Historical Verities
The review of: Romanitatea Románilor. Istoría unei idei (The Roman Origin of the Romanians: The history of an idea) by Adolf Armbruster; Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedica, 1993, 343 pp.
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The review of: Romanitatea Románilor. Istoría unei idei (The Roman Origin of the Romanians: The history of an idea) by Adolf Armbruster; Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedica, 1993, 343 pp.
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The article discusses the idea of the communism comprised in the works of Polish radical thinker, Edward Abramowski (1868–1918). The Abramowski's works are examined in a strictly political manner. The article argues, that Abramowski's concept of the communism was created in the opposition to orthodoxical marxism, dominant in European workers movement that time. Abramowski was a determined critic of separating the „theory” and „practice” in workers movement program. The article proposes term „utopian practice” to analyse Abramowski's concept of the political activity and his way of thinking about class struggle and abolition of the capitalism, which – according to Abramowski – should be replaced by the „Cooperative Republic” (Republika Kooperatywna) – pre-communist utopia based on workers free associations. The article points out similarity (based on the concept of the „onologisation of the politics”) between Abramowski's concept of „everyday communism” and theories of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri.
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Vpravidelných intervaloch sa v politickom diskurze na Slovensku otvára otázka odluky cirkvi od štátu. Zvyčajne sa tak deje v súvislosti s výsledkami sčítaní obyvateľstva, v predvolebnom období alebo ako naposledy pri referende, keď sa v doteraz nebývalej miere mobilizovali dva tábory s odlišnou hodnotovou a svetonázorovou orientáciou. V súvislosti s polemikami o vzťahu štátu a cirkví sa celkom prirodzene dostáva do centra pozornosti aj koncept sekularizácie. V médiách i na verejnosti zaznievajú otázky, či je Slovenská republika sekulárny štát, ako to deklaruje naša ústava, do akej miery je právne nastavenie štátu a symbolické správanie jeho in- štitúcií ku náboženstvám (cirkvám) zastúpeným v spoločnosti neutrálne, aké úlohy môžu (majú) plniť cirkvi vo verejnom priestore a pod. Tieto otázky a na ne prichádzajúce odpovede vyvolávajú často vášnivé reakcie. To však nie je nový problém 20. alebo 21. storočia. V tomto čísle časopisu Forum historiae sme si za cieľ stanovili poukázať na niektoré, doteraz málo reflektované aspekty sekularizačného procesu v „dlhom“ 19. storočí.
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La propagande du régime de Vichy voyait dans la débâcle de juin 1940 une punition divine et incitait les Français à la honte et au repentir. Le patrimoine national était soigneusement remis en ordre dans une perspective réactionnaire qui abhorrait la philosophie des lumières, la laïcité, l’individualisme propagé par de mauvais maîtres (Proust, Gide) etc. « Sonne l’heure de la poésie quand sonne l’heure du mensonge ». Beaucoup de poètes s’opposaient à ce renversement des valeurs en écrivant de la poésie civique, Poésie Raison Ardente (Pierre Emmanuel), proche du sublime-pathétique, défini par Schiller comme représentation vive de la souffrance et de la résistance contre la souffrance pour éveiller la conscience de la liberté intérieure de l’âme. L’étude analyse sous cet aspect des oeuvres de Louis Aragon, Jean Cassou, Paul Eluard, Pierre Emmanuel e. a. qui se réfèrent au patrimoine spirituel de la France où chaque Français retrempe son énergie aux sources de l’âme nationale.
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The World Tree is a universal image that embodies the picture of the world. It is almost ubiquitous, in the canonical form or in different versions, but always clearly recognizable. The image becomes more complex with time, spreading over huge spaces, manifesting itself in different cultures. Its origin lies much deeper than the Bronze Age as many believe. The present paper attempts to trace the chain connecting the earliest of the presently known images of the World Tree, found in the upper layer of the second complex of the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kostenki 1, with its representations in later epochs up to the historical time.
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The image of Πότνιος Ἳππιος occurs both in the 1st millennium BC petroglyphs of Eurasian steppes and in 8-century-BC vase paintings of Attica and Argos. Imagery created in different territories during that period features identical and repetitive iconographic schemes, similar up to a single detail (first of all, in shapes of headdresses, haircuts, etc.). Similar images of Πότνιος Ἳππιος in different cultures testifies to the importance of this type of imagery as a recorder of an important mythologem. It might also be linked to the particularities of culture genesis in Attica and Argos and can testify to the use of this imagery as ethnic-cultural and social markers.
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The relations between Greece and Bulgaria in the quoted period can be viewed through the prism of three main questions: the Greeks in East Rumelia, the removal of the schism over the Bulgarian exarchate and the designation of the influence zones within the geographical territory of Macedonia. These questions 114 Д-р Спнрпдон Сфетас (Гърция) were discussed among Greek and Bulgarian representatives after the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Bulgarian principality in 1880.
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Dragutin Rakoš (Štefanje, 1st November 1925 − Vienna, 31st October 2011), professor of astronomy of Croatian origin at the University in Vienna, was appointed corresponding member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2000. This appointment was the acknowledgement not only of his scientific contribution to astronomy, but also of his selfless and tireless impetus for and contribution to the development of astronomy and astrophysics in his homeland. It was at his proposal that a study group in astrophysics was launched within the study programme of physics at the Faculty of Science of the University of Zagreb. Without his intervention and efforts, Austrian one-meter telescope would not have been donated and installed on the island of Hvar. He followed the development of astronomy in his homeland with interest and care, trying his best to assist in directing it towards the world trends.
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This paper deals with basic concepts, problems, and perspectives of idea of community with the aspect of science. This paper explains those trends of this idea in science during history until Second World War, and new trends in new conceptual base of European future.
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The paper by Jan Wolski — a Polish theoretician and cooperative activist — constitutes the third section of the book Spółdzielczy samorząd pracy [Cooperative Labour Self-Management], which he wrote over the years of 1943-1956, but which was never published as a whole. The manuscript, from the author’s family archives, includes the information that this piece was “written in 1943 for the Inter-union Cooperative Committee (functioning underground in Warsaw during II World War) and the Socialist Planning Commission”. Entitled Cooperative Labour Self-Management, this section of the planned book was published in the monthly magazine Więź [Bond], issue no. 2 of 1972, and in 2011 on the website Lewicowo.pl. It contains Wolski’s deliberations regarding the functioning of cooperative labour self-management under the conditions of a social and economic transformation heading towards a classless society. Wolski believed a universal labour-based political system to be one of the essential conditions of socialism, supplanting the old organisational forms originating from the capitalist period. As such, universal labour self-management together with other forms of popular self-government, and particularly user self-government, constitutes a transmission belt between the populace’s grassroots activity and top-down political organisation. Mindful of Edward Abramowski’s teachings, Wolski considered that only having the state based on self-governing cooperative institutions consisted the true realisation of universal will, and thereby the realisation of socialist ideals.
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The theory about Poland as the bulwark of Western civilisation in the Eastern Europe has a long history. In Polish historical and political thought it goes back to the fifteenth century. What did make this concept revive in the reborn Poland, giving it a new dimension that livened up Polish political thought and gaining its advocates from among historians? How it was understood in the new, reborn Poland? Is it possible to find its supporters among foreigners?
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The present article is a collective work of Bulgarian and Romanian historians. Mile Tomich and Stefan Godorodga have collected a great amount of newspaper materials related to the situation in Macedonia from January 1, 1902 to December 31, 1904.The present article is a collective work of Bulgarian and Romanian historians. Mile Tomich and Stefan Godorodga have collected a great amount of newspaper materials related to the situation in Macedonia from January 1, 1902 to December 31, 1904.
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The personal portraits of wood-carvers of the Debar art school prove the irune qualled craftsmanship, both in depicting human figures and in combining the minto a single picture that harmonizes with the image of the icon stand and with the internal space of the church as a whole.
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The present research looks at the way information was broadcast over radio frequencies of Radio Free Europe and Radio Kossuth, during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. It is an attempt to show the in$uence of this information and the opinions that go along with it, on the revolutionaries and, implicitly, on the unfolding events of the revolution itself. In order to do so, it relies heavily on the transcripts of broadcast of the two aforementioned radio stations. !e research also aims to highlight how this particular branch of the media could a%ect not only the events of the revolution but the perception of it as well, especially in Transylvania.
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Drugi mednarodni kongres za zgodovino odporniških gibanj v Milanu od 26. do 29. marca 1961
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According to Julius Caesar, of all the gods Celts revered Mercury the most, regarding him as the inventor of all arts. The cult of Mercury became widespread not only in Roman Gaul, which was one of the most thoroughly Romanised provinces of the Empire, but also in Roman Britain — the farthest western area governed by the Roman Empire. In both provinces Mercury was worshipped as the patron of commerce, which befitted him as the Roman god of trade and profit. At the same time, in both Gaul and Britain Mercury was syncretized with the Celtic horned god of fertility. Archaeological findings from these regions also suggest that the Mercury worshipped in Britain and Gaul during the Roman rule was also the guardian of military affairs — a role absolutely untypical of the original Roman god, but necessary for the supreme god of Celts who was the divine warrior-patron of Celtic tribes. Besides, the magical-chthonic aspect of Celtic Mercury likened him to Hermes, the god of eschatological and mystical endeavour of humankind in the religion of the Ancient Mediterranean.
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