopotamia. Then, pre-Islamic Arabs had the same importance as they adopted these beliefs. The religions of pre-Islamic Arabs are mainly derived from the texts of ancient civilizations in the Mesopotamia valley (Babylonian, Assyrian, Sumerian, Akkadian, etc.). With their multiple dialects, these texts do not agree about various religious matters, as a result of the variation in the characteristics of these civilizations in terms of religious belief and worship, such as prayers, religious supplications, material eucharistic sacrifices. The current research attempts to find out how the religions of Mesopotamian civilizations affected pre-Islamic Arabs. Most of the religions belong to their ancestors in the period of ancient civilizations, especially Mesopotamian.
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The sociological approach to the concept of creativity lacks some accuracy, since it is addressed from an a priori perspective and admitted without reflecting on what it means socially and culturally. In this connection, the present article tries to provide a specific description of the term from its genealogy and on the basis of the socio-cultural-historical context where it arises. More precisely, it deals with the idea conveyed by western myths, the narrative about the identification of the instituting generatrix forces or the procreative divinities that lie behind the birth of the cosmos, of the world, of society, of the earth, of gods, of humans, of animals, and of plants. Thus, from an interpretative examination of the myths about Mother Goddess, those about Biblical Genesis, as well as of Greek creation myths, an attempt will be made to draw a conceptual map that delimits the most defining features of creativity (1). The ultimate goal is to check whether such characters have survived to the present day (2).
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Over forty East Roman coins have been found in China over the past hundred years but many of them have no archaeological context, so it is almost impossible to establish when they got the Celestial Empire. Besides, a significant part of the finds are rather crude initially or heavily worn. Fake coin printing was also frequent on the Silk Road. It is believed that sometimes this was not even malicious intent — Byzantine and Iranian coins acted as stable monetary units, the position of which was stronger because China, with all its role in international trade had been fragmented starting from the 3rd century CE for hundred years. And this fragmentation, in contrast, for example, with the Eastern Zhou period (771—221 BCE), was accompanied by the constant emergence and disappearance of kingdoms and empires, which rarely existed for more than one century (especially in the north). Of course, in such a “political climate” the value of foreign coins, which had a standard mass and precious metal content, increased significantly. It is no less obvious that this prompted many to produce solidus “analogs” in an artisanal way, and such “craftsmen” could act on areas from Near East to the Yellow Sea. Genuine and questionable coins of the Eastern Roman Empire are spread along the Silk Road (modern Xinjiang Uygur and Ningxia-Hui autonomous regions, Gansu, Shaanxi and Henan provinces, partly also south of Inner Mongolia). For example, in the area of Xi'an city, the bright find of Justinian solidus (the authors of the excavations, however, tend to regard the coin as belonging to Justinian's reign) was printed in the tomb (571 CE) of the Sogdian Kan Ye. We put this golden coin into circulation in 2018. However, the study of Byzantine coins in China sheds light on events in the Eastern Roman Empire itself. The “conjugation” of the processes described above is the focus of this work.
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e Roman camp from Mehadia has been systematically researched in several moments over the last hundred years. However, the internal plan of the fortification could not be established precisely due to the many late interventions that the Romans undertook in the area, but also as a result of serious floods caused by overflow of the Bolvaşniţa River and Belareca River, fast mountain waters which affected the integrity of the site. Doina Benea, who established the last chronology of the fortification at Mehadia, considers that the last users of the camp perimeter were the limitanei (peasant soldiers) from the Constantinian period of the Roman Army, conclusions based on some discoveries in the area of the gates that indicated architectural changes of the towers and entrance. However, the 18th-century Habsburg cartographic sources give us indications that during the Austro-Turkish confrontations this castellum with visible vallum system and defense ditch was used, leaving even material traces that archaeologists did not recognize or that did not take them into account.
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e preventive archaeological research carried out in the archaeological site of Giroc, on the Timişoara Sud bypass, Km. 12 + 260 – 12 + 980 (Site 3), was aimed to discharge the archaeological load of the perimeter that will be affected by the construction of the road. A surface with 720 m length and between 22 and 25 m width was researched. Apart from a few ditches or other modern interventions, which affected the terrain very little, all 181identified archaeological features were dated back to the 4th–5th centuries AD. In the present study, we focus on the presentation of deep-dwelling in the ground provided with fire installations. Following our analysis, we can conclude that the fire installations in the dwellings from the Tisza Plain appear during the 2nd–3rd centuries only in isolated cases, in the form of hearths. In the period from the end of the 4th century and in the first half of the5th-century the hearths began to appear in greater numbers, and ovens were dug into the walls of the houses.
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The article is a comprehensive review of the research (to date) on the lexical substratum of Romanian. For many words belonging to the substratum, Celtic, Alpine, Italic etymologies are available. We should therefore dispense with the Dacian, Racian or Balcanic hypothesis for most of these words, all the more so considering the scant evidence about these languages. The methodological rigor imposes a conclusion – that there is no compelling evidence of an influence of the Dacian language on the Latin that would later evolve into Romanian.
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The reviewed monograph’s aim is to make a comprehensive history of the Sarmatians and their further influence in the history of medieval and modern Europe. The authors discuss a vast geographical region, from the Eurasian steppes to the Great Hungarian Plain, Central Europe, Western Europe, and Eastern Asia. The book is divided into three main parts: Sarmatians of the Steppe, Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin and Sarmatians after the Sarmatian Period, along with some introductive chapters and final remarks or annexes. The monograph offers a good access into the history of the Sarmatians and an excellent overview of the current state of research. It also raises several questions concerning the directions of future research.
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