Maarjahein, imevesi ja teised pärisasjad
Review of: Reet Hiiemäe, Mare Kõiva. Maarjahein ja imevesi. Pärimuslikud naiste rituaalid Eestis. [Tallinn:] Kirjastus Postimees, 2022. 520 lk.
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Review of: Reet Hiiemäe, Mare Kõiva. Maarjahein ja imevesi. Pärimuslikud naiste rituaalid Eestis. [Tallinn:] Kirjastus Postimees, 2022. 520 lk.
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Seminarium skierowane było przede wszystkim do ludzi kultury, edukacji i nauki oraz wszystkich zainteresowanych historią. Organizatorem seminarium było Poznańskie Centrum Dziedzictwa, natomiast partnerem wydarzenia – Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, pod patronatem Jej Magnificencji Rektor prof. Bogumiły Kaniewskiej. Seminarium oraz towarzyszący wydarzeniu warsztat (30 listopada) odbyły się w formie online.
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The education and upbringing of youth was one of the main issues considered by the aristocracy of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the age of the Enlightenment. A significant part of this current was music education (learning to play the instruments, singing and dancing) acknowledged as compulsory for women with reading, writing, learning foreign languages and history altogether. Every well-educated woman aristocrat could elegantly play the instrument and sing. They were gaining that knowledge primarily at home from foreign and domestic teachers. Despite the popularity of such education and constant presence of music during many noble balls, ceremonies and social arrangements, it was unfavorable in the eyes of current educational theoreticians and according to them useless. Yet memoirs offer multiple examples of delight about female musical abilities. Furthermore, music as a fundamental part of education was mentioned by women themselves; the shortcomings were punished. It seems that despite educationalists’ complaints music education of women helped them entertain noble guests with their musical talents. Woman with such skills, seeking good and affluent husbands, could successfully conquer male hearts.
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Discrimination against women and girls – including gender-based violence, harmful traditional practices – is the most common form of inequality. Giving preference, privileges to sons and underestimating girls, which is the main cause of the harmful practice of sex selection based on gender, is still a widespread practice in some countries. Against this background, the role and contribution of those politicians, writers and people interested in this issue, who, at the risk of their lives, fight to improve the situation, is invaluable. Among the people with their priceless input in promotion of the above mentioned issue, we would distinguish Jean Sasson, the modern American writ-er and researcher who considered the request of an Arab woman and turned her notes about real stories into an artistic reality. In the novel “The Princess’ Diaries,” the victim of discrimination asks for help, as there is no other way for her to change any-thing; however, she hopes the situation in her country will change for the benefit of women and as it is believed, fighting always makes sense. The objective of the given paper is to bring to light the form of expressing the protest against unfair reality by the victim herself. Moreover, we aim to draw a parallel between two women and the ways they communicate the harsh reality to the rest of the world.
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The establishment of the University of Latvia encompassed the recruitment of highly trained teaching staff and the training of a new generation of academics that entailed the inclusion of woman as an equal. Although there were no legal restrictions for a woman to hold an academic position, the recruitment process was marked by a masculine orientation. Women’s academic careers were hindered by practical circumstances: the low salary, the workload, family circumstances, as well as informal factors such as the negative attitude of male colleagues towards the presence of women in academia. This kind of attitude was a reflection of the resistance of Latvian society towards professionally active women. The issue of women’s equality in academia was recognised as an existing problem, acknowledged also by the Latvian Association of Academically Educated Women which had been set up specifically to represent the interests of women who had received higher education. However, almost no practical action was taken to address the problem.
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This article explores the materials available that reflect women’s achievements in the publishing industry of Latvia during the period from 1918 until 1940. The publications produced by Ilga Zvanītāja, Anna Grobiņa and Emīlija Benjamiņa are analysed in detail, including the way they were critiqued and received by the public, and also the specialisation in publishing particular literary genres. Each of the female publishers pursued a different publishing strategy and offered a differing range of published works. The empirical foundation for the article encompasses evidence of women’s activity in the publishing industry as found in documents from the Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhīvs (Latvian State Historical Archive), overviews published in periodicals, reviews and bookseller advertisements, and bibliographic data. The aim of the publication of this article is to provide a more comprehensive background to the collective discourse about the history of Latvian book publishing, enhancing knowledge about the women working in the industry in the 1920s and 1930s.
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Review of: Magdalena Koch, Mistrzynie myślenia: Serbski esej feministyczny (XIX−XXI wiek). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2019, 259 pages
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The article shows the complete process of the revival and development of the Catholic physical education organisation Orel (Eagle) after the First World War until its dissolution at the end of 1929. The organisation, which was founded in 1906 as an antithesis to the liberal organisation of Sokol but simultaneously on the basis of Sokol’s findings, continued down its unique successful path after the war. It finally became a self-managed organisation, adapted to the new Yugoslav situation, made international connections, elevated itself in the field of sport, and remained fundamentally true to its programme and purpose, i.e. raising physically and spiritually strong Catholic Slovenians who would be a source of support for the Catholic side.
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The purpose of the article is to examine the political career of Ruth Brian Owen, the first female diplomat in American history. The authors set out research tasks related with the identification of factors that contribute to the involvement of women in the political life of the United States, the identification of the main channels of political socialization, as well as the influence of patriarchal and conservative attitudes on roles of women in power. The main methods used in the research were: the discourse analysis, the comparative historical analysis, as well as the method of narrative analysis of the text. Using gender, biographical and microhistorical approaches, the researchers used auto-documentary sources, materials from the American press of the 1920s-1940s, and official records of meetings of the U.S. Congress were used. The study of R. Owen’s political career showed that the involvement of women in political life in the 1920s-1940s was contributed not only by the feminist discourse of the first wave and the activities of defenders of women’s rights, but also because of the crisis conditions that were a consequence of the First World War, the Great Depression. “New Deal” by F. D. Roosevelt promoted the active involvement of women in politics. R. Owen embodied the ideals of a “new woman” who managed to combine family life, motherhood with a career. Despite her active civic position, R. Owen neither expressed views on women’s emancipation, nor was a supporter of feminist discourse. The activities of the first women politicians were influenced by traditional views, which reflected the porosity of patriarchy. Women’s political activities centered around social welfare and family politics. R. Owen’s appointment to a diplomatic post in Denmark was linked with a number of restrictions, including the formal title (“Minister to Denmark”, but not “Ambassador”), which indicated the inequality of similar posts in the civil service held by men and women. Despite the fact that in her political career, R. Owen’s activities were often influenced by traditional stereotypes about the social roles of women, she managed to destroy male dominance in American diplomacy and pave the way for other American women to diplomatic posts.
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Ciesząca się dużym zainteresowaniem gości Muzeum Zabawek i Zabawy w Kielcach (dalej MZiZ) wystawa nosząca tytuł Od szmacianki do lalki Barbie. Rola kobiety i kanony kobiecego piękna na przestrzeni wieków była pierwszą wystawą czasową, która została przygotowana przez zespół Muzeum, po rozpoczęciu mojej pracy w tej instytucji. Można pokusić się o stwierdzenie, że była ona pewnego rodzaju „nowym otwarciem” w wystawienniczej historii placówki, głównie ze względu na swój przekrojowy charakter oraz sposób prezentacji.
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In 1929, the central feminist organization in the interwar Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Yugoslavia Alijansa ženskih pokreta (Women's Movements' Alliance) removed the demand for women's suffrage rights from its program. By analyzing and carefully contextualizing articles published in the central Yugoslav feminist magazine Ženski pokret (Belgrade, 1920-1938), the article addresses a specific gap in the historiography of women's movements and feminisms in interwar Yugoslavia, and argues that the removal of this demand from the feminists' program was not only a direct consequence of the Royal dictatorship, but also a reflection of a broader disillusionment with parliamentary and party politics in interwar Yugoslavia. More broadly, the article addresses the narrative of the “crisis of feminism” and demonstrates that this is not a sufficiently satisfactory explanation for the transformation of feminism in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Furthermore, the article contributes to the historiography of the political history of feminisms, and acknowledges the intertwining of the Yugoslav feminist movement with parliamentary and party politics. Methodologically, it follows the recent approaches to the history of political thought in East Central Europe, and provides new insights into the political thought of the feminists from the AŽP, and particularly their leader Alojzija Štebi’s “political vocabulary” and her understanding of political neutrality, moral crisis of political life, and small-scale work.
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Review of: MARIE BAHENSKÁ, LIBUŠE HECZKOVÁ, DANA MUSILOVÁ, Nezbytná, osvobozující, pomlouvaná. O ženské práci, České Budeˇjovice 2017, Veduta, 304 s., ISBN 978-80-88030-21-8.
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Review of: HANA HAVELKOVÁ, LIBORA OATES-INDRUCHOVÁ (edd.), Vyvlastněný hlas: Proměny genderové kultury české společnosti 1948–1989, Praha 2015, SLON, 512 s., ISBN 978-80-7419-096-4
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Review of: HILARY BROWN, Women and Early Modern Cultures of Translation: Beyond the Female Tradition, Oxford 2022, Oxford University Press, 301 s., ISBN 9780192844347
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Józefa Sawicka (Ostoja) is one of the many woman writers of the second half of the 19th century who were inspired by the works of Eliza Orzeszkowa. In correspondence with Sawicka, the author of Marta [Martha] expressed her talent with great serenity, as did the critics (including Piotr Chmielowski). What made the almost brilliant writer of 1881 a forgotten literary woman shortly after her death in 1920? Edmund Jankowski, commenting on Orzeszkowa’s correspondence with Ostoja, claims that Chmielowski simply overestimated the talent of the author of the debut Ulicznik. Is not such a declaration a simplification? Definitely yes. In my article I deal with Sawicka and her selected works – an author who deals with the problems of women’s emancipation and uses the feminocentric literary tradition, a naturalist (or perhaps a realist?), a woman forced by her circumstances to earn a living. I wonder if the figures of the heroines created by Ostoja can be regarded as one of the first realisations of the pattern of the New Woman in Polish literature. In addition, I am interested in the question of why the person and the work of Sawicka have been forgotten so quickly and permanently.
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The questions put forward in the article were the following: What was the legal status of women of the knightly class during the period of feudal fragmentation in the Cracow-Sandomierz Duchy, and what was the fate of these women? The conclusions were drawn on the basis of documents written in Little Poland during the period under discussion in which women were mentioned. They appeared in the documents most often together with their husbands or as widows granting charters mainly for the benefit of Church, or they were mentioned with regard to the matters that concerned them. In light of the known documents, it should be concluded that there was a possibility of women disposing of their property in the province of Cracow and Sandomierz during the period of feudal fragmentation. Some women appear in several documents that usually concerned the same issue.
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The female quest for self-identity has become one of the most important topics that attract the attention of many literary writers after the development of the Feminist Movement. Women strongly fight to become an integral part of society with separate self-identity. This battle, however, is full of obstacles and sacrifices. So, this article is an attempt to highlight some of those obstacles and the role of women in overcoming them to reach their wholeness and identity in modern English fiction. To fulfill this purpose, two female characters from two different novels are selected as a sample. They are Mrs. Morel, the protagonist of Sons and Lovers (1913) by D.H. Lawrence, and Anna Wulf, the protagonist of The Golden Notebook (1962) by Doris Lessing. A close reading of some actions by the female characters is conducted to analyze their behavior from a feminist perspective. At the end of the analysis, it is shown that both female characters show a good example of strong women who could utilize their disappointments and change them as a means to success. Mrs. Morel proves her strength in taking her husband's place at home when she notices his failure as a father to embrace her children and plan their future and Anna Wulf proves her strength in changing her five failed love relationships into a motive for living a better life in ways she feels them proper not which men or society dictate.
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The paper considers a widespread use of the term “women’s writing” and the reception of French feminist theory in Croatian literary scholarship from the 1980s. Discussion focuses on the possibility as to whether the wide application of women’s writing is connected to its theoretical reception, and whether theoretical discussions about French feminist theory can function as a corrective of the current moment. The paper offers a survey of disagreements about the concept of women’s writing that arose already in the 1980s, and a theoretically and methodologically more conscious turn towards women’s literature in the post-Yugoslav context. The discussion, then, points to the one-sided reception of Irena Vrkljan and Dubravka Ugrešić as belonging primarily to women’s writing, which downplays important elements of their works – primarily the modernist and avant-garde influences. Special emphasis is placed on Brnjica za vještice (A Witch’s Bridle, 2021) by Dubravka Ugrešić, as a relevant diagnosis of the contemporary literary field. Finally, the paper argues that there are valuable claims for the ongoing theoretical discussion about the relevant feminist terminology in the regional reception of the French feminist theory.
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Interview with Merili Metsvahi by Ott Heinapuu
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La femme entretenue has got an important place in the French novel and, especially, in the libertine novel of the eighteenth century. Les femmes entretenues were: privileged girls possessing furnished houses and servants; girls having a rich apartment, their own servants and horses; girls without servants; girls kept in rooms paid by their lovers; girls living together with their lovers; governesses. There is an important difference between the courtesan and the mere prostitute. Maintained by a powerful protector or located in a high-ranking brothel, the courtesan is also a well-educated woman who masters dance and other specific activities to perfect body and mind, such as languages and poetry.
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