„Oameni cuvioși și harnici…” coloniștii germani în Basarabia (1814-1940). Expoziţie la Biblioteca Ştiinţifică Bălțeană

Author(s): Mihaela Staver / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2013

The article is about Germans colonies in Bessarabia. German colonization of Bessarabia began in 1812 when Russia acquired this territory from the Ottoman Empire. Tsar Alexander I. issued an invitation to Germans - mainly in the Duchy of Warsaw - to settle in this region. These Germans had migrated there from several German states - especially Prussia, Wurttemberg and Baden - to colonize the Prussian districts after the first partition of Poland. After 125 years they had displaced. Through this exhibition ,,Divout and hard-working people..." German settlers in Bessarabia (1814-1909)”, organizers try to relate not only the rich history in events of this people, but reflects their daily life in community, their way of managing, culture, as well as their relationship with the other ethnic groups

„Okno na świat” i „dwójka”. Działalność placówki polskiego wywiadu i kontrwywiadu wojskowego w Gdyni w latach 1933-1939

Author(s): Wojciech Skóra / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2019

In the years 1933-1939 in Gdynia there was a post of Polish military intelligence. It wasan officers’ Post no 2 (PO-2), subordinated to a bigger agency, the Branch Office no 3 ofthe Second Department of the Polish Army’s General Staff. An officer managed a teamof several people, military men and civilians. In turn, they managed agents, who collected information. Their number oscillated between 6 and 13. Altogether, in the years1933–1938 there were at least 37 agents working for PO-2 in Gdańsk and Germany. PO-2 was created a few months after the Nazis assumed power in the Reich andjust after Germany left the League of Nations. The years 1931–1933 were a period ofexceptional tension between Poland and Gdańsk/Danzig. It was especially visible in theforum of the League of Nations. The reason behind creating a post of offensive counter-intelligence (such was the profile of the post for the first two years) was a fear of howthe situation in the Free City of Danzig might develop. The Nazis were unpredictable anddangerous. From the counter-intelligence point of view PO-2 was a shield protecting the port in Gdynia and its surroundings from the German penetration. The vicinity of Gdańsk wasthe main reason to create the post. It was a propitious city for espionage. The Free Cityof Gdańsk/Danzig was full of deserters, smugglers, forgers, common criminals, politicalactivists, escapees and refugees. Until November 1935 the Gdynia PO-2 concentrated on counter-intelligence concerning Gdańsk. A relatively easy task was to identify flats where the Germans met withtheir collaborators. Several score of tasks were related with checking the reports concerning various people; the reports were coming from the officers’ posts, the branch office or other sources. Spies and traitors were looked for. The behaviours of selected inhabitantsof Gdańsk were investigated, especially the uncharacteristic and – at the same time –regular ones. The information was collected on the connections between Polish, Gdańskand German enterprises. Social contacts of officers of the Polish Army and the membersof their families (especially their wives) were looked at carefully. Since 1935 in connection with creating Wehrmacht out of compulsory conscriptionPO-2 changed its mode of action into offensive, mainly in West Pomerania, i.e. the eastern part of Provinz Pommern and Grenzmark Posen Westpreussen. The point was to define the state of the German armaments, the deployment of German troops, the locationof their airports and fortifications (of what was to become the Pomeranian Embankment,Pommernstellung) and the speed of mobilisation.

„Opłakane czasy” – epidemia dżumy w Krakowie w latach 1707–1710. Przyczynek do badań nad upadkiem królewskiego miasta

Author(s): Emilia Karpacz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2012

The beginning of the XVIIIth century has been recorded in history of the city of Cracow as a time of war and famine. “Pitiful times” – such term was used in the chronicle of the Norbertine Sisters Convent. This cataclysms was followed by the last one and the most dangerous of them – an epidemic. The plague was a deathblow to the city on the verge of falling into ruin.One of the most important goals of the article is pointing the connections between physical, economical or spiritual state of the municipal community and enormous proportions as well as consequences of the plague. Considerations are started from describing the situation in Cracow and nearest vicinity the day before cataclysm. Subsequently Authoress characterized preventive measures, basing on municipal bills and regulations. The main part of the article presents the drama of the ordinary cracovians. To throw light on the depth of demographical, cultural and spiritual crisis in the city, the view of situation is completed by statistics based on ecclesiastical sources – records and acts of the chapters of The Dominican Order. Authoress refers also to the texts publicized in Cracow at the begging of the XVIIIth century – from medical treatises to panegyric written by Marcin Ksawery Szumliński to venerate the authorities of the city fighting against the plague.

„Polonia Sacra” – w stulecie pierwszego numeru

Author(s): Barbara Bonar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

The article presents a historical sketch of „Polonia Sacra” journal. This was done to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the first issue. The journal was created as an organ of the Pope Benedict XV Association in 1918. After the dissolution of the Association in 1925, the periodical was taken over entirely by Fr. Jan Nepomucen Fijałek and it was published under the title „Nova Polonia Sacra”. The outbreak of World War II suspended the publication of the journal. Restarted in 1948 as an organ of the Faculty of Theology of the Jagiellonian University, it received a new title – „Polonia Sacra: a theological quarterly”. After the shutdown of theological faculties at Polish universities by the communist authorities and the transfer of the Faculty of Theology from the Jagiellonian University to the Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw, the periodical became an organ of the Faculty of Law and it was published in 1954 – 1958 under the title „Polonia Sacra: a historical and canonical quarterly”. The journal was re-established under the original name of „Polonia Sacra” in 1997 at the Faculty of Theology of the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Kraków (since 2009 the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Kraków).

„Príbeh“ prvej svetovej vojny alebo „Svet včerajška“ v memoárovej próze Stefana Zweiga

Author(s): Gita Geremešová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

The author in her article contemplates the autobiographical work of the Austrian writer and humanist Stefan Zweig (1881 to 1942) called “The World of Yesterday“, subtitled “The Reminiscences of an European“; Stefan Zweig wrote his autobiography while exiled in Brazil shortly before he committed suicide. On the one hand, Stefan Zweig, direct participant in and witness to two world wars within the “short“ 20th century, describes humanity’s as well as his own generation’s hopes put into the era of liberty and rationality at the background of the disintegration of the Austrian empire. On the other hand, he describes the fall of liberalism and the rise of chauvinistic nationalism (nazism and antisemitism) associated with the degradation of man and human dignity. The great author’s faith in and desire for the rise of global civic society have been left unfulfilled until the present day.

„Republica Maramureș” și strategia politicii de sovietizare a României în viziunea administrației americane

Author(s): Cornel Sigmirean,Gheorghe Cojocaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 18/2015

The “Republic of Maramureș” was a distinct state of affairs generated by the Soviets in their politics of subordinating East and Central Europe by installing communist regimes. In the political practice envisaged by Lenin and completed by Stalin, for the extension of communism outside the Soviet Union and its control over a large part of the world all possible actions were allowed, regardless of its immorality and absence of historical or legal foundation.

„Robbanjon fel a pártház!” A Csepel Autógyár fegyelmi ügyeinek vizsgálata (1950–1961)

Author(s): András Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 71/2018

„RUGUL APRINS” DE LA ANTIM ÎN FRAGMENTE DE ISTORIE ORALĂ

Author(s): Ioana Ursu / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2018

The Burning Bush were a spiritual and cultural group in 1940s’ Romania that offered the solution of inner resistance to communism through religion and culture. Representing a heterogeneous lay-monastical community, they aimed to discover a more profound dimension of Orthodoxy. Due to their preoccupations of Orthodox mystic, their social impact as well as their anti-communist views, they became targets of the communist repression, being arrested and imprisoned by the communist regime in 1958. The present paper proposes to reconstruct fragments from the history of their intellectual circle, with the help of oral history sources.

„Sentire cum Ecclesia” - Arcybiskup Oscar Romero w ogniu podziałów

Author(s): Andrzej Dobrzyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

W filmie pt. Karol. Papież, który pozostał człowiekiem, w reżyserii G. Battiato, wprowadzono motyw abp. San Salwadoru Oscara Romero i jego spotkania z Janem Pawłem II. Wątek ten jest kluczem do nakreślenia w ekranizacji skomplikowanej sytuacji w Ameryce Łacińskiej. Kościół nie mógł pozwolić, by religia utraciła swe społeczne znaczenie na kontynencie ogarniętym przez skrajne podziały polityczne i ekonomiczne. Pragnął być „pierwszym, który reaguje na ludzkie nieszczęście” . Ale zadanie to było trudne i wymagało osobistej ofiary, co przedstawia scena rozmowy abpa Romero z Ojcem Świętym. Metropolita wyznał, że jest „wzięty w dwa ognie” podzielonego świata i kraju, a „uzbrojony tylko w Słowo i modlitwę”. The article Sentire cum Ecclesia Archbishop Romero caught between the fires of division: presents a clear picture of the difficult situation the Archbishop was involved in while ministering the war torn politically explosive Archdiocese of San Salvador (1977-1998) and the importance of maintaining his relationship with Rome. He lived his life between two burning fires: the cold war and the revolution, right and left wing factions, the unity of the Church and Liberation theology, and at the same time bearing within the strain of the dichotomy between the tendency for the mystic and his prophetic gift. The Archbishop was committed to put into practice the teaching of Vatican II, the social doctrine of the Church, and to the documents written by the Latin American Bishops in the conferences of Medellin (1968) and Puebla (1979). Paying attention to the circumstances of the Archdiocese and to the needs of Salvadorian society as a whole, Romero searched for solutions, taking into account his conscience and the Magisterium of the Church, while living a deeply spiritual life. His Episcopal motto, “To be of one mind with the Church” signifies his dedication and compassion with the suffering poor and disenfranchised, and the Church as an institution. Proof of this stems from always referring his feelings back to Rome and his dedication to the poor and persecuted. Even though it is not easy to draw any conclusions or make any judgments regarding Oscar Romero’s mission of the Church in the midst of the countries crisis, the article underlines the Historical-Ecclesiastical perspective that allows the avoidance of myths that continue to exist, in both liberal and conservative Catholic surroundings.

„Și era un oștean vrednic de cinste, pe nume Chanadin […]”. Strategii literare bizantine în Transilvania secolului al XI-lea

Author(s): Alexandru Enescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LVIII/Sup/2019

This study is focused on the tenth chapter of the Legenda Maior- Vita Sancti Gerardi Moresanae ecclesiae episcopi, in which are found events relating to the conquest of the Ahtum of Morisena (today Cenad) Voivodship by a certain Chanadinus in the first half of the 11th century, amidst the military penetration of the Kingdom of Hungary towards Transylvania. The chapter in question has been used in numerous historical researches over time, but never with reference to the fact that it may have sources that point to the Byzantine Empire. Although the author remains unknown- for this reason I have named him The Author X- he uses a variety of contemporary Byzantine sources: chronicles, aristocratic biographies, tactical and military strategy manuals, dream interpretation manuals, biblical excerpts, etc. This chapter is the oldest of the entire historical records and was written by the anonymous author in the style favoured by contemporary Byzantine writers, that of the encomiastic biographies. Thus, the encomiastic biography dedicated to this local leader, Chanadinus, in «maniera byzantina», is the oldest literary testimony of this kind on the territory of today’s Romania.

„Śmierć Romka” (poznański Czerwiec w prozie Janusza Krasińskiego)

Author(s): Maciej Urbanowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2016

The article reconstructs and analyses the image of Poznań 1956 protests in the well known novel cycle by Janusz Krasiński. For the protagonist, Szymon Bolesta, the death of Romek Strzałkowski is particularly painful, an event extensively reconstructed in the conclusion of Niemoc, one of the novels. The execution of Romek and the propaganda lies about it, are for Bolesta the key examples of the criminal nature of the communist regime, and the Black Thursday he interprets as an unsuccessful national uprising.

„Tabella miast, wsi i osad Królestwa Polskiego” jako źródło do badań nad strukturą parafialną województwa lubelskiego

Author(s): Mateusz Zawadzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The present article is an attempt to assess the usefulness of the Tabella of Towns, Villages and Settlements of the Kingdom of Poland for the purposes of research into parochial structures. Studies aimed at a reconstruction of parochial districts have abounded in Polish historiography. The vast majority of them referred to periods for which sources of a church provenience were available. What strikes in expert literature is the lack of representation of the parochial districts of the Lublin diocese from the 1st half of the 19th c., which most probably stems from the lack of church provenience sources for that period. Here, with reliance on geographical-historical and statistical analysis the author attempted to verify the information included in the present source. Tabella was compared and contrasted with Quartermaster map and contemporary publications. The process enabled the author to verify the source, allowing, too, for quite a meticulous reconstruction of the borders of state and church administration. Apart from information on a given location’s administrative affiliation, the investigated source includes very valuable demographic and statistical data. However, the critique of the source revealed its many flaws and imprecisions which call for extended scrutiny and research. In particular, what needs to be clarified, is the numerosity of the parish whose value diverges from the hitherto established values. The Tabella’s inaccuracy refers also to toponomastic errors and erroneous information related to parochial affiliations. All in all, despite the Tabella’s many assets, the author’s conclusion is that it cannot be relied upon as the singular source for reconstructing parochial structures of the Lublin diocese in the 1st half of the 19th c.

„TEKIJA NA BUNI“ U BLAGAJU POSLIJE 1878. GODINE U ARHIVSKIM DOKUMENTIMA

Author(s): Mirza Musa / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 8/2005

On the basis of interesting archival material stored in the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the fund of the Provincial Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878-1918) tried to shed light on one small detail Bosnian past from the time of Austro-Hungarian rule. In fact, it is a reconstruction and renovation of the famous monuments of culture Khanqah at Buna in Blagaj. In this paper I next review of the relevant documents that talk about the renovation of this monument of culture attached a number of drafts from the period 1895-1950. years.

„Ten boj si musíte vybojovat sami“

Politická role Sovětské armády a jejích místních spojenců v „normalizaci“ Československa (1968–1969)

Author(s): Marie Černá / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2018

The study deals with political activities of the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia after the intervention on August 21, 1968, and its sympathizers from the ranks of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The authoress examines the topic in the early stage of the so-called normalization (until the spring of 1970), focusing on the local level; however, she sets her research into a broader period context and derives general conclusions from its results. Although the official agreement on the temporary stay of Soviet troops in the territory of Czechoslovakia declared that the Soviet Army should not interfere with domestic affairs of the Czechoslovak state, the Soviet leadership kept devising plans how to make use of the presence of Soviet troops for political purposes. Soviet officers participated in the dissemination of Soviet propaganda, established contacts with local antireform party officials, spoke at their forums, complained about hostile attitudes of Czechoslovak political bodies, and thus kept pressing for a legitimization of the political arrangements. The authoress shows that local pro-Soviet activists, who had maintained contacts with the Soviet Army from the very beginning and been taking over its political agenda, were playing a crucial role in the success of these efforts. In line with Soviet intentions, they were implementing the normalization process “from below”, initiating purges in various organs, demanding the dismissal of officials protesting against presence of the Soviet Army, participating in the subsequent political vetting. They were actively pushing through a change of the official approach to the Soviet Army and helped break its boycott by the Czechoslovak society, which had initially been almost unanimous. In doing so, they were making use of their personal contacts to organize manifestation “friendship” meetings and visits of Soviet soldiers to Czechoslovak schools and factories. The authoress analyzes the reasons of the attitude of these activists, most of whom came from the ranks of “old” (pre-war) and “distinguished” members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and illustrates the development outlined above by specific examples. By way of conclusion, she notes that, although different forms of the Czechoslovak-Soviet “friendship” since 1968 are often viewed as mere formalistic acts without any deeper meaning at the level of “lived” experience, they were, from the viewpoint of the Soviet policy, well thought-out and centrally planned propagandistic activities which contributed to the promotion of the Soviet interpretation of the Prague Spring and the Soviet invasion and discredited its opponents.

„Tu było skrzyżowanie…”. O widmobraźni przestrzennej w Warszawie

Author(s): Łukasz Bukowiecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

In his groundbreaking book The Image of the City (1960), the American researcher Kevin Lynch, creator of the theory of mental maps, explores the urban dwellers’ mental images and the ways in which these images correspond to the material forms perceived in urban spaces. Bukowiecki argues that in the case of a city such as Warsaw, where the dramatic events of the twentieth century have completely reshaped the urban fabric, we must broaden the scope of our analyses of images of the city to include the social image of objects that are immaterial, imperceptible, or spectral. This approach to reading the city, which has much in common with grounded theory and which has been applied by architecture critics, literary scholars and ethnologists dealing with the space of Warsaw, can be described as an exercise in the haunted spatial imagination.

„ZIDURILE” IAȘILOR ȘI FORTIFICAȚIILE SALE URBANE: O PROBLEMĂ DE INTERPRETARE

Author(s): Cătălin Iulian Hriban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2017

The purpose of this paper is carry out a short overview of the elements (documentary, narrative and cartographic) that mention "the walls of Iași", starting from the German stamps at the end of the 17th century and to the verbatim expression "at the wall" appearing in 17th and 18th century property deeds and other type of documents in Iasi, dating back to the same period. These historical data is corroborated to the cartographical and pictorial sources that include information on the ”walls” that might be found within the city of Iași.

„Zielone miasto” atrakcji, zwierzęta i nowoczesność. Powstanie warszawskiego ogrodu zoologicznego w odrodzonej Polsce

Author(s): Karolina Wróbel-Bardzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2018

The article describes the history of establishing the Warsaw Zoological Garden in independent Poland after the First World War, a watershed period when it was possible to implement modern designs not only in the broader, national context, but also in the local and urban environment. Intensive discussions on the form of modernity attempted to find its version which would combine European and local inspiration. To some extent, the establishment of a modern zoo also defined the place of animals in the urban space. While some species were excluded from the city centre, others were put in the sphere of leisure time.

„Арабски“ ранносредновековни мечове в днешните български земи

Author(s): Samuil Kamburov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

This article aims at presenting for the first time a different interpretation of the origin of part of the archaeological findings from the Bulgarian lands related to the Early Middle Ages armament for close combat and in particular with the swords and their structural elements. On the basis of parallels and reports from artistic and written sources, the examined samples of arms are viewed through the prism of the Arab (Middle East) military art, which undoubtedly influenced the development of Byzantine military art. It is known that the Eastern Roman Empire (as any empire) is multicultural in its population. A large number of cultures scattered across vast areas of Eastern Europe and Asia are intertwined. This is the reason why we would expect to find the elements of armament, specific for territories far away from Balkans and to relate their occurrence on the lands of First Bulgarian Kingdom with the direct Byzantium influence. Close attention has been paid to the Middle East narratives, which mention the development of Middle East arms centers during the Early Caliphate – VII – VIII century. The great similarity in the constructive meaning of the Early Medieval cut and thrust weapons and their structural elements found in the territory of the Balkans and Middle Europe with examples from the Middle East, suggests that if not directly imported from Asia Minor /by commerce, military way or gifts/they were manufactured under Middle Eastern influence and probably represent a derived part of Middle Eastern military art.

„Аферите" и техните последици за революционното движение в Македония и Одринска Тракия - 1893-1903 г.

Author(s): Slavcho Gotsev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1996

The paper discusses in detail "the affairs" which,apart from the enormous damage and losses suffered by therevolutionary deed, taught the revolutionaries to be morecautious and on the alert. The fact should be kept in mindthat most of these "affairs" were organized by the Serb andGreek propagandas which literally betrayed the active peoplefighting for the Bulgarian cultural and national liberation tothe Turkish authorities.

„Балканските акценти“ на одеския „Привоз“: към въпроса за етническите компоненти в градската кухня

Author(s): Alexandr Prigarin / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

On the basis of written sources and field materials, the article examines the phenomenonof the “Odessa cuisine” as a regional complex of food. In the context of thehistorical dynamics, it shows the role of the Balkan traditions in the formation anddevelopment of the everyday culture of the inhabitants of Odessa. Special attentionis paid to the current state of the trade subculture and, respectively, to the systemof the food traditions in Odessa. In particular, the article shows that there are manyproducts introduced by natives from the Balkans (first of all, Greeks and Bulgarians):eggplants, tomatoes, cheese, corn, mutton, grapes, etc. The regional dishes perceivedas “Odessaian” but having roots in the ethno-cultures of the above-mentioned communities,are developed on this basis. The text shows also the “blue” (eggplants) invarious variations of preparation and the “pshonka” (corn). Beside the national, theprofessional mass cuisine is also analyzed (restaurant); in it the Balkan substratumhas found its place a long time ago along with the Jewish, Ukrainian and Moldavian.In the menu of these institutions, there are surely a number of dishes with Balkanorigins. On the other hand, it is worth characterizing the special national restaurantsof Odessa (Bulgarian, Gagauzian, Greek).