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In preparing for mass Jewish emigration to Israel, executives of the Federation of Jewish religious communities of Yugoslavia decided on defining a specific structure within the community to deal with two basic tasks – communicating information relevant to the migration to all of the participating sides and dealing with problems potentially arising from the process. While top to bottom communication followed this model for the most part, passing information in the opposite direction proved to be much more of a challenge. Traditional dynamics of the Jewish community in Yugoslavia proved much more significant than the proposed internal hierarchy. This paper examines how the organized emigration process was influenced by the internal hierarchy, how the proposed distribution of duties amongst various levels of participants functioned when applied to real problems and what led to this framework finally failing. Documents used in writing this paper are held at the Archives of the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade.
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The article gives a historical survey of historiography concerning ancient Istria, i.e. protohistory, the late iron age up to the great migration period, with special emphasis on comprehending the ethnic character of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Istria, their Romanization and the settling of Italics, as well as inhabitants from other parts of the Empire. Namely, the ethnic orientation of the Histres had, since the turn of the century, been the subject of heated discussions occuring between Italian and Croatian historiography, each of which tried to instrumentalize this issue in view of their own political struggle for the awareness of the popular and national being of Istria. Romanization was comprehended in the same dual way, on the one hand as a "hateful foreign power", on the other as the "bearer of civilization". The settling of the Slavs, later Croats and Slovenes, had been purposefully neglected by Italian historiography, so that early medieval and late Croatian archeology started developing after 1947.
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Nema sumnje, da se mnoge pojave u savremenom idejnom, ekonomskom i političkom životu naroda mogu dovesti u izravnu ili neizravnu vezu sa kulturnim razvitkom iz njegove ranije ili najranije prošlostl'. Otuda studij autohtone kulture Hrvata i ostalih južnih Slovena ima ne samo teoretsku nego i praktičnu važnost; proučavanje kulturnog razvitka raznih skupina i narodnih zajednica na Balkanskom poluotoku može naime da doprinese tumačenju njihovih današnjih težnja, međusobnih odnosa i sukoba.
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The present article traces the contents of a small corpus of heterogeneous documents dated between 1517 and 1524: two letters sent by the voivode Neagoe Basarab to the city of Sibiu, a notarial deed relating to a litigation in which the Universitas Saxonum is called to testify, and an act registered in a protocol of the same Universitas. These documents are particularly interesting because they let us grasp a series of complementary aspects – usually unknown or neglected – linked to the numerous commissions advanced by the voivode to the Transylvanian goldsmiths. First of all, these documents show that two Saxon goldsmiths – Celestin and Johannis – produced a large number of silver objects at the behest of the voivode Neagoe Basarab, for which no one has any evidence apart from documents that mention them – either because they were destroyed at some point over the centuries, or because they have yet to be identified. In addition to witnessing the abundance and preciousness of the goldsmiths’ tasks, the documents also provide proof as to the manner in which the dialogue between the client and the goldsmiths took place. Furthermore, this small corpus testifies to the fundamental role played by the Saxon administration of the city of Sibiu and the goldsmiths’ guild in the management of the relations with clients, especially when the latter were not satisfied with the result or with the conduct of the goldsmiths.
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Review of: Paweł Rojek - Ewa Thompson, Zrozumieć Rosję. Święte szaleństwo w kulturze rosyjskiej, Tłum. Eliza Litak, Teologia Polityczna, Warszawa 2019, 417 s.
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John Dunmore Lang, the Scottish Presbyterian clergyman who settled in Sydney in 1823, until his death in 1878 played an important role in the religious, political and cultural life of New South Wales and helped to create two new colonies: Victoria and Queensland. His writings as much as his political and educational activities significantly contributed to the rise of early Australian nationalism. Lang envisaged a great future of a federal Australian republic – the United Provinces of Australia. Drawing on Lang’s books, pamphlets and his articles and speeches published in the colonial and metropolitan press, this paper analyses the religious, ideological, political and economic ideas that led him to present and espouse the cause of the future America of the Southern Hemisphere. The focus is on the fundamental political and social principles on which Lang wanted to establish the independent Australian nation. The paper also discusses planned political institutions, as well as expected or desired social and economic characteristics.
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The 400th anniversary of Stephen the Great’s death became a cause of celebration in 1904, both in the Kingdom of Romania as well as in the areas inhabited by Romanians, but under foreign domination.Being a symbol of national unity, the Great ruler of Moldova had celebrations that remained memorable. The ceremonies from Bucharest, Iași, Borzești, offered the public, through the prepared historical processions, nostalgic reconstitutions of an exceptional past. The largest celebration took place at the tomb of the voivode from Putna, causing divergences between the Romanians from Transylvania and the Hungarians. However, these conflicts were eased through diplomacy by the Austrian authorities.In provincial cities, the celebrations organized on this occasion have enriched the pages of local history from the beginning of the 20th century. This is why, based on the extremely valuable documentary sources kept within the Neamț County Service of the National Archives, we proposed to restore the solemnity celebrated at the Neamț Fortress, by filling it with a modest number of photographs and medals representations, which are kept in the heritage of The Museum of History and Etnography from Târgu Neamț.
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The study offers a review of the urban development of the settlement below Bratislava Castle from the mid 12th century. It analyses the oldest tax register for the town of Bratislava (1378), which includes only taxpayers from the suburbs and provides data about the social, employment and topographic structure of the surroundings of the town. On the basis of comparison with the tax registers from 1434and 1453/4, the study shows the development of the inner town and suburbs.
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La prostitution représente un aspect social localisé à la limite fragile dʼentre les mœurs et des nécessités physiologiques, sujet délicat, controversé du point de vue religieux et social, condamnée à cause quʼelle est considérée la cause de la destruction du mythe de la famille hétérosexuelle, exécutée des besoins financières ou, purement et simplement, par des déviations comportementales.Le mode de vie inorganisé, le plus souvent insalubre, de la période durant la Première Guerre Mondiale et de celui suivante, manifesté en spécial à la population rurale, ont constitué les causes qui ont déterminé la répandue des maladies contagieuses vénériennes, pouvant affecter dʼune manière dangereuse le pourcentage de la mortalité vers une tendance ascendante.Corroborées avec lʼabsorption immense du capital humain, en suite dʼun puissant développement économique, générant des changements substantielles dans la configuration démographique de la ville de Caransebeș, lʼurbanisation aussi, ont déterminé la convergence des quelques-unes des factions sociales dont le but était celui dʼexploiter les instincts primaires de la classe ouvrière pour obtenir des revenues matérielles. La source principale de la dissémination du fléau vénérien a été constituée par lʼacte sexuel effectué dans des conditions précaires et sans aucun moyen de protection, quelques-unes des personnes infectées étant des femmes de mœurs lâches, des autres femmes supportant les conséquences de lʼimplication de leurs hommes à des escapades amoureuses clandestines. Le phénomène de la prostitution, en spécial sous sa forme clandestine, a représenté un réel danger dʼinfection vénérienne, en spécial de la vérole.La méthode appliée pour lʼidentification des maladies vénériennes consistait de lʼapplication de la séroréaction Wasserman, transmise pour une analyse ultérieure vers le Laboratoire de lʼÉtat de Timișoara. Pour la suppression et pour la stérilisation étaient utilisés Salvarsan et Néosalvarsan. En plus de ces méthodes on a utilisé, dans le milieu rural en spécial, des traitements empiriques. Ainsi, au cas de la vérole on a appliqué sulfate de cuivre et le corps du patient était fumé de la fumée des quelques racines. Au cas de la blennorragie on consommait du lait bouillé avec des feuilles de persil ou on pulvérisait de la bière, laissée 8 jours dans des excréments dʼorigine animale.Pour maintenir la prostitution dans un milieu restrictif, qui ne puisse pas permettre des effets malins, ayant lʼappui dʼun système légal bien mis au point, les autorités locales ont entrepris des actions qui visaient lʼactivité courante de ce domaine à Caransebeș dʼentre les deux guerres, pour combattre toute tentative de la répandue de ses conséquences négatives, issues de la sphère des plaisirs charnels, offertes pour des raisons mercantiles.En conséquence, lʼabordage de ce controversé et longuement débattu sujet, doit avoir en vue le fait que la prostitution soit un élément adverse par rapport aux composants sociaux, économiques, médicaux et même religieux de la société, constituant le résultat dʼun cumul de facteurs issus de lʼinstinct primaire de la survécu.
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In this paper the author problematized the question of the nature of heresy in medieval Bosnia, and analyzed possible mutual influences with the heretical movements formed in the area of Western Europe. A deep review of the previous similar attempts in historiography has been offered, as well its evaluation, with the specific focus on the discussion regarding the relation Dalmatia – Sclauonia – Bosnia. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the possible connections between Bosnian krstjani with Italian heretics, cathars, or hussites. The main conclusion is that the Bosnian Church, which by the author’s opinion follows dualistic doctrine, did not used its influence and teachings, but it settled with the ethical aspirations linked with its ideal in the original apostolic faith.
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This article sketches an overview of the image of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosansko-hercegovačke novine and Sarajevski list, the official gazettes of the Austro-Hungarian occupation government, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The study concerns the period from the creation of these two gazettes to the founding of the newspaper Bošnjak, the first modern Muslim periodical in the country. The analysis focuses on the frequency of reports on Muslims, the content, extent, and rhetoric of official and non-official information and, finally, the relevance of this reporting concerning Muslim everyday life. It situates these news reports about Muslims in the broader context – that of the building a state administrative apparatus governed by the Land Government in Sarajevo and of its ideological framework influenced by Benjámin Kállay, the Austro-Hungarian minister of finance and administrator of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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The popularity of kizomba nowadays is not questionable, but many who listen to it, who dance it and who enjoy it in some way, probably will not know that this rhythm has made a long way going through several continents over decades or even centuries. The goal of this communication is to travel in the world of kizomba, observing its origins and analyzing the transformations it faced until it turned up into a commercial product. We will try to describe the route that goes back to the so-called Black Atlantic and that apparently is still fruitful. So, at first, we’ll try to show how the colonial movement influenced a music genre that flourished in Africa. Then, how this rhythm (both as music and dance style) was relocated in Europe, where there was an attempt to recreate the original atmosphere, and its consequences. Afterwards, we’ll observe how the music was disseminated in the new location, and then how it worked as a starting point to a new transnational step, establishing kizomba not only as music genre but also as a dance style in a global context. Migration was the main engine for this voyage: from Black Atlantic to the recent migrations, there were many contributions to the dissemination and internationalization of kizomba.
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In this period it was much more difficult to follow the activities of the Senian Chamber than earlier, because respective reports were not printed each year as until 1890. So, this was done according to fragmentary preserved minutes. Yet, it can be concluded that the Senian Commercial Chamber of Trade was at that time a respectable institution and the opinions of its secretary Sebald Cihlar were treated with consideration and respect either in Osijek, Zagreb or Budapest. Those were very hard times, but Senians persistently struggled for the maintenance of their economic life. Their traffic isolation without the railway or good roads made them losers in respect to Rijeka. Their badly arranged port was a poor stimulation for berthing of ships there and certainly additionally influenced decrease in their trade. Fortunately, the inauguration of Senian tabacco factory in 1896 stopped the outflow of its inhabitants and brought to a metamorphosis of the city, which started to be the industrial one. The management of Senian Commercial Chamber of Trade kept a vigilant eye on all decisions, made by the Ministry of Trade at Budapest to which they were directly subordinated. Namely, the Croatian Land government, according to the respective agreement, was not entitled to bring decisions regarding the questions from the trades or industry. So, Cihlar tried twice to apply for the establishment of a subdivision within the Land government, which would be in charge of such guestions. It is interesting that all the three Croatioan Chambers tried to come forward the Ministry at Budapest unitedly with their requests, but it was perhaps possible only before ban Pejačević exercized the government.
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The article deals with the economic and war circumstances of the city of Senj, their diplomatic activities in view of stopping the longlasting wars with the Turcs and Venetians, the reasons and consequences of some smaller wars between the Habsburgs and Venetians, the reasons of the arrival of the emperor's deputy Josip Rabatta at Senj, who will try together with the Senian bishop M. A. Dominis to appease the Uscocs and also to remove them from Senj to the hinterland of Lika. But, the brutal behaviour of Rabatta towards Uscocs and heir families resulted in an armed resistance of Uscocs, in which J. Rabatta was killed while his accomplice, the Senian bishop M. A. Dominis, went off the tumultuous city in due time.
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The type of la donna Italiana, the statuesque woman with dark hair, light skin and large, black, hypnotic eyes was popularized among the European men of letters in the nineteenth century. This stereotype had already been solidified in eighteenth-century Italian phraseology, but it was later brought into general use by Madame de Staël and George Byron. The Italian poet of the late nineteenth century, Annetta Ceccoli Boneschi, gathered and described the most distinctive features of the female citizens of different regions of Italy used by foreign writers to create their heroines. Among others, the Venetians were supposed to be the most beautiful and seductive women, with their soft accent and smouldering gaze. In Poland, this type of heroine appeared in Józef Ignacy Kraszewski’s novel The Half-Demon of Venice, which is the main focus of this article. The creation of an Italian donna in this romance uses the stereotypes formed during the nineteenth century, but it also uses the individual observations made by Kraszewski himself during his tour through Italy.
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The first essential aspect of a constitutional approach is the definition of the modern state, operating a necessary distinction between “the state as an administrative and bureaucratic apparatus and the state as a political form”, after the inspired expression of Pierre Rasanvallon. Before analyzing the features of the Organic Regulations, in a second study of our research, the question is whether in the years of their drafting the Romanian Principalities had a state character or were privileged Christian provinces of the Ottoman Empire? According to the Akkerman Convention, from the Ottoman perspective, the Romanian Principalities remained tributary provinces, and from the Russian point of view, imposed by the Russian-Turkish treaties and confirmed by the Convention, provinces with privileges and immunities. Instead, the separate Act of the Convention really defined the autonomy of the Principality of Serbia and the non-sovereign state character. The demands of the “deputies of the Serbian nation”, still in Constantinople, were to be recognized by the Ottoman Empire on the basis of Article VIII of the Treaty of Bucharest and as proof of Ottoman good intentions towards Russia. In addition, through a project drawn up in January 1824, Russia proposed the establishment of three Greek Principalities with a status similar to that planned for Serbia. Some explanations of the difference in content between the separate act concerning the Principality and that relating to Serbia emerge from the complicated diplomatic negotiations between 1822 and 1826 on the resumption of official Russian-Ottoman relations. Analyzed from the angle of the tradition of Russian-Ottoman diplomatic negotiations started in Kuciuk-Kainardji, more difficult to penetrate by the representatives of other Powers, the endless negotiationsbetween 1822 and 1825 revolve around an essential stake – the control of the political regime in the Romanian Principalities. These ambiguities associated with the status of the Romanian Principalities were clearly reflected in a series of memoirs and reform projects prepared by the Romanian elite, before and after the Convention, marking the entry into a new, modern stage of the theory of “our historical rights in relation to the Ottoman Empire”, later one of the favorite themes in the writings of the forty-eighters regarding the Romanian state emancipation. Until 1829, despite pressure from Russia, the Ottomans did not agree to make any referenceto capitulations in previous treaties or the Akkerman Convention. They claimed their non-existence. After the defeat in the war and forced to concessions on many levels, the Ottoman delegation signatory to the Treaty of Adrianople would agree that “the Principalities of Moldova and Wallachia, based on a capitulation, are under Ottoman suzerainty”. Debates among diplomats over the legal significance of the terms of the Treaty continued, resumed by jurists and historians in the second half of the 19th century, but historical reality shows that these sterile discussions did not prevent Russia from prolonging its occupation for five years in the Romanian Principalities and to impose its will, as an act of power, through the Treaty of Petersburg (January 1834)
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The letters sent by Dimitrie A. Sturdza – to his son and daughter-in-law – are a new documentary source rich in information. We discover interesting historical data, both from our country and from the country he loved very much, namely Italy, which he considered the “garden of Europe”. That is why letters about this country abound in information and descriptions. Being passionate about travel and history, Dimitrie A. Sturdza used to visit several places in his free time. In these letters, for example, he described the visit to Mount Vesuvius in great detail. At the same time, we learn important details from the political and social life of the time. Thus, we find valuable information about Princess Maria Gorchakova-Sturdza, the daughter of Prince Mihail Sturdza, about her villa in Sorrento, about King Carol I, etc
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This essay concerns Adam Leszczyński’s book Ludowa historia Polski. Historia wyzysku i oporu. Mitologia panowania [A People’s History of Poland: A Story of Exploitation and Resistance – the Mythology of Ruling] (2020) and presents Leszczyński’s main theses concerning the mechanism of the centuries-long exploitation of the popular classes by the nobility and later elites, the ideological justification of their domination, and the violence that accompanied it. The essay highlights how Leszczyński constructed his narrative, his theoretical and methodological premises, and his clearly declared ideological and ethical attitude. At the same time, however, the essay emphasizes that the book is highly selective in several aspects, as can primarily be seen in its omission of the history of the western and northern parts of Poland and concentration on the social and economic processes unfolding in the territory of the Russian partition. This focus had an impact on Leszczyński’s findings and conclusions, which the author of the essay questions.
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In 1877—1878 "Piaţa Universităţii'' became the spiritual centre of Bucharesters in the essential moments of the War of Independence. Among the manifestations of patriotism, there are to be mentioned the feelings caused by the Declaration of Independence on the 9 May 1877 when the enthusiasm of the public was expressed in the ad hoc festivals organized in the Bucharest streets and mainly in "Piaţa Universităţii" around the statue of Michel the Brave. During the whole War of Independence this central square of Bucharest was the very place of public demonstrations of a deep and warm patriotism.
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