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Slovaci u Hrvatskoj u popisima stanovništva između 1880. i 2011. i perspektiva u istraživanju

Author(s): Filip Škiljan,Sandra Kralj-Vukšić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

The authors of the text provide information about Slovaks in Croatia in the censuses between 1880 and 2011 with regard to the Slovak language as a native language of Slovaks in Croatia. Authors in the first part bring information about the arrival of Slovaks in Croatia, and then deal with their number, religious and gender structure as well as their literacy. The text is the result of research in the Croatian State Archives and published material in the Central Bureau of Statistics and literature. In conclusion the authors emphasize the need of a systematic approach to the study of Slovak communities in Croatia.

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Slovenská minorita v Rumunsku – etnokultúrne kontexty

Author(s): Miriama Bošelová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

Way of life of Slovaks in the Low Land was and remains a continually evolving socio-cultural system which is very vividly and naturally responsive to the surrounding environment and circumstances that have been brought about in different historical periods. The important question is not just which elements of their way of life are typically "Slovak" , but rather to what extent and how can the Slovak community maintain ethnic consciousness, mother tongue and communication links with Slovaks during the entire period of the separation. The paper presents characteristics of current Slovak minority in Romania in the context of historical development, and also presents selected aspects of empirical research of the Slovaks living in Romania.

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SZEGHY Gabriel (ed.): Studia Cassoviensia Nova. Košice vo svetle nových poznatkov

Author(s): Dana Kušnírová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The review of: SZEGHY Gabriel (ed.) Studia Cassoviensia Nova. Košice vo svetle nových poznatkov. (Studia Cassoviensia Nova. Košice in the light of the new knowledge) Košice: Dejepisný spolok v Košiciach, 2020, 192 s. ISBN 978-80-971895-7-0.

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HISTÓRIA DIVADLA S NADHĽADOM

Author(s): Barbora Zamišková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 04/2021

Review of: Barbora Krajč Zamišková - HLEDÍKOVÁ, Ida. Bábkové divadlo Žilina 1950 – 2020 : Sedemdesiat rokov profesionálnej činnosti. Žilina : Bábkové divadlo Žilina, Žilinský samosprávny kraj, 2020. 127 s. ISBN 978-80- 972682-1-3.

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Spory o česť, rituály násilia a konflikty v stredovekom Bardejove

Author(s): Mária Fedorčáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

Research on crime, conflicts and violence in urban milieu usually focuses on authority and the competencies of town judicial courts, as well as preserved legal sources detailing norms and privileges. From another perspective, an analysis of judicial practice sources offers insight into the role of conflicts and violence in everyday life, and reveals strategies that authorities used to deal with them. This paper makes use of both approaches in order to study various aspects of crime and the attitudes and strategies of parties involved in conflicts. Honour and dishonour became a subject of interest for men in letters in the late medieval town of Bardejov. The author explores the phenomenon of dishonour focusing on town citizens, members of the guilds and clerics in the town parish. Some form of slander would usually start a conflict and as it escalated, various kinds of threats, insults, gestures and even assault might follow, finally resulting in an act of violence. Preserved “threatening letters” confirm that in some phase of conflicts, one party used the written form to issue a warning and state their intention to cause harm. Examples of such letters and their role in conflicts between the town of Bardejov and outlaw groups who operated at the northern border of the Hungarian kingdom will attempt to elucidate strategies by the town authorities employed to protect its inhabitants.

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The Capture and Trade of Captives by Hungarian Soldiers during István Koháry’s General-Captaincy in Szécsény and Fiľakovo

Author(s): Štefan Szalma / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The trade of captives was part of everyday life on the Ottoman-Hungarian borderland during the 17th century. Despite the peace between the Habsburgs and Ottomans in the years 1606–1663, frequent looting expeditions and constant skirmishes occurred between the two empires. The local trade of captives also flourished, which included raiding expeditions for the sole purpose of acquiring captives, negotiations regarding ransom and standards for keeping and redeeming captives. Interest was so great on both sides such that in the 17th century, an extensive system of customs and unwritten rules existed, largely accepted by both Ottoman and Hungarian rulers. The focus of this article is on the involvement of Hungarian soldiers in the field of captive trading during the time of the general captainships of István I. Koháry Cases examined concern primarily the garrisons of Fiľakovo, Szécsény, Balassagyarmat and to a lesser extent, other surrounding castles, all sourced from the fund of the Koháry family archive located in the Banská Bystrica State Archive. Attention is centered on cases where people were taken captive from the ranks of the civilian population (mostly subjects of Ottomans), and not explicitly Ottoman soldiers or dignitaries. The aim here is a study of the behavior of soldiers towards the general population in the abovementioned territories, and an observation of the application of specific customs connected with the trade of captives in practice.

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The legal context of death in the time of the Mojmírs and the Árpáds

Author(s): Miroslav Lysý / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The death of a person is a complex issue fact that older law looked at in two ways. First and foremost, death represented a consequence; the application of a legal sanction. The oldest law considered execution more as a means of healing, as a ritual, and only in the late Middle Ages was execution thought of as a deterrent or a means of retaliation towards a criminal. In the second approach, death could be a prerequisite for a range of legal consequences. For example, a marriage ends with a death, and after the canonical form of marriage was instituted, death was the only legal method of ending a marriage. Naturally, death was key in inheritance law, as it is a prerequisite for obtaining family assets. Legal holdovers from the Árpád period regulated in particular the protection of widows and the interests of the presently forming nobility among the population.

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Family as an Object of Research and as a Motive for Reflection

Author(s): Marta Botíková / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Review of: ANNA SÁSOVÁ, ANNA BRLOŠOVÁ, JÁN BRLOŠ: Hrušovské rodiny [Families of the village of Hrušov] Hrušov: Obec Hrušov, 2021, 584 p. GÁBOR KOLOH: „Szántani lehet, de vetni nem muszáj“. Az ormánsági egykézés történetei (1790 – 1941) [“Maybe ploughing – no need to sow”. Stories of the restricted reproduction in the region of Ormánság (1790 – 1941)] Budapest: ELTE, Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont, Történettudományi Intézet, 2021, 378 p. DITA ANDRUŠKOVÁ:Rodina v ľudovej kultúre Záhoria [Family in the folk culture of Záhorie the region] Skalica: Záhorské múzeum v Skalici, 2022, 175 p. and the exhibition of the same name in the Etnohouse at the Východná 2023 Folklore Festival. BOŽENA SLANČÍKOVÁ-TIMRAVA: Rozsobáše [Divorces] DAB (Andrej Bagar Theatre) in Nitra, directed by Matúš Bachynec; dramaturgy Martina Mašlárová; premiered on October 28, 2022. BOŽENA SLANČÍKOVÁ-TIMRAVA: Deti [Children] SND (Slovak National Theatre) in Bratislava, directed by Michal Vajdička, dramaturgy Daniel Majling; premiered on June 4, 2023.

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“Ties That Matter the Most”. Family Connections in Memory of the Transcarpathian Village Community

Author(s): MATEJ BUTKO / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article explores the importance of family and personal connections through a model of informal economy present in a post-soviet, Transcarpathian (Ukrainian) village setting. I examine this informal economy through village residents’ narratives of a politically turbulent past that I collected during my research. Specifically, the memory of the past they recall and share draws on their capacities to adapt to successive regimes and crises throughout the socialist and post-socialist periods. This adaptive capacity is particularly observable in how the homegrown agency of two local family networks during these periods are remembered and commemorated in the community as examples of resilience. The collective memory of these family networks transcends the non-economic, and comprises a local-historical moral anchoring of their choices and activities, one which forms a rationale that continues to act as an incentive for the villagers’ ongoing engagement in a model of informal economy. Further, it remains available as a significant resource that villagers use to emphasise and explain the moral grounding of their current economic lives. This study is based on long-term ethnographic research, and utilises predominantly anthropological theories of the study of memory, socioeconomic transformation as well as various models of informal economy. My work explores here how familial and communal narratives of the past, and physical and public commemorations, shape local perceptions of the perceived and performed (moral) value of people’s economies. I suggest the reason that both family networks (and their past agency) that I focus on here are remembered so intensively is that this remembering depicts the family connections as more than an effective means to pursue economic and material advantage. Indeed, such remembrance is connected to a shared notion of socialisation that in turn informs an economic model of rural community, perceived by my respondents as traditional in this village’s setting.

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Sеmomit in a New Incantation Bowl

Author(s): Gaby Abousamra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Magic bowls bear spells meant to disable demons and to protect people from all sorts of bodily and mental illness. Most of these bowls were found in Mesopotamia and dated approximately to the 5th and 7th centuries AD. This kind of magic spell was practiced by the different communities living in this area: Jewish, Christian, Mandaean, and Manichaean. The present research concerns a new incantation text which, as far as we know, has no parallel in publications on magical bowls. The text is an incantation to establish and protect the descendants of Duday, daughter of Makanta, from all kinds of afflictions and from evil angels whose names are mentioned here for the first time. Palḥašat and Abaddon, the good angels, are invoked to redeem and save Duday and her sons from Ṣemomit who snatches the newborns from the breast of their mothers and kills them. The text ends with a Biblical Hebrew verse (Zechariah 3: 2) which is used frequently in this kind of literature.Magic bowls bear spells meant to disable demons and to protect people from all sorts of bodily and mental illness. Most of these bowls were found in Mesopotamia and dated approximately to the 5th and 7th centuries AD. This kind of magic spell was practiced by the different communities living in this area: Jewish, Christian, Mandaean, and Manichaean. The present research concerns a new incantation text which, as far as we know, has no parallel in publications on magical bowls. The text is an incantation to establish and protect the descendants of Duday, daughter of Makanta, from all kinds of afflictions and from evil angels whose names are mentioned here for the first time. Palḥašat and Abaddon, the good angels, are invoked to redeem and save Duday and her sons from Ṣemomit who snatches the newborns from the breast of their mothers and kills them. The text ends with a Biblical Hebrew verse (Zechariah 3: 2) which is used frequently in this kind of literature.

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CONSIDERAŢII PE MARGINEA VIEŢII ŞI ACTIVITĂŢII UNUI LUPTĂTOR PENTRU DREPTURILE ROMÂNILOR TRANSILVĂNENI, IULIU CEZAR VLĂDUŢIU (1846–1918) DIN TURDA

Author(s): Răzvan Mihai Neagu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2024

The purpose of this study is to present the life and activity of a national fighter less known in specialized literature, Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu. Very schematic research on it has been undertaken before, but until now there is no material, article or study dedicated to him. That’s why we set out to fill this void and bring to light (again) a great personality of Turda, an illustrious and valiant fighter for the national rights of Romanians from Transylvania, who made a remarkable contribution to political, national, social, economic and cultural life of the old city on Arieş. It can be said without error, that Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu was a forerunner of the Great Union. He came from an illustrious Greek-Catholic priestly family. He studied had an intellectual training in legal sciences, acquired in Cluj, but despite all this he was not able to practice law. He settled in Turda, where he became a close friend of the Raţiu family and contributed significantly to the cultural and material upliftment of the Romanians in this town. He was a man of distinguished moral qualities, regarded with great respect by his compatriots. Also, tireless work was one of the characteristics of his life. With honor, Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu represented Turda-Aries county at the national conferences in Sibiu, getting involved in the Transylvanian Memorandum movement. At the local level, he was a virilist, a member of the county general congregation, the most important positions he held were those of executive director of the “Ariesana” Bank (1894–1911) and director of the Turda Division of the ASTRA association (1905–1913).

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UN ISTORIC AL IOBĂGIEI DIN TRANSILVANIA: DAVID PRODAN

Author(s): Cătălin Cozma / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2024

This article traces the evolution of David Prodan’s researches in the fields of social and economic history, using both his works and documents from the Cluj County Directorate of National Archives. A student of the Romanian University in Cluj, David Prodan has shown a special interest in social history studies since the very beginning of his career as a historian. Among the reasons behind this particular interest were his peasant ancestry and his desire to reconstruct the socio-economic foundations of the Transylvanian rural universe. Starting with a couple of studies about a few little-known agrarian terms, Prodan continued his researches in the sphere of social history with a new topic, that of serfdom in Transylvania. To his credit, the historian foresaw the importance of the significant gap in the Romanian historiography caused by the lack of adequate studies regarding one of the most important institutions in the socio-economic history of Transylvania. This subject was also of great importance for the history of the Romanians in this province, as the serf communities were mostly made up of Romanians. Prodan’s efforts, spanning over five decades, in researching the phenomenon of serfdom have materialized in numerous articles, studies, and monographs, appreciated by both Romanian and foreign historians.

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СРПСКА ПОЛИТИЧКА ЕЛИТА ИЗ БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ И ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКА КРАЉЕВИНА (1918–1941)

Author(s): Draga V. Mastilović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 193/2025

During the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Yugoslavia (1918–1929), the Serbian political and intellectual elite from Bosnia and Herzegovina found themselves in a position to actively participate in the new state. However, only a few managed to successfully navigate the newly formed political landscape and benefit from it. Most of them believed that the Serbian national question had been definitively resolved in 1918. As a result, they were unprepared for the emergence of the “Croatian question” in the Kingdom of SHS. Their political disorientation led them to passively accept the unstable parliamentary system of the new state, shaped by deepening in ter religious and interethnic tensions. By 1929, in response to aggressive Croatian nationalism, which was encouraged and directed by the Roman Catholic clergy, they began to defend themselves not through Serbian nationalism but through Yugoslav nationalism. Sincerely embracing King Alexander’s policy of integral Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1929, most of them only realized by the late 1930s that they had been politically deceived by the Croats. Their unrealistic faith in the Yugoslav state prevented them from forming an independent Serbian national program—until it was too late, on the eve of World War II.

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Domonkos Csaba: A Lánchíd története 1849-től a XXI. századig

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Domonkos Csaba: A Lánchíd története 1849-től a XXI. századig

Author(s): Balázs Tinku-Szathmáry / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 97/2024

Domonkos Csaba: A Lánchíd története 1849-től a XXI. századig. Magyar Műszaki és Közlekedési Múzeum, Budapest, 2024. 304 oldal.

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Regionalna saradnja na Balkanskom poluostrvu početkom XX i XXI veka: sličnosti i razlike

Author(s): Dragan R. Simić,Dragan Đukanović,Dragan Živojinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 10/2021

The authors of this paper highlight the main trends in the origin and development of regional initiatives in the Balkans since the beginning of the XXI century (the Balkan Pact and the Little Entente), as well as the similarities and differences with today’s dominant forms of multilateral cooperation in this region of Europe (particularly the Regional Cooperation Council, the Berlin Process and the “Open Balkans”). Therefore, the authors will indicate the international influences on the configuration of regional cooperation in the Balkans over the aforementioned periods, as well as how much it is affected by the complexity of relations between the regional states and their internal circumstances. Furthermore, they will discuss how the historical divisions among the Balkan states are reflected in the dynamics of regional cooperation. In this regard, they point out certain parallels between the organizational forms of cooperation in the region, their working methods, and internal procedures around the turn of the century and the previous century.

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„Noi vrem pământ!”. Continuitate şi discontinuitate în politicile faţă de proprietatea agrară în România modernă

Author(s): Cornel Micu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2024

The article deals with the introduction and usage of the concept of „property” in Romanian rural areas, focusing on the redefinition of the legal status of farmlands. The topic is relevant for the public policies deployed by the state to establish the modern, capitalist concept of property in the most traditional and, for a long period of time, most numerous section of the Romanian society – the peasantry. The contribution analyzes the laws published in the Official Gazette (Monitorul oficial), which I consider relevant for the intentions of the state in terms of defining the concept of “property”. The working hypothesis is that, despite the extensive usage of the term “property” in the Romanian legislation starting with 1864, the state systematically constructed a system of social and legal relations that fuelled uncertainty as individuals and different state institutions shared ownership over farmland. This approach to property in the rural areas was a continuity in Romanian policy between 1864, when the first agrarian reform was enacted, and the beginning of the 2000s. Only the negotiations for EU accession brought a radical redefinition of agricultural policies.

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Tranziţiile repetate ale Văii Jiului. Politicile publice de dezvoltare economică şi de valorificare patrimonială

Author(s): Maria Mateoniu-Micu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2024

This article analyzes the public policies implemented in the Jiu Valley starting with the second half of the 19th century, when coal mining began in the region, until contemporary times, when the coal economy was gradually replaced by less polluting development. The “recurrent transitions” of the Jiu Valley from agro-pastoralism to industry and from industry to consumerism, tourism and the promotion of local heritage reveal distinctive transformations. The Jiu Valley was, until the fall of the communist regime, intensively industrialized. In post-socialism, the region was heavily affected by public policies of developmental restructuring generated by the market and consumer economies. The area, labelled a former mining zone, was encouraged by the European Commission to implement economic and social projects alternative to the coal industry. This shift reflected Romania’s adherence to the 2015 Paris Summit on reducing CO2 emissions and the 2019 European Green Deal. The article describes various public policies implemented over time in the region as well as the reactions and perceptions of the locals towards these programs. I discuss social conflicts and the processes of construction, deconstruction or reconstruction of the local heritage, considered as a derivative of the dominant political economy.

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CONSIDERATIONS ON THE HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE ETHNIC HUNGARIANS IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF BUCOVINA (1775 - 2021)

Author(s): Tiberiu–Constantin Ambrosie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The Hungarians were characterized as one of the most isolated ethnic communities in Bukovina, living almost exclusively in the five colonies in the south of the province. The communities of the Hungarians (Szeklers) were among the first to be established in Bukovina, being conservative, rural communities, attached to traditions and customs, and the Hungarian colonists founded the following localities in the southern part of Bukovina in the years: Istensegíts (1776), Fogadjisten (1776), Józseffalva, (1785), Hadikfalva (1786) and Andrásfalva (1786). In the 19th century, the Hungarians in Bukovina experienced a spectacular demographic growth due to the positive natural balance manifested by a tripling of the number of ethnic Hungarians in Bukovina, between 1820 and 1880, respectively from 3004 ethnic Hungarians to 9387 ethnic Hungarians, at the end of the interval. A decrease followed at the end of the 19th century between 1880 and 1890 due to ethnic migration to Transylvania. At the beginning of the 20th century, migratory flows of ethnic Hungarians followed towards the North American continent, more precisely towards Canada and the United States of America, where ethnic Hungarians from Bukovina founded colonies. In the interwar period, according to the 1930 Population Census, 11,881 ethnic Hungarians were located in Bukovina, but the drastic decrease in the number of ethnic Hungarians occurred in the political circumstances of World War II, when the Horthy government annexed part of Yugoslav Vojvodina. Thus, the Hungarian government proposed populating that area with ethnic Hungarians, and in the spring of 1941, a large part of the inhabitants of the five Hungarian colonies in Bukovina were relocated to the Backa region of Vojvodina, and later recolonized in the former villages of Tolna County, Hungary. In Bukovina, there were 84 ethnic Hungarians counted in the 1948 census, and then the demographic growth of Hungarians in this area was achieved due to migrations from Transylvania, especially from Bistrița and Mureș counties, reaching a number of 676 ethnic Hungarians in 1956. After 1956, there was a demographic decline of the ethnic Hungarian population in the southern part of Bukovina: 534 ethnic Hungarians in 1966, 360 ethnic Hungarians in 1992, 233 ethnic Hungarians in 2002, 148 ethnic Hungarians in 2011 and 77 ethnic Hungarians in 2021.

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VILLAGES IN ILFOV COUNTY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE REGULATION AGE

Author(s): Vasile Grigore / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The adoption of the Organic Regulation of Romania triggered a period of great changes, of deep political, legal and administrative reorganization. The Regulation Age (1831-1858) is a special one in the history of the Romanian space, the one that marks its transition from "the periphery of the Ottoman Empire to the periphery of the West" (Bogdan Murgescu). The need to know, as well as possible, the state in which the country was at that beginning of the Regulation Age and the subsequent progress led to the collection of detailed data from all areas of life. General Pavel Kiseleff's desire to have the most correct, undistorted perspective on all matters related to the administration of the Romanian countries also contributed to this. The territorial-administrative organization of the counties underwent spectacular developments during the Regulation Age, a matter that has not been researched much in the case of the Ilfov County. The research we put forward has the intention of shedding light on the stage from which the reformation process started in the case of the Ilfov County and thus offer, for the future, the possibility of relevant measurement of the extent and results obtained. We therefore want to highlight the number of the Ilfov settlements at the beginning of the regulatory period and the difficulties this approach entails. Furthermore, we want to identify the reasons why the sources that we used, both published and unpublished, provide different figures regarding the number of villages contained by the Ilfov County around 1831.

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THE THIRD WAY: BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND AUTHORITARIANISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Author(s): Vasile Pleşca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

For a long time, academic discussions about democratic decline had the air of light salon conversations—ineffective and out of touch with reality. There was a major gap between the theoretical discourse on decline, filled with nuances and detailed explanations, and the surrounding reality, marked by a harshness incomprehensible in academic circles. More seriously, however, both the latter and the dominant political discourse in democratic countries not only lived under the illusion of a temporarily interrupted victory but, above all, held the belief that democracy had become a historical given—that the only natural trajectory of human society’s political evolution was democratization and that any obstacles were, more or less, easily surmountable. This study seeks to capture the process of the „disenchantment” of democratic systems, along with the deep causes and implications of this phenomenon, which carries profound historical significance. For the first time in the past century, democracy is no longer the absolute reference point for those seeking the common good in human society; instead, it risks becoming just another discourse, with diminishing influence.

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