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Review of: Anna Karnat - Migracje i migranci w pismach Ludwika Krzywickiego, Floriana Znanieckiego, Józefa Chałasińskiego. Wybór tekstów, (red.) Grażyna Firlit-Fesnak, Justyna Godlewska-Szyrkowa, Cezary Żołędowski, Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra, Warszawa 2013, s. 232
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Since Spain became a member of the European Union (at the time still the “European Community”) on 1 January 1986, it has experienced, in terms of migration, the most profound transformations in its contemporary history, turning from a country of emigration into a country accepting immigrants. Although since the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2008, the number of immigrants has begun dropping, between 1990 and 2010, Spain recorded the greatest inflow of immigrants since the Middle Ages; their percentage in this period grew from 2% to over 13% of Spain’s total population. This means relatively the highest increase in the immigration population among all member countries of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in that period. One of the largest groups of immigrants arriving in Spain was formed by people from Latin America, in 2009 constituting 31.7% of all foreigners settling there. The vast increase in Latin American immigration to Spain was caused by a number of various factors: political crisis in the countries of that region, absence of visa requirements upon entry to Spain for citizens of many of these countries, restrictive immigration policy of other accepting countries, as well as economic growth of Spain lasting until the Great Recession in 2008.
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Ukrainians are one of the least researched ethnic groups in the United States. Part of the problem is the turbulent modern history of Ukraine: a) changes of borders and territory divided among several countries; b) slow development of Ukrainian identity; c) short period, since 1991, as an independent country. This resulted in incomplete and problematic official U.S. statistics about Ukraine and Ukrainians. We review the data available and their problems, and present a demographic-socioeconomic profile of Ukrainian-Americans. The also analyze the impact of the latest migration from Ukraine on the established Ukrainian-American community and problems resulting from the bilingual, Ukrainian and Russian, characteristic of these immigrants.
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The aim of the essay is to show the birth of the Kraków liberal community in the years 1977–1980. An attempt is made to reconstruct the main ideological assumptions of the liberal entourage in the context of the opposition activities of Robert Kaczmarek and Mirosław Dzielski. The author refers to the main events occurring in this period, such as the establishment of the Prywatna Inicjatywa Krakowska (Private Cracow Initiative) and the magazine Merkuryusz Krakowski i Światowy, as well as paying special attention to the program texts that were published in it. The article also contains a reconstruction of the debate aimed at classifying the views presented by Mirosław Dzielski.
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This article provides an overview of the scientific achievements of Ewa Wójcik. As a researcher of history of the press and history of the Lviv publishing and bookstore movements in the years 1990–2020, she published 74 original scientific publications, including 7 authored and co-authored monographs as well as 59 articles and scientific dissertations. Ewa Wójcik’s research interests were centred around two main problem areas – the history of the press (37.9%), in particular Polish calendars of the interwar period and popular science magazines until 1939, as well as the history of the publishing and bookselling movements (33.8%). In the second area, the author focused her attention on the Lviv publishing market, investigating the lives of publishers, booksellers and antiquarians. Other works (28%) present, e.g., bibliographies of press studies published in Poland in the years 1939–1945.
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Long before the conquest of the New World, Castilian envoys and travellers had been exploring the Middle East and Central Asia. The accounts of their journeys, known as libros de viajes, are a valuable source of information on the culture, ethnography, and geography of the areas they visited and a manifestation of the broad political horizons of the Castilian kings. The author of this article intends to outline the role played by these late medieval travel accounts in the history of Castile, and to discuss their impact on the interest in the Middle East and Asia among representatives of the Latin culture (christianitas latina). Ruy González de Clavijo’s travel account is particularly valuable here – his chronicle of a journey to Samarkand is one of the few testimonies of the presence of representatives of the Latin culture in the territories conquered by Timur and at his court. This article also analyses the differences between these libros de viajes and earlier texts written by, among others, Franciscan and Dominican missionaries and merchants who travelled to Central and East Asia.
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Nesvizh (Nieśwież) – the town of the Radziwiłł family, and at the same time the centre of the activity of a number of monastic institutions, especially the Jesuits sponsored by Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł – is an interesting example of how magnate religiosity was built and what was its scope. The renunciation of Calvinism and the model of miles christianus implemented over the years became the basis for Radziwiłł’s religious, social, and political activities, but it was also continued by his successors, the successive guardians of the Nesvizh estate. Their role model that combined models of a citizen, a Christian and a believing Church’s religious attitude was built on personal contacts, reading, and texts produced in the surroundings of the court or at his request. This model being perpetuated in communication, texts created for and inspired by ordinands and their families is the best example of coexistence and mutual influence of secular and the ecclesiastical communities in creating and strengthening the identity of the magnates in the context of the roles proposed and ennobled by orders in the post-Tridentine era.
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Through the ages, men have historically filled the roles associated with the world of bookmaking; however, women have also had valuable roles. While the role of women has not always been the physical creation of books, they have been associated with both the authors and readers of books. The aim of this article is to integrate information about the role of women in printing and typography throughout history.
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Count Wiktor Baworowski planned to establish a Research Institute in Tarnopol to serve as an educational institution for the community of the south-eastern borderlands of the Republic of Poland. Therefore, the Executive Council undertook to organise a library and a museum in Tarnopol to aid popular science, self-education and popularisation of Polish culture among local residents. This article analyses the undertaken organisational work. An important stage was the selection of the library building; Baworowski left detailed plans for its construction and equipment. Finally, a decision was made to adapt the rooms of the so-called new castle in Tarnopol. The staff of the facility was also carefully selected: the library was organised by Tadeusz Landenberger, while Leon Popiel became the manager of the library and the museum. The Institute was supervised by the director of the Baworovianum in Lvov – Rudolf Kotula.
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This article is an attempt to present activities related to the development of reading skills and readership of pupils in the Second Polish Republic (1919–1938). This was a difficult period in the history of Poland due to the rebuilding of the country after the partitions. The unification of the Poland’s school system and the popularization of reading were seen as determinants of a successfully developed society. This article outlines the transformations of Polish education and new trends in pedagogy that impacted the development of readership during the Second Republic of Poland. Included in this article is also an analysis of selected curricula for teaching Polish language in public schools and guidelines for how they were implemented with a focus on the development of reading and reading skills.
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At the end of the 19th century, an artistic movement called Arts and Crafts emerged in Great Britain. Its premises were eagerly accepted both in other European countries and abroad, e.g., in the United States. One of the examples of workshops that identified with the ideas of this movement was the Wiener Werkstätte (Vienna Workshop). They were founded in Vienna in 1903 by Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser. They produced beautiful utilitarian objects designed by artists and made by high-class craftsmen. One of the aspects of Wiener Werkstätte’s activity regarded issuing publications and related graphic designs. The article discusses this area of the studio’s operation, pointing to examples of individual products.
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Maria Eleonora Mazankówna-Friedbergowa (1900–1993) is one of the outstanding bibliographers of the interwar period, and she specialized in the field of Polish history. Together with Kazimierz Tyszkowski, she compiled the Bibliography of History of Poland covering 1926–1928. After she left Lviv for Krakow, she took over the editorial office of the publishing house. She published bibliographic lists for 1929–1934 that were highly appreciated by the scientific community. The outbreak of World War II prevented the publication of the materials collected by Mazankówna-Friedbergowa for 1935–1939. This later appeared in print in 1976, and again in 1981. She rejected the proposal to participate in the work on the republishing of the Bibliography of History of Poland due to numerous errors and shortcomings made by the incumbent editor Karol Maleczyński.
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Poland’s turbulent history, marked by several changes in the political system, has combined with dynamic economic, social, and cultural factors to profoundly affect the operations of all industries, including the publishing sector. This paper outlines the development of Nasza Księgarnia (literally: Our Bookshop), a publishing house founded in 1921 whose one-century-long history perfectly embodies the profound transformations which the Polish market of children’s and young adults’ books has experienced from the moment Poland regained sovereign statehood in 1918, through the communist period and the political transition of 1989, to the beginning of the new millennium. The argument is theoretically underpinned by the framework proposed by Michael Bhaskar (Bhaskar 2013), and the operations of Nasza Księgarnia are examined in terms of its crucial notions of framing, filtering, and amplification. At the same time, Hans Heino-Ewers’s (Heino-Ewers 2009) model of children’s literary communication is applied to highlight the specific role of Nasza Księgarnia as a publisher for children and young adults. These two theoretical tools offer insight into the ways in which political and social changes affected the evolution of the publishing repertoire and the editorial form of the children’s book in Poland throughout and at the turn of the 20th century
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As an often-overlooked period of conflict, the era of transformation after German re-unification represents a time of collective and individual identity crisis for East Germans, who experienced a loss of their Lebenswelt (lifeworld; Edmund Husserl) and a devaluation of their life achievements that often led to severe discontent, causing conflict both in and between East and West Germany. During this period, People of Colour experienced a discharge of the general tension through a sharp increase in violence directed against them by radical right-wing actors. Since then, their experiences have gone largely unnoticed in popular media and publications, having only recently found their way into a broader discourse of remembrance. This paper seeks to contribute to a shift away from a discussion about People of Colour and towards a position that focuses on their narratives, experiences and opinions. In doing so, it takes a firmly female-centred perspective, using written and video-recorded material from Women of Colour as a doubly marginalised group.
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In the Middle Ages, the city of Strumica grew into one of the most important urban centers in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula, with all the features and elements needed for a regional civil and spiritual center in that period. The rise and development of the city was due to its location between the important road communications as well as the proximity to one of the most important centers of the Balkan, the city of Thessaloniki. The construction samples have left traces in sacred and profane buildings in Strumica and the Strumica region. The paper will present examples of the construction technique hidden cloisonné system (Semi opus cloisonné cum lignum), through the example of several sacral and profane buildings in Strumica, namely: the medieval churches in Strumica and the village of Bansko, and the medieval fortification Tsarevi Kuli in Strumica. Keywords: Medieval churches, Semi opus cloisonné cum lignum, research, conservation, restoration, Strumica region.
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On the basis of population censuses covering the Ukrainian territory at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, the article overviews the dynamics of the number of Lithuanians and reveals statistical regularities. The importance and relevance of this study are seen in the fact that Lithuanians are not an accidental ethnic group on the territory of Ukraine. The relationships between the two nations have been evolving since the time of the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Both the ethnic Lithuanian lands and most of the Ukrainian lands fell into the hands of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th century, and in the post-war years of the second half of the 20th century were a part of the totalitarian USSR. Lithuanians are still actively present in the modern ethnic palette of Ukraine, which is why it is interesting to investigate the numbers of this particular ethnic group within the territory of Ukraine. The main source of research is the population censuses conducted by the Russian Empire, Poland (1920s–1930s), the USSR, and independent Ukraine. The factors that influenced the quantitative changes of the studied ethnic group are indicated, and the ethno-demographic situation depicted in the censuses and its reasons are analysed.
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The Austro-Hungarian occupation administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina found less than 43% of the Serbian Orthodox population, completely devoted to Orthodoxy and disappointed in the decisions of the Berlin Congress. Therefore, one of the priority tasks of the Austro-Hungarian administration was to thoroughly change its ethnic image in favor of the Roman Catholic population, and then suppress all national movements and create a “Bosnian” nation. Austro-Hungarian demographic policy can be most clearly seen through the case and example of Sarajevo. The national struggle against the Austro-Hungarian occupation regime was led by three national generations of Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and they consisted of the merchant class, the first intellectual elite and finally the youngest “young Bosnian generation” (“mladobosanska generacija”). As time was passing, Sarajevo became an increasingly important political, economic, and cultural and educational center, especially after the opening of the Bosnian Parliament (Bosanski sabor) in 1910. The Serbs from Sarajevo paid a high price for their deep national consciousness and self-sacrificing struggle against the new occupier during the First World War.
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The paper deals with the image of the Serbian Orthodox community in the late Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Sarajevo, given through the narrative work of lesser-known authors of the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century: Stevo Kaluđerčić, Mita Živković, Novak Simić. Since most of these authors also wrote historiographical texts about Sarajevo (which we will also refer to), and their fiction is based on the poetic principles of realism and is intended primarily for a local and regional audience, we introduced the hypothesis that the horizon of expectations at the time had to impose a high mimetic referentiality of the work. Therefore, through this work, we will try to prove the real relevance of the literary images of the city and its Serbian community, with the hope that such a modest contribution would shed the light on the still insufficiently researched cultural history of the Sarajevo Serbs.
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The Serbian Singing Society from Timișoara is one of the most representative choral ensembles of the Serbian ethnic community living on the present territory of Romania. Founded in 1867, the Society was active until 1947, when its activity was abruptly forbidden by the state authorities. The events organized by the Society between 1867-1919 were not only plain happenings, but also social gatherings, which provide a good opportunity to review the musical, artistic, but also the social and national trends of that period.
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Lexis with a final labial-palatal consonant was excerpted from a Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish dictionary published in Warsaw in the 1870s. The set contains about 80 units attested by about 230 occurrences. These are mainly nouns of the gołąb’ or kotew’ type, as well as numerals ośm’ and siedm’ and a few imperative forms, e.g. mów’. The study found that there is chaos characteristic of the 19th c. in the diacritization of final consonants. This issue – despite the hardening of the relevant consonants in the pronunciation of the majority of educated speakers of Polish – was finally regulated as late as in the 1890s. The Polish-Russian part of the dictionary seems to reflect the theoretical norm, the RussianPolish part – the usage, i.e. the abandonment of diacritization, disrupted by the awareness of the existence of rules imposing the use of redundant diacriticized letters.
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