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Though many scholars have referenced Joan Scott as the earliest Gypsy in North America, thanks to a 1695 Henrico County Virginia court record identifying her as “an Egiptian and noe Xtian woman,” none have explored her life further. Despite this, an examination of the fornication charge against Scott suggests much about her life. Scott entered the colony twenty years before her fornication charge and while unmarried bore a child whose father the court considered a man of color. In these ways, Scott’s life appears similar to her contemporaries. Yet, in other ways Scott’s experience differed. By allowing the court to believe in her Gypsy identity and non-Christian religion she worked the court in her favor and saw her case dismissed. When historicized and contextualized, the meager details known about Joan Scott enhance our understanding of the colonial American Gypsy experience and contribute to a broader American historical narrative.
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While analysing the legislative output of the interwar Republic of Poland, most Polish researchers highlight the significant achievements of the so-called Codification Commission established in 1919, whose twenty years of efforts resulted in the drafting of a host of important codes and other acts of high legislative value. This output, however, could only be put to a very short-lived use in the 1930s. Its full potential was not unleashed until after the Second World War, in a completely changed political reality. On a day-to-day basis, the Polish state of the interwar period faced a number of issues that it either desired to overcome or was forced to do so. One of them was the crippled legal status of women, particularly jarring in the reality of the interwar times. Although the reborn Polish statehood, true to lofty democratic ideals, immediately took it upon itself to change the clearly underprivileged legal status of women, the final effect, that is the legislation in force as at the outbreak of the Second World War, looks meagre. The modern codification had not been adopted, the legal particularism in the scope of civil law had been maintained, the anachronistic codification of the preceding century upheld – the ideals of equal rights for women were made a very much imperfect reality. In this article, we attempt to trace the history of how this came to be by examining difficulties in introducing the principle of equality of women’s rights. The example we have chosen serves to shed light on the mundane efforts to overcome the mounting problems with realizing ideas of modernization upon the underlying legal foundations of a country which, at first sight, seems utterly ill-prepared to tackle this task properly.
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For the latest generations of British poets known as the New Generation(1994), Next Generation (2004), and Next Generation 2014, London is the place ofinfinite possibilities that enhance mental versatility and emotional metamorphosistesting, contesting and ultimately attesting identity by blurring the boundaries ofcoherent individuality. This paper proposes an attempt to identify a gynocentricaesthetic orientation originating in urban selfhood by scrutinising severalrepresentative poems by Moniza Alvi, Patience Agbabi and Kate Tempest whoadvance alternative portrayals of the megalopolis in life stories of a generic homourbanus (dis)located in London. The assimilation of the mega-city during the processof selfing forges a specific ethos interpreted through a variety of megalopolitanexperiences among which one can distinguish Londonicity (the ability to conform tothe metropolitan code), ventured Londonification (the endeavour to conquer the hugeconurbation) and Londonimity (urban inadequacy, a tendency to display selfeffacement).However, these poets’ urban psychogeography converges into aparticular state of mind nurtured by their imaginary experience of London as assumeddestiny, a way to shape and re-shape personal cultural codes, providing solidarguments in favour of a gynopoetics of the metropolis forged by the discursivestrategies employed in the female-authored poetic texts.
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Abatyše Kunhuta, Kolda z Koldic a tzv. Pasionál abatyše Kunhuty
This article deals with what is known as the Passional of Abbot Kunhuta and his association with this manuscript. It presents the life of the Abbot and focuses on selected aspects involving the compilation and usage of the Passional, e.g. the identities of the manuscript client and the addressee, the purpose behind the work and the layout of selected texts and painted decorations. A fresh analysis reveals the considerable influence of Colda of Colditz on the layout of the textual part of the Passional and its decorative scheme.
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Gender analysis of the Macedonian folk culture helped us to reveal the standard patterns and behaviour norms that men and women practice and experience in the frames of the traditional folk culture of the Macedonians and the other nations residing in Republic of Macedonia. The paper involves research on the relations between gender and patriarchate namely discusses the patriarchal model in Macedonian folk culture, as well as stereotypes of the woman and her identity in the folk tradition. Nonetheless the paper is trying to identify whether the patriarchate is the only one responsible for the discrimination of the woman and the undisputable domination of the man. In the attempt to present different approaches, the paper is dealing with the concessions from the patriarchal model and some cases of its non existence. In that context the paper reviews the relation between gender and Eros, through remarkable examples of folk creations with erotic content. The paper also deals with the issue of canonisation of the Macedonian female folk singing, where weíre emphasising the role of the talented female singers and narrators of the Macedonian folk creations as the first female authors in the Macedonian history of literature, i.e. the role of the woman as holder and transmitter of the Macedonian folk culture.
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The authentic thematic preoccupations and approach specific for women authors in the Macedonian prose (as women`s writing, defined by the Anglo-American feminist critics, such as Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert, Susan Gubar, or Joanna Russ) can be illustrated by the analysis of two short stories: The Smell by Olivera Nikolova and The Limestone Powder by Olivera Kjorveziroska. The former, written in an unusual narrative approach of second person storytelling, is a mimesis of giving birth, a process depicting the exclusive female corporal experience. As such, it stretches the boundaries of the female body to a previously unknown degree of expansion and transformation, being followed by the narrative structure of the story. The latter is women`s writing which, again, mimetically follows the internal world of the female subject - it is a patchwork, sewn together by pieces of deep and subtle emotions on one hand, and mundane, everyday tasks of a housewife, made perfect by the long years of marital practice. The alienation between the spouses is metaphorically turned into a limestone, powdered to spice the everyday life and thus made to truly disappear.
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The following discourse analyses of the novel „In between“ (2008) from Irena Jordanova is focused on the literary categories of character and focalization. Using the feministic and sociological paradigm the article aims to show that the homosocial desire is crucial in establishing the patriarchal regimes for complete objectification and appropriation of the female in the erotic triangle. Even more, the analysis tends to describe the homosocial relationships of different masculinities, from the marginalized and subordinated, trough the complicit and the hegemonic as well as their transition the patriarchal network . In the specific case, the article finds out that the female is not only objectified on the story (fabula) level, but even more, the female is used as an object of symbolichomosocial transaction in the realm of the discourse (syuzhet). In this process, romance serves as homosocial normalizing and cloaking devise for safekeeping the patriarchal position.
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Jelena Dimitrijević is better known for her literary work than for her social, patriotic and humanitarian achievements. She was a member of three women’s societies in which she actively worked. Until now, that part of Jelena Dimitrijević’s life was not fully discovered and represented a real challenge for research. Eventually, it has been revealed that she became a regular member of the Women’s Society branch in Niš for the first time in 1881 and then, after a short break, joined again in 1893, only to become an executive member in late 1894. Beginning from 1898, she became a regular member of the Belgrade Women’s Society and member of Literary Committee of the magazine Domaćica [Homemaker]. Her friendship with Ljubica Luković, also member of the Women’s Society, which began in Niš, continued in Belgrade as well. Until now, it was unknown that in 1903, Jelena became a member of the Society Knjeginja Ljubica, as shown in latest discovered data. Her work within Kolo srpskih sestara [Circle of Serbian Sisters] is slightly better known, especially her work in the magazine Vardar. During this period, she met Delfa Ivanić, the founder of Kolo srpskih sestara and so began their long-lasting friendship and collaboration in the National Women’s Alliance. Information has been found that Jelena was awarded with her first medal in 1896. She received her second medal in 1911 and the third in 1928 during the celebration of her jubilee. All of this shows that, apart from her literary work, Jelena Dimitrijević was also deeply committed to protecting the weak, children and women, as well as supporting the fight for national liberation of the Serbian people on the territory of the Ottoman Empire and Habsburg Monarchy.
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This essay is a brief presentation of the cooperation of Jelena Dimitrijević (1862-1945), a recognized and influential Serbian writer, with the elite charitable organization The Circle of Serbian Sisters in the first half of the 20th century. The focus of the paper is the official periodical of this women’s association, the almanac Vardar, which was published in two stages (1906-1914 and 1921-1941). The essay offers a detailed list and analysis of the literary articles of Jelena Dimitrijević in Vardar, which, as it turns out, can be described as a feminophilic, only partially as a women’s magazine and not at all as a feminist one. The aim of the research, on the one hand, is a further consideration of the editorial policy of this almanac and the ideology of The Circle of Serbian Sisters on the whole. On the other hand, it also offers some new insights regarding the work of Jelena Dimitrijević.
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The ethnographic work of Jelica Belović Bernadzikowska, aimed at the development and classification of ornaments and embroidery techniques, was marked by the strong positioning of folk textile art in the context of South Slavic folklore. This scientific approach is characterized by ideas on the individuality of South Slavic embroidery, specific national spirit that permeates this kind of creative art and distinct intertwining of different types of art, especially poetry and textile ornamentation. By observing national embroidery in the context of larger folklore heritage, the author points to the significance of the creative process as a compound of tradition and individual talent, as well as its complex nature. The notion of national embroidery as the materialization of the national thoughts, feelings and traditions has contributed to the fact that the study of Jelica Belović Bernadzikowska represents a veritable treasure trove of short forms of folklore, passages, beliefs and other echoes of national spirit.
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Julka Chlapec Djordjević (1882–1969), born in Novi Sad, married with Czech husband, belongs to the so-called second wave of feminists who are of the Novi Sad origin. On the foundations of the first wave of feminism in the then Vojvodina, which focused on the public visibility, i.e. the right to work and participate in public life, as well as on the accessibility of higher education for this gender group, “the second wave” of feminist authors situated, who set their interest on the emancipation of women in the area of private and family life, and, consequently, on the political rights and liberties of women introducing international experience in this domain into the local environment.
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Toško Vlahović was a student of philosophy at the universities of St. Petersburg and Jena, the Chetnik duke and the commander of the detachment of Krajina in the Serbian resistance movement and Toplica uprising. In his war diary, he recorded impressions of the female part of the population of the Kingdom of Serbia during the occupation in the Great War (1915–1918). For members of the tenderer sex, girls and women, Vojvoda Vlahović used the term “ženske” which was then used in everyday life. The occupied Serbian society, which was to a certain extent divided, is presented realistically. Women and girls provided help and support to participants in the resistance movement and rebels, but there was also a small number of “chicks” who collaborated with the Bulgarian occupying authorities. This cooperation was reflected in the informative activities, i.e. reporting of compatriots for various “violations”. Vlahović witnessed the massive suffering of the civilian population during the criminal expedition of the troops of the Central Powers, which followed the breakup of the uprising movement. In the diary he recorded the pain and suffering of girls, women (younger, middleaged, and elderly). Women were victims of abuse of Bulgarian soldiers and komitadji. But, sometimes, members of the Serbian resistance movement were also abusers. Women were raped, beaten, mistreated, sometimes killed. Toško Vlahović’s notebooks were written in difficult times, when the imperative was to survive. Life turned into a continuous and merciless struggle for the preservation of bare existence. In this fight, at times, the “goals”, “patriotism”, “the fatherland” were forgotten... This makes this historical source valuable. The diary is accurate, realistic, picturesque. The author, using the richness of the examples of the “deviations from the rule”, illustratively presents the dark and bright side of the life of the “Women’s Society” during the occupation.
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Since the establishment of the Women's Trade school in NiŠ, in 1883, UNTIL April 1, 1941, when it stopped working due to the outbreak of the Second World War, during a period of fifty-eight years, the Female community of Niš actively took care of its survival, the organization of work, quality of teaching and extracurricular activities. Founded as a women's humanitarian organization, whose members are worried about the rights and education of women, the community immediately was involved in the very beginnings of the institutional secondary education of women in Serbia. As direct founders of the Women's Trade school, the members of community provided funds for the purchase of school buildings in Niš, during the war years of World War I, turned into a military hospital. In that period, and in the early postwar years, the work of the community was carried out for military purposes and needs of the population in Niš. The members dedicated themselves to work in hospitals, school sewing machines made available Šivaram military ministry. After taking over the school building from the military authorities, the efforts of the community were directed towards its repairs and the procurement of basic school inventory, and to the normalization of teaching. Following the adoption of the Law on Women's Trade Schools (1922), this school in Niš had become a semi-state, because the Ministry of Trade and Industry payment of salaries to qualified teachers, while the Management of community had to take care of the school material costs and salaries and rewards for freelancers classes. Caring for the financial survival of the school meant for the members of the community that a number of humanitarian actions aimed at collecting funds and at ensuring conditions for the education of women had to be taken. In addition to regular membership dues, they, for this purpose, organized numerous entertainment, shows, concerts, matinees and exhibitions. In addition to care abou thet school, the community collaborated with numerous charitable women's organizations and associations, and actively participated in numerous activities that were aimed at improving the lives of both the local population and marginalized groups, such as the action of opening a workshop for making rugs in penal institutions in Niš. The care of Women's Trade school meant that the Board of Community had to comply with all legal regulations and acts and to provide teaching staff who would provide students with the necessary general and professional education. Due to the lack of professional staff, during the thirties of the twentieth century many professional teachers taught general subjects, and some items, such as history and religion were not represented. Shedding the number of enrolled female students and the lack of permanent professional teachers and part-time workers at the school were constantly the problems of the community. Despite the problems, states managed to organize numerous actions, allocation of resources, so the classes were maintained regularly until the beginning of World War II. The humanitarian and educational role of the Women’s Trade in Niš in institutional education and upbringing of women and improvement of the quality of life of the whole community shows a great strength and enthusiasm the members of the administration of a voluntary association of women, founded in 1879, had and therefore, in many ways it represents the forerunner of modern informal women's associations and organizations.
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The role of women during the time of the Argead dynasty of Macedonia is considered in the paper by the example of Queen Eurydice. Based on the cited sources and literature, the conclusion is made about the gradual integration of women in the political life of the ancient Macedonian society.
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Стварни и имагинарни светови Јудите Шалго / Силвиа Дражић. – Нови Сад : Алумнисткиње родних студија: Футура публикације, 2013 (Петроварадин : Workshop). – 192 стр. ; 21 цм. ISBN 978-86-7188-146-3
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2020 marks the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which was passed by the country’s highest legislative body on June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920. It gave American women the right to vote at the federal level, by law guaranteeing them this right. American society and state have had a long way to reach this milestone: behind a difficult struggle that required decades of agitation and protest. The credit for the victory undoubtedly belongs primarily to American women, several generations of whom, beginning in the 1800s, have nominated women supporters of the right to vote from among their ranks. In 1848 “The Movement for Women’s Rights” began to organize itself at the national level. Currently American women are facing a global pandemic, the loss of millions of jobs, destruction a decade of growth in women’s employment in the workforce. The developed women’s movement in the United States, which has historical roots and has accumulated and absorbed the best traditions of its predecessor, influences the formation of social reality and its changes in the context of gender equality in the country.
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Women’s issues have existed in the politics and social practice of Russian society for more than 150 years. The women’s issues combine the legal status, social position of women in society and the family. The authorities, political parties, progressive intellectuals, women’s groups and other sectors of society have contributed to tackling women’s issues throughout history. The authors made use of a wide range of historical and sociological documents as well as analyzed a large amount of sources both of historical and sociological character. The academic analysis revealed that the development of social awareness about equality between women and men spans several generations. There are stereotypes about social roles that still exist in Russian society: men are involved in politics and governance; women work, raise children and maintain the household. In modern society, equality between women and men has been achieved at the legal level but the women’s issues have not been resolved. The myth of equality between women and men still exists. The creation of the myth is based on the ingrained ideology, ability to change and stereotypes. Therefore, the researchers concluded that the women’s issues in Russia have not been completely resolved. Russia’s approach to tackling the women’s issues means that equality between women and men is legally enforceable but women face discrimination in the areas of governance and family relations. The authors believe that the state, society and researchers should help the new generation of boys and girls to get rid of stereotypes. It is important to educate young people and create equal conditions for selfrealization in all spheres of society.
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The article analyzes the evolution of the system of female primary and secondary education in the Orel province in the second half of XIX — early XX c. The peculiarities of educational process organization, the maintenance of schools and gymnasiums subordinated to the Ministry of Education are uncovered. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that in addition to all-Russian tendencies of development of primary and gymnasium education for women, the author analyzes the state of these educational levels in a particular region of the Orel province. The article presents the data of archival materials, which allow to judge about the number and condition of schools and high schools in the province of Orel.
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