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The smugglers corrupted both sides. From Polish customs officers they knew where the German Schupo was.
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This Study aims to touch on Marriages among Christians of different ethnic origins or sects in the Late Ottoman Empire. Christian communities living under the Ottoman rule felt the need to redefine themselves against nationalism and intense missionary activities in the last century of the empire. Especially missionary activities led to disintegration of existing communal structures and the emergence of new communities. Particularly the Armenian community was deeply affected by these activities. When it came to 1850s Armenian community was divided among the Gregorian, Catholics and Protestants into three parts. Communities, in such an atmosphere, had rigid and jealous attitude against each other to protect their communal integrity and identity. Its reflection in everyday life would lead to emerge of extremely painful stories. The problems experienced can be observed clearly in marriages among the Christians of different ethnic origins or sects. Such marriages will be seen as eroding of communal boundaries and communities will use all kinds of pressure to prevent these marriages.
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Fotoreportaż. Wiejski fotograf na Ponidziu zapisuje w kadrach bliski mu świat. Uratowana spuścizna Mieczysława Pragnącego.
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On the basis of previously unpublished archival documents, the research follows the directions, volumes, forms and types of charitable activities aimed at the needs of the troops during the military conflict of 1904-1905 by representatives of the Bessarabian nobility. By the end we show that Bessarabian aristocrats actively provided the army and navy with all-round assistance (money and material supplies) during the Russo-Japanese War. Also, the Bessarabian nobility actively participated in the formation of sanitary trains dispatched to the Far East, as well as in the manufacture of dressings for hospitals.
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The review of: “Post-Soviet mythology: The structure of everyday life” by Ivan Esaulov; Moscow, Publishing house "Academician" 2015, 616 p.
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The review of: “Private life of a woman in Ancient Russia and Moscow: bride, wife, mistress” by N. Pushkareva; Moscow: Lomonosov Publishers 2011, 216 p.
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The article is an attempt to summarize the current state of research on the complex relationship between Majakovsky and the power in post-Soviet Russia. The subject of analysis are three different interpretations of a given issue. Some critics perceive the poet as an indomitable singer of the revolution and a totalitarian state, while others regard him as a victim of totalitarianism. The most radical group of investigators accuses the creator of cynicism and hypocrisy. However, humanitarianism and the love of Majakowski's freedom and his complex relationship with the new authorities indicate that this issue should be subject to a more thorough and objective evaluation of literary science.
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The main objective of the article is to determine the territorial scope of the Great Moravian territory of Nitra based on an analysis of archaeological sources. Specific cultural manifestations identified in the focal area of the Danube lowland delimit the studied territory from the settlement of adjacent regions of Slovakia and from the central settled territory in the Morava River basin. An interpretation of the results, supported by a comparison with written sources and linguistic data a new view of the social-political identity of the Nitra population.
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The exposition is dedicated to the functionary of the Macedonian-Adrianople movement Vladimir Nikolov Kanazirev, a native of the town Mehomia (today Razlog). The study aims to show his merits and contributions to the development of the Bulgarian national liberation movement in the historic range of several decades. Vladimir Kanazirev walks complex and dynamic way, full of revolutionary and military practice, a number of theoretical concepts and conceptual metamorphoses, but closely following a single goal - Bulgarian national ideal and the liberation of enslaved Macedonia.
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The article examines the word formation of the abstract de-adjective neuter nouns in Mariinsky Four-evangels of the end of the tenth or beginning of the eleventh century, referring to the category Nomina essendi.
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The expansion of territorial claims from Japan and Western states toward China in late 1890-s led to growth of dissatisfaction among the population of China. One of the most significant demonstrations of that dissatisfaction was the Boxer rebellion in 1898–1901. This rebellion also became one of the key events in Sino-Russian relations of late 19th — early 20th century. It didn’t only influence the relations between the two nations, but also had long-term impact on International relations in the Far East for years. In Russian historiography, same as in Chinese, it is known as “Yihetuan rebellion”. Today, the history of Russian Empire’s participation in suppression of Boxer uprising is very well studied. At the same time, in the rebellion itself, as long as Russia’s participation in fighting with the Boxers was evaluated differently by Russian authors depending on time of publication. However, there’s still a significant layer of historical sources which is out of focus of scholars, but can give us new perspective on the events well-known. These are Russian periodicals of late 19th — early 20th century, in particular, satiric political press. Beginning with late 1890-s China was frequently mentioned on pages of Russian satiric magazines, most popular of which were “Strekoza” (“Dragonfly”) and “Budil’nik” (“Alarm clock”). Cartoon images of China and the Chinese published in these magazines had great influence on the development of the image of eastern neighbor in Russian society. The cartoons were also comprehensible for different kinds of readers. The Boxer rebellion and the participation of Russia’s military forces in its suppression was among the most popular topics for Russian satiric press of that period.
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The article examines the Soviet-Japanese interaction in the sphere of literature in 1920–1930. The degree of the Russian classical tradition influence on Japanese culture is traced. The contribution of Waseda University, public figures, Japanese writers, is revealed in the development of literary connections of both countries. It is stated contribution of publishers “Shunji”, “Osaka Mainichi” newspaper, “Sincio” to popularization of Russian literature in Japan. Provided that the publishers were active participants in the process of literary interaction, financing and organizing literary projects in Japan. The author notes that what a significant role in the spread of Soviet literature played a bookselling company “Science” and its creator Otake Hirokiti, the import of Soviet books in Japan during the second half of 1930. This article is devoted to the activities of the representatives of the Russian intelligentsia — V. A. Bubnovoy, A. N. Tolstoy, is attached to the establishment of the Soviet-Japanese literary interaction significant efforts. Basing on archival documents and periodicals materials, the author reveals the influence of the social revolution ideas on the development of Japanese proletarian literary process. The forms of interaction of Japanese proletarian literary unions and liberal public organizations with Soviet social literature are determined. It describes the participation of Japanese proletarian writers in the International association of Revolutionary Writers (MORP). It describes the conflict between the Union of Japanese workers and peasants and workers of art and MORP, the outcome of which was the elimination of the Japanese section. The factors, complicating literary convergence of USSR and Japan in 1930, are found out. The article traces soviet criticism reaction to of the appearance of a militaristic movement of Japanese literature. Its representatives recently created works that contribute to the mobilization of national spirit and represent the conflict with the USSR inevitable prospect. Ideological closeness of the Japanese and Russian nations, the interest to the proletarian culture and Soviet Russia helped to bring the two literary traditions, the formation among the intelligentsia of the two countries tolerant layer professionals who are familiar with the culture of “foreign” nation.
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On the basis of the documents of the Archive of the Russian Federation President and regional archives authors come to a conclusion about the key importance of “sabotage” of the concept for the understanding of the era, in the context of large-scale reflection of the social project that engulfed Soviet society in the 1920s — 1930s. Its purpose advocated the formation of a meaning of social and cultural space, necessary to compensate for the social cost and sacrifice and for the rebalancing of the system of social and political interaction. The appeal to customary law, to a picture of the world of the traditional society, was needed for optimal regulation of social behavior and strengthening executive discipline in the conditions of forced industrialization. These documents indicate the existence of a direct relationship between the start of a massive politicization of economic processes and increased repression and the policy of collectivization. “Saboteurs” were punished for the organization of counter-revolutionary sabotage in the machine-tractor stations and state farms of a number of areas of Ukraine, the North Caucasus and Belarus, expressed in the deterioration and destruction of tractors and agricultural machinery, deliberate contamination of fields, setting fire machine-tractor stations, machine-tractor workshops harvesting and threshing in order to undermine the material situation of the peasantry and the creation of the state of hunger in the country and so forth. In the future, the arbitrariness of ordinary executors of party guidelines served as the basis for the organization of the extermination of an entire layer of the nomenclature, which was entrusted with the mission of breaking the unpopular former system. Objectively, their fate was sealed from the outset, and all top managers at the district level have been punished. In the process of the Great Terror among the accused will appear, as a rule, the secretaries and chairmen of district committees, MTS director, heads of departments of land and livestock departments.
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The article analyses the texts and visual images, placed on pages of the Soviet Primers mid 1940s — 1960s aimed at identifying the dynamics of the broadcast edition of the behavioral samples due to be presented to first-graders. Unchanged — normative behavioral patterns of younger students was work and collectivism. Sufficient stability are elements of a behavioral model relating to the attitude of the Soviet student. Is the idea of saving and careful handling of the things, form the skills of independent manufacture and fix things. At the same time, certain components of the normative model has been changed. The obvious transformation of the recorded field of culture and communication. The urban distribution of living standards has caused some “softening of manners” (at least at the level of reference, exemplary practices, presented to first-graders). Within the period of the 1950s and 1960s, recorded a decrease of normative level of responsibility of the first graders for economic support and food for the family, as well as reducing the standard level of independence of younger school students, with increased involvement of children in public employment practices. Certain adjustments are recorded in the regulatory relationship of the child to the benefits provided by the state. The idea of “gratitude” Homeland, broadcast in the 1940s, disappears from the pages of the Primers of the second half of the 1960s In General, texts and visual images contained in the pages of the publication, sufficiently illustrate the contradictory social trends that result from modernization in the Soviet Union of the 1950s and 1960s.
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The scientific institutions in the field of astronomy in the Ottoman civilization, which I shall examine are the Muwaqqitkhānas. The establishment of the chief astronomer’s office, an institution which emerged to administer the growing number of Muwaqqitkhānas set up in the Ottoman state and especially in Istanbul following the conquest and to manage astronomical and astrological activities at the palace, most probably took place during the reign of Bâyezîd II. In Ottoman times Muwaqqitkhānas could be found in almost every city and town next to a mosque as one or two room structures. Following the founding of the Republic, the Muwaqqitkhānas were transferred to a new body, known as the Bashmuwaqqitlik, until it was finally closed down on 20 September 1952. In this paper, I will explore the structure of the Muwaqqitkhāna institution, and some important Muwaqqitkhānas and famous timekeepers/ Muwaqqits of the Ottomans.
More...Paths of Development in East-Central Europe (GDR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland)
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Violence is as old as human history. Yet, awareness on fighting violence against women found a place to itself quite late in the litterature. Although Tekeli emphasizes structural social and cultural formations, in terms of questioning the production of violence against women, women movements had a crucial role. The situation is not unique to Turkey; patterns are quite similar all over the world. As the twentieth century wound down, in a globalized world, violence producing both terrorist acts seen on national and international scales, and violence against women and children within the very basic unit of society -the family- indicate that individuals, intrinsically, generate their own relationships on the ground of conflicts. Scattered attacks, violent rituals continue to occur, but they produce only small shares of total damage from collective violence. Broken negotiations and coordinated destruction fluctuate and interact as sources of most immediate damage to women and children. Although, especially, tremendous advances of humanity in information and communication technologies, the tension of the individual in him/herself is a contradiction. In this paper, we are particularly keen to focus on the approach of the TGNA (Turkish Grand National Assembly), a decision-making place at the national level. Through exceeding the laws that the assembly, responsible for "making laws", has done on this issue and analysis of these laws, this paper intends to measure the debates around these laws and, in this way, to better understand the perceptions of the legislators. Analysis and solutions to fight violence against women are not independent from decision-makers and political decision-making mechanism. In this paper, violence against women is going to be evaluated in an integrative approach. Institutional structures that have emerged in the legislature and their impact on the matter will be analyzed.
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