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Using the auto-textual approach the article clarifies how is the Bloody letter (a letter signed with a blood-written cross) created, a Bulgarian national relic well-known from Zahari Stoyanov´s text „Notes on the Bulgarian Uprisings“, and played a substantial role for the April Uprising of 1876.
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This article focuses on the question how the figures of Cyril and Methodius are inscribed into Carpatho-Russian cultural and confessional self-determination during the second half of the 19th and the first quarter of the 20th centuries. The material is drawn from the almanac called „Месяцеслов для русинов краины угорской“ which is addressed to Rusyns of the Greek-Catholic confession. The purpose of the almanac, and especially of its articles with educational, cultural, historical or religious content, was to enhance Carpatho-Russian national identity. These texts offered Rusyns a model for self-affirmation, including a vision for the antiquity of their own history, religion and writing, supported by historical as well as completely legendary sources. The Slavic Apostles proved the most suitable figures for such a model. After all, Cyril and Methodius link the Eastern and Western Christian worlds and could help Carpatho-Russians negotiate their place among Byzantium, Rome, Russia, and the Western Slavs.
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During the Bulgarian struggles for emancipation from the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the middle of the 19th century, the cult of the apostles SS. Cyril and Methodius spread widely across the northern slopes of the Strandzha Mountain, where the population was almost entirely Bulgarian. This circumstance explains why icons of the two saints had already appeared in the region around Sredets and Malko Turnovo before the War of Independence (1877-78). Those icons were the work of the Greek iconographer from Sozopol, Sokrates Georgiou, who skillfully adapted his style to the patriotic sentiments of the local Bulgarian church communities. In the region of Malko Turnovo, which remained under Turkish control until 1912, a similar strategy was adopted by another Greek iconographer, the less gifted Stavros from Lozengrad. On the northern side of the Bulgarian-Turkish border, in the region of Sredets and the villages around Sozopol and Primorsko, several iconographers from Triavna—Dimitur Minev and his son Khriso among them—worked tirelessly during the first decades after 1878, decorating local churches with icons of the saints painted in the best tradition of the Triavna School. In some Strandzha villages, icons of Cyril and Methodius began to be placed on the Bishop’s throne, as a sign of special respect toward the saints. This curious practice, evident across the Bulgarian territory, was an innovation that stemmed from a characteristic conviction of the time: that the legacy of the two brothers constituted the spiritual and cultural foundation for the autocephaly of the Bulgarian Church, restored on May 11, 1872.
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In this study, we publish two plans of Craiova, discovered at the Military-Historical Archive of Moscow: a plan made during the occupation of Wallachia in 1771–1774 and another made either during the occupation after the 1848 revolution (1848–1851) or during the first year of the Crimean War (August 1853 – April 1854). Both plans support the idea that the town underwent organic development, which took into account the local landforms and the way man intervened. Its location in the Jiu Valley played a significant role in the emergence and evolution of this centre, as the course of the river was accompanied by an important road, Craiova being at the intersection with other major traffic routes of this region of the country. The valleys bordering the urban core had the role of delimiting the original inhabited area and the position of the “Bănia” area, with the church of St. Dumitru, as a strategic area and centre of power, on the edge of the coast overlooking the valley towards the west, is evident. Separately, across another small valley, the heart of the town developed, the market, the area with the best economic outlook, not coincidentally located at the crossroads of the main east-west and south-north axes. The medieval town evolved around these two cores, but development and population growth meant the valleys bordering it were overtaken by the 18th century. How the streets converged in the town underlines the idea of gradual growth, and the concentration of roads around the focal point that was the town market marked the layout of Craiova. Human intervention up to the 1830s and 1840s took place not only through the building of dwelling houses, shops and workshops but also through the construction of major landmarks represented by churches and monasteries, around which the neighbourhood (mahala) gravitated. Once the process of modernization began, the anthropic footprint became even more important through the extensive building actions initiated after the Organic Regulation, some of which are visible in the second plan studied. Unfortunately, we could not identify the plan’s authors among the Russian army surveyors of those periods. The two cartographic documents contribute to a better knowledge of Craiova in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the following century, adding to the already known plans (the Austrian plan of 1790 and the Romanian one of 1845).
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This article examines the case of a Jewish girl named Maria who wanted to convert to Christianity in the town of Kolín, Bohemia, in the year 1666. The author analyzes the sources that document the events and the reactions of the Jewish and Christian communities, as well as the role of the Archbishop and the Capuchins. The article also explores the motives and influences that shaped Maria's decision and her subsequent vacillation between the two faiths. The author argues that the case reflects the atmosphere of messianic expectations and the repercussions of Shabbatai Zevi's appearance in the Jewish world.
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This article discusses the obligations of the Prague Jews at the end of the 17th century, especially the delivery of spices, fruits, fish and geese to various Christian households as New Year's gifts. The author analyzes the archival documents of the Bohemian Chamber, which supervised the Jewish community as a royal regal, and provides lists of the recipients and the amounts of the gifts. The article also reflects the economic and social situation of the Prague Jewish ghetto and its relations with the Christian environment.
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The article is about the Prague Maharal and his participation in the Jewish-Christian polemics in the 16th and 17th centuries. The author examines the historical evidence of the Maharal's involvement in theological disputes with the Christian clergy, as well as the legends and stories that surround his figure. The author also analyzes the polemical intention of the Maharal's writings, especially his work Beer ha-Gola, which contains replies to Christian accusations against the Talmud. The author concludes that the Maharal was an active and influential defender of Judaism in a hostile environment.
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This article considers the types of tools made from livestock mandibles, which have been found in Bronze Age settlements in Central Kazakhstan. In this article, we consider the study of bone artifacts in the Atasu microdistrict (Atasu, Myrzhyk, Akmaya, Akmustafa) and the Taldysai settlement. A feature of the settlements that existed in the second half of the 2nd - early 1st millennium BC.
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We are continuing our series of studies regarding the maps of Roman Dacia with this short note regarding the representation of Dacia on a map published by Grigore Tocilescu in his book Fouilles et recherches archéologiques en Roumanie: communications faites à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de Paris, 1892-1899, Bucarest, 1900. The map illustrates the level of knowledge concerning the main elements of the topography of Dacia, including the roads and the forts.
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This article examines the activities of two normal schools with agricultural profile in Grădiştea, Vlaşca County and Caracal, Romanaţi County. The institutions were created by Constantin Angelescu, the Ministry of National Education, at the end of the summer of 1937. Their founding showed the sense of urgency displayed by the liberal government regarding the improved teaching of agricultural studies in normal schools as well as the level of agricultural practice among young teachers. The schools, both experimental endeavours, had, according to documents in the archive of the Ministry of National Education, contrasting fates: the one in Grădiştea was successful; the other, in Caracal, was a bitter disappointment. However, I argue that their activities were significantly marked by the establishment of King Carol II’s authoritarian regime in February 1938. In the summer of that year, Dimitrie Gusti’s close collaborators took over the leadership of Ministry of Education. Gusti’s ideas about rural development shaped the subsequent legislation regarding primary and normal schools; as a consequence, both institutions were disbanded.
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In the article, I discuss the seasonality of marriages, conceptions and first conceptions in early modern communities from the territory of present-day Poland. I looked for the influence of the Catholic liturgical calendar there. The source basis was the data published so far in the literature. The analysis shows that church restrictions forced the faithful to marry in the months immediately before Lent and Advent. This resulted in an increase in post-marital sexual activity during the period when abstinence was recommended. This conclusion weakens the notion that the Catholic Church controlled the daily lives of early modern Polish inhabitants.
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This paper centers on the infectious disease epidemics which swept through the Detva region, located in Upper Hungary (currently the territory of central Slovakia) in 1831–1920. The goal of this study is twofold: firstly, to examine the extent to which deaths caused by epidemics of infectious disease influenced life expectancy, the proportion of the deceased and survivors, and the probability of death in the Detva population, and secondly, to measure selection pressures through differential mortality, with a focus on deaths caused by infectious disease epidemics. We used individual information on age at death and causes of death in the Detva region, derived from the Detva parish records (N = 29,338). Infectious disease epidemics were the main regulator of mortality in the Detva region, as confirmed by our findings. Excluding deaths caused by infectious diseases from the dataset raised the life expectancy of a new-born and of an adult by 1–5 years and 1–2 years, respectively. The fraction of those surviving to the age of 5, the onset of maturity (15 years) and the onset of senility (60 years) also increased, while there was a decline in the proportion of deceased and the probability of dying. When deaths caused by infectious disease epidemics were removed from the analyses, selection pressures also weakened, as evidenced by the values of measures for the operation of natural selection.
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The paper traces the gradual transition from a society in which the age structure graph for female deaths has two distinct peaks punctuated by an area of low mortality at menopause (as if menopause reverses the trend, giving women a new life expectancy), to a model in which the age structure for men and women is similar, but women die later. The change observed was that the local minimum for female deaths (aged 41–45) remained the same, but one of the maxima (the group of women for whom life expectancy ended at the end of childbearing age) disappeared. Male deaths do not exhibit such a pattern, which can account for why men have benefited much less from the increase in life expectancy. The analysis is based on 470,000 Polish newspaper obituaries from 1845 to 1939 in which 205,000 people were listed, and from these 165,000 were selected for whom the age at death is known.
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The article discusses the demographic consequences of crop failures in the northeastern districts of Augustów Governorate in late 1845 and early 1846. It also raises the question of assessing the reliability of the sources that recorded vital statistics in the Russian partition, which revealed many inconsistencies in the registration of deaths, and notes the need for a critical approach when using them. Also highlighted was a wave of famine-induced emigration of peasants and the need for further and in-depth research into demographic crises in mid-19th century Polish lands.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the structural characteristics of the information held in Civil Registry Office records on people reporting the death of an infant. Some fifteen thousand death records held at the CRO in Szczecin (Stettin) at the end of the 19th century were examined in order to answer the fundamental question of what research information is provided by people reporting the death of an infant. The research shows that despite the sparse information in the CRO files on people reporting infant deaths, interesting relationships can be observed. These include professional or family ties between the notifiers and the parents of the deceased infants.
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Na placu przed budynkiem Polskiego Związku Kulturalno -Oświatowego w Sibicy pachną smażone na oleju placki ziemniaczane. Słychać polski, miejscową gwarę i trochę czeskiego. Tego ostatniego używają zazwyczaj goście i członkowie rodzin mieszanych, bo obecni dziś na święcie ziemniaka to Polacy z Zaolzia.
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Po zabójstwie 15 czerwca 1934 r. ministra spraw wewnętrznych Bronisława Pierackiego szef Centrali Służby Śledczej Komendy Głównej Policji Państwowej nadinspektor Leon Nagler wezwał do siebie inspektora policji Józefa Piątkiewicza, ówczesnego kierownika Zakładu Ekspertyz Sądowych przy KG PP, i zlecił mu zgromadzenie i zabezpieczenie wszelkich śladów materialnych popełnionego przestępstwa w celu późniejszego wykorzystania ich w podjętym śledztwie. Koronnym dowodem miała stać się później zgubiona przez zamachowca paczka, w której – jak się okazało – znajdowała się prymitywna bomba sporządzona domowym sposobem.
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The article analyzes the content of a nineteenth-century memoir written by Piotr Fryś. This document is the resource for studies of family history and of a broader social context related to the growth of a small town in Galicia. Based on new archival research, previously unpublished biographical data concerning maternal grandfather of Piotr Fryś, Franciszek Wilczek, who became a mayor of Andrychów, and his children are provided. The confirmed and suspected connections between the individuals mentioned in the diary and the events of the Spring of Nations are discussed. The life stories of some descendants of Piotr Fryś are briefly described. The original text of the memoir also provides the insight into a local vernacular spoken in small towns in Galicia, situated near the border with Austrian Silesia.
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An important part of medieval Hungarian justice was the proscription. It was a legal procedure taken at special assemblies of regional aristocracy held upon the order of the king and presided by the palatine or a person in the dignity of baron (e. g. duke of Transylvania). At these judicial assemblies people accused of crime were listed in registers. When they did not attend the assembly the county authorities found them guilty in absentia, proclaimed as public malefactors and the palatine outlawed them, which meant sentencing to death and confiscation of their property. In comparison with other parts of the kingdom of Hungary only one proscription register from the voivodate of Transylvania and its seven counties and from the territory of modern Banat has been preserved. From this and from other medieval documents we know that also in these parts of kingdom, the general congregations dealt with criminals, who had been summoned before their courts and recorded in proscription lists. Several documents about the proscribed persons and their destinies have been preserved, the data of which are discussed in this papers.
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During the preventive archeological research carried out in 2020, for Restoration, Conservation, Arrangement and Cultural Tourism Capitalization Project of Carsium fortress, Hâşova city, Constanţa County, two sections were drawn near Turnul Comandant (Commander’s Tower) that started from the current level of treading. The researches followed the foundations of the tower, occasion which in SIB and CAS IB was discovered levels of habitation that can be dated very clearly to the XVIIIth century after the ceramic and metallic material and only destroyed levels from XV–XVII centuries, found mixed in pits. Thus Kutahya pottery, cups, bowls and small plates could be included in this dwelling, but in the case of vessels of Iznik and Damascus or Miletus it could be established that they were dislocated by the subsequent arrangements that the fortress suffers, without being able to say clearly whether it is housing or trade in these objects.
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