We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
During the First World War, heavy fighting took place on the territory of the Cosmeşti village to stop the advance of the German Army. In order to facilitate the crossing of the Romanian troops over the Sereth river, four wooden bridges were built. Also, for the protection of the Romanian troops defense works were carried out, consisting of trenches, barbed wire nets and underground shelters. All this contributed to the protection of the Romanian troops and together they formed an important center of resistance which led to the defeat of the German 9th Army.
More...
In 2021 as a case discovery in Peja was found a Roman coin of the reign of Emperor Gordian III with a portrait of this emperor in avers and with a female figure who personifies the province of Moesia Superior (Upper Moesia) with the attributes of the Roman goddess Victoria in her hand, surrounded on both sides by two figures of a bull and one of a lion, which were the symbols of the legions of VII Claudia and IV Flavia which were moved from Dalmatia to Moesia in 62 and 86 AD and which formed the military crew of Moesia Superior from the I century to the end of antiquity. On the averse are the portraits, names and titles of the emperors Gordian III (225-244), Philip the Arab (244-249) and Trajan Decius (249-251), while on the reverse each coin bears the inscription: PMS COL VIM (Provinciae Moesiae Superioris Colonia Viminacium= Viminacium of the Roman province Upper Moesia) and the signs AN IIII (anno quarto) which also date the coins in question. It is an interesting fact that earlier in the region of Peja were found coins such a coin of the time of the emperor Philip the Arab (244-249) found in Dobrushë and another found in Dresnik from the time of Emperor Trajan Decius (249-251), with which began the period of Roman emperors of Illyrian origin which had continued until the time of Constantine the Great (306-337) and who avoided the rapid destruction of the Roman Empire. All three coins were minted in the years: 242/243, 244/245 and 249/250 AD, respectively belong to the time of the rule of three different emperors but all are minted in the same coin-cutting workshop in the capital of the province of Upper Moesia-Viminacium, which had operated from 239 to in the year 255 AD. In addition to the three coins dealt with here, from this time period is the coin treasure (hidden vault of money) found in 2004 in the Izvore locality between Mitrovica and Zubin Potok consisting of 28 bronze coins minted during the reign of the emperors: Gordian III , Philip the Arab, Philip II , Trajan Decius, Etruscila, Quintus, Trebonianus Galus and Volusianus, 26 of which on the avers carry the portraits, names and titles of the mentioned emperors, while on the reverse have the inscription: PMS COL VIM and a female figure, personifing the province Moesia Superior (Upper Moesia) surrounded on both sides by two figures of a bull and one of a lion. Two other coins on the reverse have the legend PROVINCIA DACIA but it is likely that all these coins were minted in the provincial coinage workshop of Viminacium. Otherwise, in the territory of Upper Moesia, a total of 16 hidden vault of money were found with such coins minted in Viminacium between the years 252/253 AD, which are supposed to have been hidden due to the danger during the civil war that took place at that time or the risk of attacks barbarian tribes. The coin of the Roman emperor Gordian III recently found in Peja, together with the two earlier coins found in this region and the hidden vault (treasaury) of coins from the village of Izvore near Mitrovica and other treasures with the coins of the same type found throughout Upper Moesia (whose main part formed the territory of the former Dardanian Kingdom) are important numismatic documents and historical evidence of the time related to the provincial issues of Roman coins and other historical events of the middle of the III century AD, respectively of the time of the flourishing period of this province, the nucleus of which was the territory of the former Dardanian Kingdom inhabited by the Dardanian people and at the same time regarding the past of the region where the coins were found but also about the creation of an overview regarding the Roman Empire in general at certain historical moments of the time when they were minted and were in use.
More...
Erzincan is a province located in the Eastern Anatolian region. It is a strategic region that connects two important junction points such as Erzurum and Sivas. Passages provide the connection of Erzincan with the surrounding provinces. After coming from Turkistan and settling in Anatolia, the Turks continued their highland and winter quarters life here as well. Plateaus in Eastern Anatolia such as Aladağ, Köse Mountain, Samagar, Palandoken, Çimen, Munzur, Otlukbeli are some of the important plateaus in the life of Turks. The Romans, who put an end to the Persian domination in Anatolia, dominated the Eastern Anatolian region, hence Erzincan, after this date. It is the Oghuzs who took Anatolia from the hands of the Eastern Roman Empire and made the Oghuz homeland. Following the death of Selçuk Bey , the Turkmens were divided among the members of the Seljuk family in accordance with the Turkish traditions, and a decrease in power occurred in the Seljuks due to the separation of administration. It is understood that the Seljuks, who were in a very difficult situation, felt obliged to seek and to acquire a new home. But where could this new homeland sought be? The most suitable place for them was Anatolia in the west. Because it is known that the Seljuks also decided to make an expedition in order to make Anatolia a homeland in the future, where their cognates were struggling with Byzantium. The Turkish army, commanded by İbrahim Yınal, turned towards the Byzantine forces. Byzantine military forces were able to land on the plain after Liparit joined them. In fact, they were withdrawn to various fortresses that had previously been very difficult to take.
More...
The Russian invasion of the territory of the Ukrainian state in February 2022 disturbed the existing order in the world. The hybrid nature of this war resulted in the involvement of hacktivists from the Anonymous group. Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyze the legitimacy and legality of the hacking activities undertaken by members of the Anonymous group against the Russian state. Assuming that hacking activities are illegal in the light of the law, the author proves that during the war, this type of activity in cyberspace becomes justified and is one of the tools to fight the aggressor. At the same time, this fits in with the modern concept of hybrid wars because today’s conflicts do not have the pure form of conventional actions, but are a mix of various fighting methods.
More...
Review of: İsmail Aka - İsmail Hasanzâde, Hükümet-i Kara Koyunlu ve Ak Koyunlu der İran (Turkman’s Dynasty- Qara-quyunlu and Aq-guyunlu in Iran) , Tahran 1397, h.ş., 323 s., ISBN-964-459-475-4.
More...
After the suppression of the Transylvanian uprising in 1467, King Matthias confiscated the estates of several noble families in Transylvania and soon afterwards distributed them among his most favoured followers. One of the big winners of this action was the Transylvanian voivode Nicholas Csupor, who had just returned from the Moldavian campaign (end of 1467). The study publishes the group of charters related to these royal donations. This bunch of documents is notable for the fact that some of the donation charters were spoiled, or in some cases, the number of donated estates was extended immediately after the first charter was issued, but, exceptionally, all the successive charters have been preserved.
More...
This article present a study about the military campaigns between Kievean Rus and Byzantine Empire. The majority of all conflicts were on the sea. With the help of the Byzantine innovation called greek fire, the Byzantine armies smash almost everytime the Russian attacks on the sea. The historic sources for the study are from both sides: for Russian side we have The Primary Chronicle, also known as Nestor's Chronicle (Old Church Slavonic: Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; Belarusian: Аповесьць мінулых часоў; Russian: По́весть временны́х лет; Ukrainian: Пóвість врем'яних літ, often translated into English as Tale of Bygone Years), Ruthenian Primary Chronicle or Russian Primary Chronicle, which is a history of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113 by a monk called Nestor. The book contain two manuscripts: Laurentian codex and Hypatian codex. For Byzantines we have chronicles writted by John the Deacon (Iohannes Diaconus), Leo Grammaticus or Symeon Logothetes.
More...
Despite the technical-military modernity, millions of animals were involved in the First World War. An account of the death and survival of war animals in the Great War involves an approach located at the crossroads of history, sociology, anthropology, psychology, biology and even ethnology, which can help us discover the emotions, pain or fears felt by different species of animals enlisted in the war. In parallel with the mass recruitment of millions of people, a number of animals, dogs, horses, donkeys, pigeons, etc. were massively recruited and used effectively in combat. Because the war involved people from countries around the world, the animals involved in the war effort were also varied. Most of the animals were requisitioned by the authorities and actually recruited, meaning they received military service documents, being considered useful from a tactical point of view. To these were added farm animals: sheep, cattle, pigs, chicken, requisitioned to be slaughtered, in order to provide food for the soldiers on the front. A number of animals, especially dogs and cats, served as mascots or pets, providing the fighters with some emotional comfort. In this global and “total” war, involving armies and civilians, with lethal weapons, cruelty, brutality were among the characteristics very often present in combat behavior. Without horses and donkeys, the soldiers would have had great difficulty reaching the fronts on which they were sent. Thanks to these animals, the artillery and materials needed to strengthen the trenches were transported, along with water supplies, food and medicine. The dead and wounded from the front were also transported with the help of beasts of burden. In all, an estimated 20 million animals and birds were “enlisted” on all fronts, of which 14 million perished as a result of the war. The history of the relationship between the combatants and their fighting animals is an important indicator of the material, hygienic, food, medical, cultural and spiritual conditions in which people lived on the fronts during the war. An attempt to recount the death and survival of war animals in the Great War is not a simple research, because researchers often encounter personal opinions, imbued with cultural specificities, fragments of memories recorded on paper under the impression of war experiences.
More...
The author considers that the topic of this article is of interest to active politicians and military of all ranks.In the context of the Russian Federation’s unreasoned and unprovoked invasion of Ukraine (on 24.02.2022), the concerns of Romania and other countries, historically unlucky to found themselves in what the Russians call their “close vicinity”, have increased dramatically. The concerns get bigger as no one knows where this „vicinity” ends, in Berlin or in the Atlantic!?The paper presents some events and facts of the war’s preliminaries and outgoing, which could be used by those with responsibilities in the field of defence in Romania to draw some conclusions and generate accordingly measures.Let’s hope that NATO and the EU have gain some terms with reality and have finally understood who Putin’s Russia is and what it wants. Urgent and firm measures are needed to counter the aggressor.
More...
Actions taken on the unregulated, or rather self-regulated, global financial market have the effect of weakening or exacerbating crises that affect the living standards of the population, leading to a deterioration in the security of individuals in society.
More...
Even in the initial stages of NATO establishment, the way in which the necessary resources foe sustainment of the defence posture in front of Soviet threat was one of the most important topic. The complexity associated with this objective was even more challenging in the multinational context and common desire to reach an integrated character. From this perspective, the creation of a defence planning system was the adequate solution for managing the Cold War security challenges, while consolidating the interaction between the agreed objectives and their national implementation. Gradually, the defence planning system become one of the main instruments through which NATO could translate in capability targets and defence plans the objectives assumed by successive Strategic Concepts since the establishment of this organisation. Although, fundamental parameters were agreed during Cold War, their relevance is going beyond the temporal framework of this episode. Today, defence planning system incorporates typologies and procedures agreed half of a century ago demonstrating thus, the viability of thinking and the conceptual premises that were for structuring this system.
More...
In this article, the authors briefly present internal and external conditions of the emergence and proliferation of threats generated by the new challenges of the current international security environment to the security of states, conditions created by the economic, political, social and legislative factors.
More...
The second part in the comparative series of military women in the Romanian and United States (US) militaries, details the progressive inclusion of women in the military’s education system, occupation and mission opportunities, highlighting the access and challenges thereof. Part I***: Historical Accomplishments of Military Women, focused on a historical perspective to the breakdown of barriers through women’s deeds that surpassed expectations and limitation. Part II: Military Women in the 21st Century, focuses on how modern military women have further broken down existing stereotypes and misconceptions about their abilities in their fight for full integration into all aspects of the military.
More...
The author considers that the subject of this article is of interest to politicians and the military, of all ranks, in action.In the context of the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine for no reason and unprovoked (on 24.02.2022), the concerns of Romania and other countries, historically unlucky, that find themselves in what the Russians call the "close vecinity" have increased dramatically. Do we know where this „vecinity” ends, in Berlin or in the Atlantic !?This material presents some events and facts from the preliminaries of the war and from the war, from which those with responsibilities in the field of defense in our country can draw some conclusions and can generate measures accordingly.Let's hope that NATO and the EU have come to terms with reality and have finally understood who Putin's Russia is and what it wants. Urgent and firm measures are needed to counter the aggressor.
More...
The West transformed Romania into a colony without military occupation. Romania no longer matters as a country and there is a risk that its territory will be divided between the owners. In the last 31 years, there have been actions of some political factors that "trivialized and disregarded the complex field of defense" of Romania. Romania, through what it has done with the hand of the so-called political class, is at the level of preparation for the great challenges ahead, on the last place among the European states. The subject of this article is of great public interest today, especially after the politico-military developments in the area of interest of Romania, originating from the offensive actions of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine and the threatening statements of Vladimir Putin against NATO member states. Russia's territorial aggression, annexation of territories and armed conflict in Ukraine have destabilized Russia's neighbors and part of Europe. To this is added Russia's actions to seize new territories in Ukraine, after it has conquered other smaller or larger states.
More...
The technologies of weapons and means of combat must be studied very carefully in different eras to understand the military art of those periods in human history. The military art of antiquity, the Middle Ages, capitalism and our time is a way of creating and using weapons to achieve the goals and objectives of the wars of those times.The study of technologies leads to the understanding of the philosophy of confrontation, the philosophy of combat actions and the strategy of wars.
More...
Even in the initial stages of NATO establishment, the way in which the necessary resources foe sustainment of the defence posture in front of Soviet threat was one of the most important topic. The complexity associated with this objective was even more challenging in the multinational context and common desire to reach an integrated character. From this perspective, the creation of a defence planning system was the adequate solution for managing the Cold War security challenges, while consolidating the interaction between the agreed objectives and their national implementation. Gradually, the defence planning system become one of the main instruments through which NATO could translate in capability targets and defence plans the objectives assumed by successive Strategic Concepts since the establishment of this organisation. Although, fundamental parameters were agreed during Cold War, their relevance is going beyond the temporal framework of this episode. Today, defence planning system incorporates typologies and procedures agreed half of a century ago demonstrating thus, the viability of thinking and the conceptual premises that were for structuring this system.
More...
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign island state in Western Europe, crossed by the Zero meridian which consists of archipelagos in the eastern North Atlantic, consisting of the main island, Great Britain, which has a smaller area than Romania. , and the entire archipelago has a slightly larger area than Romania. But it is much larger in population, economy, finance and military strength. The real strength of the UK lies in the international political and economic organization of the Commonwealth, the successor to the British Empire, which brings together 54 sovereign countries and many dependent territories on all continents, being much larger than the European Union.The remarkable personality of the current Queen of the UK and the entire Commonwealth, who managed with tact and determination to lead this gigantic ethnic conglomerate was the binder that united a third of the countries, peoples and economies of the planet. Britain lost the Empire, but won the Commonwealth, so it retained a leading place in the world.Lately, in anticipation of the change of the sovereign of Great Britain, a series of forces are launching campaigns to denigrate the British monarchy. It is possible that the secret services of the various powers will focus on discrediting the future English monarch in order to destroy the Commonwealth.
More...
The conquest of Anatolia, which started with the eastern expedition of Çağrı Bey in 1018, covers the period until 1081, when the Byzantine Empire recognized the Turkish Seljuks. One of the important stations of the Seljuk armies advancing to the west from the beginning of the process is Şebinkarahisar Castle. Şebinkarahisar is in a location that will provide control of an important junction that opens to the north of Anatolia and the Black Sea coast. With this feature, besides being an important stage in the struggle between east and west, it is also a strategic member of the defense line established by the Byzantine Empire to fight its enemies in the east. Şebinkarahisar, which was attacked by the Abbasids many times before the Seljuks, was kept alive by fortification as it took a route to the capital of the empire. As a result of the progress that continued for about sixty-three years from the first expedition of the Seljuks to Anatolia, many castles and cities were besieged, captured and opened to settlement and became a Turkish homeland. Şebinkarahisar and its castle, one of these cities, also witnessed important political events during the conquest of Anatolia. As a matter of fact, Byzantine-Seljuk conflicts continued for a while in Şebinkarahisar Castle, which was the first place conquered by the Seljuks in Anatolia after the Byzantine defense was broken and the first place conquered in the Eastern Black Sea Region. In this article, the role of Şebinkarahisar Castle in the defense of Byzantine Anatolia and the situation that the Seljuks faced when they came to the region, general and mixed information about the castle, many important events in the Seljuk-Byzantine struggle, were tried to be organized in detail.
More...