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The Social and Civil League of Women was established in August 1945. From the very beginning it was a pro-government organisation supported by the Polish Workers’ Party. Its purpose was to shape political and civic attitudes of women. Propaganda was spread through the press, at ideological courses, official meetings and ceremonies. A thorough analysis of propagandist activities of the League depicts a changing attitude of the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic to the role of women in society in 1945–1956.
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The article discusses the image of the German and Austro-Hungarian intervention in Ukraine in 1918 in Ukrainian memoirs. While these works generally describe the policies of the Central Powers toward Ukraine as imperialist and dictated by the military and economic interests of the two states, only the most radical leftist writers fail to appreciate the role German and Austrian troops played in the removal of Bolshevik forces from Ukraine. Common and individual portraits of the military and political apparatus of the intervention forces differ depending on the political position of the writer. Those who viewed the repressive policies toward rural Ukraine from the perspective of the elites of Kiev discuss them only in abstract terms. In general, Austro-Hungary’s part in the intervention is described in less favourable terms than that of Germany.
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In France, at the early stage of the Cold War, the courtroom became a forum of debates about the real nature of regimes behind the Iron Curtain. The author seeks to explain the reasons for this phenomenon and discusses successive lawsuits brought against French communists mainly to touch the general public. Attempts have also been made to explain why some of the accused were able to reach their objectives while others failed.
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The events of the Polish October resulted in significant transformations occurring in Poland after 1956. Władysław Gomułka’s team departed from the Stalinist model of state, and from terror as the method of ruling, and broadened the scope of political freedoms. The longest-lasting consequence of this new line in politics was the abandonment of the process of collectivisation of agriculture, which made it possible for individual farming to be restored. The Roman Catholic Church, persecuted during the Stalinist period, regained its subjectivity.
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The article discusses the myth of the army of General Zygmunt Berling developed in communist propaganda and in Polish movies of the 1960s and the 1970s. The text identifies the main source of this myth and the basic forms of its propagation. The four main elements of the myth are identified: Berling’s Army as a national army, the soldier’s image, the myth of Berling’s Army as a fictional victory and the myth of Berling’s Army as part of the fictional beginning of the new state.
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The author analyses the functioning of the muftis in Bulgaria, one of the most important institution of the Muslim religious-administrative autonomy in that Balkan country during the Third State period (1878–1944). The presented three cases of Afiz M. Mustafow, Afiz Suleymanov, and Sali Effendi illustrated series of phenomenon linked to the functioning of mufti and Muslim autonomous institutions in Bulgaria in the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The case studies are based on the materials from the Central State Archive of Bulgaria in Sofia.
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One can rarely find a series of cognates as significant – for both the post-ancient history of Southeast-Central Europe and for the Old Germanic domain – as the Romanian lexical family that includes ban ‘feudal title of nobility’ and ban ‘coin, money’. It is rather surprising that no one has decisively propounded ultimate Old Germanic origins for those Romanian words as well as for their obvious relatives in neighbouring languages. Such a situation is most probably due to the fact that some earlier (Avar-Turkic-Hungarian) etymological explanations regarding the ban family came to be considered as definitive solutions, so they became a kind of “etymological legends” transmitted from author to author up until the present day. The main point of this study is to demonstrate that the Romanian lexical family represented by terms such as ban, bănat, băni, bănui and bântui (plus many significant derivatives) are far from being just borrowings from the languages of today’s neighbours of the Romanians. In their earliest recorded meanings, the Romanian words under discussion show surprising unity, since they all reflect a proto-feudal juridical-administrative system that can be clarified only by reference to the semantic sphere of Germanic words such as German Bann, Swedish bann or English ban. The general conclusion of this study (divided into two parts, published in two consecutive issues of Arheologia Moldovei) is that Romanian, as continuant of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Southeast Europe, preserved a lexical family based on Old Germanic loans with meanings that look even more archaic than the ones of the ban family (of Frankish origin) which survived in the French language.
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The article discusses how the authors of sixteenth-century Polish Catholic and Evangelical catechisms perceived and analysed the notion of “the Church”. Following the Tridentine programme, the Catholic authors present their Church as unified under the Pope’s authority and the only inheritor of the works of the Apostles. The veracity of its teaching is testified to with God’s unnatural interventions – miracles. Protestant theologians teach about “the visible and outward Church”, which exists whenever the pure Word of God is preached and where sacraments are administered in accordance with the Holy Writ. Alongside the Visible Church, there exists “the invisible and inward Church” that unites all those following Christ, who is the one and only head of the Church.
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The article analyses the consequences of the fact – unappreciated in the literature on the subject – of large time intervals between the originals of chronicles and their copies known to us and a similar time distance between the beginnings of the statehood and Christianisation of Bohemia, Poland, and Rus’, and the first local written chronicles.
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The paper presents the opinions expressed on the pages of the German weekly Deutsches Adelsblatt at the turn of the 20th century in relation to the issue of the influence of social-economic changes and the advancement of civilisation on the life of noblewomen. These reflections served to update the catalogue of a woman’s tasks and obligations with new elements, such as better education and possibility of employment. The model of a modern noblewoman constructed by these means was reinforced with class-nationalist context, which, according to the opinion of journalists – made women responsible for the future of the German nobility and state
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Using the oral history method, the article analyses the factors of survival of the family Oslaković from Samobor, dealing with honey- and candle-making craft, on the market in the time of great political and economic changes from the 1930s till the present. The analysis shows that family is a very flexible category which, accompanied by an adequate business strategy, plays a crucial role in business success.
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Skaldic poetry that praised the deeds of the Viking heroes have been for a long time at the forefront of academic inquiry, particularly in the context of the Scandinavian activity in the region of the British Isles at the turn of the 10th century. Poems such as Hallfred Óttarsson’s “Óláfsdrápa”, Sigvat Þórðarson’s “Víkingarvísur” or Óttar Svarti’s “Hǫfuðlausn” have been perceived as testimonials to the memory of the Viking past, and they were often utilized by the poets themselves in their efforts to present their creative output as fundamental in the creation of the ideology of power. The presented article proposes a different approach to the poems praising the warrior deeds of the Scandinavian rulers. The author posits that the selected poems were not only meant to commemorate the warrior feats of their heroes, but first and foremost to emphasize their kingly attributes. To this end, the poems presented the victims of the Viking attacks as rebels and evildoers, righteously punished for their crimes by the sovereign and forced to recognize his authority.
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