LJUDEVIT GAJ ȘI PAVEL JOZEF ŠAFARIK
This paper refers to the influence of the ideas of the Slovak linguist Pavel Jozef Šafarik to Ljudevit Gaj, the leader of Croatian national revival, also known as the Illyrian movement.
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This paper refers to the influence of the ideas of the Slovak linguist Pavel Jozef Šafarik to Ljudevit Gaj, the leader of Croatian national revival, also known as the Illyrian movement.
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The representation of women in prominent social positions is a current topic, as the exercise of power by women is still limited, and therefore still in need of being addressed. Setting out from this premise, I am going to sketch up a portrait of Ecaterina Teodoroiu, "the heroine of the Jiu River", a personality who made history on the battlefield of World War I, thereby creating a role model which was seldom fit for women at the time. Her exceptional life story has inspired movies and literature, out of which I have selected four to be discussed in this paper. I am working within the frame of multimedia studies of representation in the language of cinema, of fiction and of historiographical prose. For the analysis of the two films and the two texts in which she appears as a character, we chose the method provided by the studies of representation, especially as defined by Stuart Hall (a long time associated with the Cultural Studies Department at the University of Birmingham) and Michael Foucault, a representative of social criticism (associated with the path-breaking University of Vincennes). Woman's relationship with power has always been a tensed one, although history provides conclusive evidence that females are capable of governing a state, such as Romania’s Queen Mary, who pursued politics behind the curtain. Pages of history, such as those referring to the First World War, also mention a female personality, with an iron will, able to be at the head of an army, entering an exclusively male realm. Although she was perceived as educated in a male-dominated world, she stubbornly made her way to the battle field. She managed to change the stereotypes of the patriarchal society which constructs the woman figure as subject to male authority. Ecaterina Teodoroiu will remain as a heroine who managed, despite all social barriers, to enter a world previously reserved for the male gender, her heroism inspiring several representations in the movies, fiction, and historiographical prose.
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This article analyzes the importance of culture and managerial culture within organizations, importance confirmed both by managerial practice and by numerous researches in the field. The theoretical aspects of managerial culture, a vector in obtaining organizational performance in public libraries, are analyzed. The content of the managerial culture, the specific dimensions of the managerial culture to the adaptation of the manager culture to the internal and external characteristics of the public libraries and the tendencies in evolution of the managerial culture are presented.
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In Eastern Orthodox theology, three prominent personalities in the life of the Church are called "theologians": St. John the Evangelist Theologian, his entire gospel being an exceptional dogmatic work, St. Gregory the Theologian, this in the "golden age" of Christianity, drafted during his life a dogmatic work of inestimable depth and value, and the third being St. Simeon the New Theologian who really brings a revival of religious life in the Byzantine Empire and beyond, while St. Simeon was a forerunner of hesychasm. After ten centuries of Christianity in which the Holy Fathers lived and wrote numerous works and treatises on theology for the unaltered and preservation of the revealed truth, after the age of the Ecumenical Synods in which dogmas and canons were fixed, here appears in the history of St. Simeon Church, receiving the nickname of the "New Theologian", this rightly, because his life and writings are a source of light and grace, a unique way of living spiritually and experiencing divine grace. Simeonian personality and writings illustrate what might be referred to as the radiant-explosive force of Tradition, in its charismatic sense, "vertical" of predation-occurrence of the divine presence as life of the Holy Spirit in the Church, and not of simple organized transmission social of some ecclesiastical religious texts or practices.
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Shams al-Dīn Muhammad b. Mahmūd al-Shahrazūrī (d. 687/after 1288), one of the significant representatives of the illumination philosophy tradition, was born in Shahrazūr which is located between Erbīl and Hamadān. al-Shahrazūrī about whose life we have limited information not only wrote glosses for the works by Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī al-Maqtūl (d. 587/1191). He also wrote independent works. Giving place to logic, physics and metaphysics subjects in his works, al-Shahrazūrī handled classification of sciences. The classification by al-Shahrazūrī who based philosophy on ontology depending on existence and verbs (actions) included the impacts of primarily Ibn Sīnā and al-Suhrawardī. The impacts of Ibn Sīnā’s (d. 428/1037) epistle entitled Risāla fī aqsāmal-ʽulūm al-ʽaqliyya which was related to philosophical and rational sciences were particularly obvious. No study has so far been conducted in relation with classification of sciences by al-Shahrazūrī who used “the divine tree motif” within the tradition of classification of sciences in Islamic thought. This paper aims to review and evaluate classification of sciences in the works by al-Shahrazūrī who discussed sciences depending on the tradition of classification of sciences in Islamic thought.
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In our days, people are convinced that we live in an era of globalization. There are premises of globalization which have all been well known for a while as being the mankind’s global issues and which are not challenged, global issues that naturally claim for global solutions. Within the context of economic, political, cultural and religious concerns with regard to the globalization phenomena, we should include the audacious contemporary project of an ethical type, belonging to the contemporary German theologist Hans Küng, Project Weltethos.
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The drawing of the border between Hungary and Romania, in 1920, made twenty-one Romanian Orthodox church communities remain on the territory of Hungary without any hierarchically superior organization. The Romanian Orthodox communities in Serbia, of Daco - Roman origin, are located in two distinct geographical areas, namely the historical Banat (Vojvodina) and the Eastern Serbia (Timoc Valley). Throughout history, the Romanian population has coexisted peacefully with the majority Serbs and Hungarians, even if sometimes they had tendencies to assimilate Romanians, especially through language and culture. With the establishment of the Romanian Orthodox Vicariates of Vârşeţ and Gyula, and later, of the Romanian Orthodox Bishoprics of Hungary and Dacia Felix, the church life of the Romanians in Hungary and Serbia experienced a special revival. The Church, through its servants, has contributed and continues to contribute to the preservation of the Romanian identity, language, culture, spirituality and ancestral faith.
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Through this paper we try to systematize and synthesize the contributions of Stefan Zeletin regarding the theory of history, regardless of the source. We will point out the limits of the model proposed by the thinker for social history. We consider in this sense not only the studies in which he systematizes his ideas for the supported paradigm, but also the resources through which the conception of the philosopher is mirrored. The need for a theory of history arose for the interwar thinker out of a desire to reform the social sciences. Even if we are talking about an analysis of the theory of history, the fundamental elements analyzed are for the need for a change in the Romanian school, especially for the social sciences. The principles formulated by the philosopher constitute the main pillars on which the paradigm of history rests. The reform is not only limited to the theoretical dimension, but also to the pedagogical one. Thus, Zeletin ends up creating a unitary system for the reform of the social sciences, without being alien to the directions of historiography. Through this article we try to show the character given to the theory of history and the reporting to other theorists of the time, so as to highlight the contributions of Zeletin.
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The period of ancient culture brings with it many advances and many landmarks, from which the generations that will shape the plan and the framework of the future world will be able to relate, but also to deepen the current stage of the fields in which they made up their daily landscape. part. Certainly, the Greek world in the Hellenistic period also falls into this category. If we have mentioned this special world of the ancient period, we must outline and appeal to the outstanding personality of King Alexander the Great. We can observe and indicate the nickname that this personality receives, and not in a free way, according to historians, being on the side of associating this nickname with its name. We can say that the conquests contributed to this aspect, but also the territorial extensions that it guaranteed to the new empire. The purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of the personality of Alexander the Great and the role he played in the development of culture and civilization of his time by intersecting the cultural specifics of the East with the West.
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The aim of this paper is to compare the two prototypical versions of the History of Troy that circulated in Old Romanian Literature and to discuss their origins. Spanning different cultural background over several centuries, these texts are literary mosaics. We have focused on the occidental version, found in ms. 2183 from BAR, which was very popular in Occidental Medieval Literature, due to the reworkings of Benoit de Saint Maure and Guido delle Collone. These texts were reflected in Russian chronographs, translated by Romanian scribes from the XVII century.
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In approaching the work "The Presence of Christ in the Eucharist", I will begin by making a brief introduction, in which I will present the approach to the topic and explain what the word means, the Eucharist. The first part will contain the conceptions of the two churches regarding the Holy Eucharist, addressing the sacramental theme of the Eucharist, the importance of the Eucharistic sacrament, the matter of the Eucharistic sacrament and the presence of Christ in the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and in the Lutheran doctrine of conss. In the second part, I discuss the differences of approach from the perspective of Lutheran and Catholic churches. The most important element that we will study is the celebration of the Eucharist and the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Etymologically, the word Eucharist comes from the Greek and means thanksgiving, because it describes the thanksgiving that is brought to God for the gift given to us, the Lord Jesus Christ, as a ransom sacrifice for sin.
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The cultural homes established since the time of royalty had the role of morally and intellectually raising the world of villages. When the reins of power came into the hands of the communists, the role of cultural homes changed radically. They were used to complete cultural propaganda and the interests of the Communist Party. The cultural propaganda of the Communist Party covered many aspects, aiming at implementing the party's ideology within the local community and changing the the individual and collective mentality. The rural world was the place where the Communist Party focused its attention on the pursuit of indoctrination of the simple peasants with the ideological spirit and hatred of the bourgeoisie who benefited from land and other benefits to their detriment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present the role of cultural homes in the spread of communist propaganda in Romania through a case study on the state of this field in Buzau district - Ploiesti region in 1955.
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The birth of Jesus Christ was the greatest event in human history. From now on, everything would relate to His image and not only religion would be affected, but all other aspects: painting, literature, sculpture, music, art in a word. But more than a report, Jesus became a role model, an important and concrete source of inspiration. I will talk about, Christ, an element of inspiration in Byzantine culture, then I will present God the creator of the image in the universe, I will approach the cross as culture, as a symbol of sacrifice, how Christ Influences the Renaissance and He the example of the perfect Man, Jesus, authority in the conception of the reformers.
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Through this research, we undertook an analytical study, on the specific terminology whose use is well known in the field of perfumery, as can be detected by browsing the collection of the first ten volumes of the olfactory review,” Nose”, published in 2016, in Paris. It is a true quintessence aimed at scents, society, science, art and culture of perfumes. Perfume is more than a substance, it is a way of thinking, of learning to master a perpetual mutation, because the profession of perfumer does not only take place in a perfume house.
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One of the first stages of t mythology was polytheism. Polytheism presupposes the existence of several deities. Orpheus is considered „the father of the Panhellenic faith in the continuation of the existence of the soul after the physical death of man, the great theologian, being considered both the founder of sacred and profane sciences, owing to him religion and the arts’’1. The Orphism, one of the most important religious currents of the 6th century BC marked the Hellenic culture by its entire relation to life and death and by acquiring a new vision of existential problems. Orpheus is considered not only the founder of Orphic communities, but also of the Dionysian initiation ceremonies. In Orphism, the status of the god Dionysus was re-signified to illustrate the Orphic conception of the duality of the human being.
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A work from 1942, from Arnold Zweig`s exile in Palestine raises a question that seems to essentially express the struggles of an entire generation of German intellectuals regarding the intellectual and ideological causes of the emergence of fascism in Germany: „Were there at the basis of our lives (...) enough justice, enough reason? The earth had too much or too little spirit?” Although it may seem paradoxical, this aporia has intrigued several German intellectuals (especially those who were forced during the Third Reich to go into exile, such as Arnold Zweig, Heinrich and Thomas Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger, Georg Lukács, Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno etc.), that have tried to elucidate an almost inexplicable phenomenon that erupted in a time of apparent economic and political stability and „security” and cultural brisance. Taking into account the main noological theories that have been issued, the causes of the unfortunate turn in Germany's history can be reduced to the aporia resulting from the following series of dichotomies: reason instinct, hyperrationality-irrationality, sophisticated technology/destructive civilization - immaculate nature, order-chaos, God-Satan, culture-barbarism, progress-reaction. Not only for reasons of simplification and theoretical coherence, the present work extrapolates this series of oppositions to the conceptual binomial „Enlightenment” – „Romanticism”, but which aims to cover the whole paradigm of the above categories. The thesis of the present paper is that some intellectuals identify the causes of the collapse of Germany in a „surplus” of reason, in a degeneration of the (positive) rationality of the Enlightenment, which is materialized in a sophisticated technology and that eventually turns against humanity itself, while others, on the contrary, see the germs of the spiritual ruin in a „misunderstood Romanticism”, as unleashing of instincts and complete liberation from the chains of reason, taken to the extreme, in irrationality and primitivism. The present study aims to prove that one of the possible sources of this aporia can be identified in the dual character of the philosophical discourse of Nietzsche. Furthermore, intends the present work to highlight the subversive implications of the instrumentalization of this binomial in politically-motivated and propagandistic approaches by the German intellectuals in the second half of the last century.
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The geographical position of Dobrogea in general, related to the presence of major traffic arteries, as well as the natural conditions specific to these physical-geographical units of today's Tulcea County have left their mark on the development of human society, on the development of historical and cultural events, and have exerted a continuous influence on the occupations and spiritual creations of man in this region.
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The national and cultural renaissance of Romania is a phrase used in Romanian culture and historiography to refer to the transformations that occurred in the history of Romanians during the nineteenth century and completed by the materialization of the national unity. Thus, with the formation of the Romanian State by uniting the Principalities of Muntenia and Moldova, an organized process for the creation of national unity is generalized to the entire population, a process that had already begun at the level of cultural elites since the period just before the Revolution of 1848. The attribute of foreign policy is diplomacy, and literature is the attribute of domestic policy. The beginning of a new era takes place in the socio-political history, but also in that of literature and culture. Through their literary works, the writers of this new generation served with the pen the socio-political ideals, but also externally as prestigious diplomats. The construction and modernization of Romania enjoyed an uninterrupted continuity, and the six decades that separate 1859 from 1918 represented for Romanians a period of progress and successive achievements to which the performance of the three leaders, Alexandru Ioan Cuza and kings Carol I and Ferdinand I, heavily contributed. The beginning undoubtedly takes place during the seven-year reign of Prince Cuza, who laid the foundations for the development and modernization of the United Principalities, as well as their transformation into a single unitary state Romania, with the help of a major reforms program. Taking over the rule of the country, Prince Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen continued the construction process and during his reign, Romania gained independence and accelerated its modernization, for King Ferdinand to lead the country in the conflagration of the First World War and to become the king of Greater Romania, united in the integral national borders.
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In the last decades, the term hermeneutics has known, in the Romanian spiritual space, an increasing popularity, being frequently used in articles, studies and essays from the literary/cultural press, but also in numerous specialized works, printed in volume, from the field of humanistic disciplines. Being used by more and more authors, who use it in different contexts and with different meanings, it seems to have become a moving target – as somebody suggestively mentioned the term have tried in vain to catch its meaning. Thus, for example, there are more than a few people who – we do not need to take special courses as „how to interpret the newspaper”, and no course of hermeneutics of conversation is taught in any school! We will try, in the following, to answer such questions, offering some explanations to those haunted by such dilemmas, or still puzzled as to the meaning of hermeneutics. It should be noted, first of all, that hermeneutics conversation, although we sometimes hear such questions as: „What did he mean?” or „In fact, what did you mean by that?” etc., which lead us to the famous irony of Talleyrand, Napoleon's skilled diplomat: „the words were given to us to hide our thoughts” ... From those mentioned above, it can be deduced that hermeneutics must be more first learned and only then „criticized”, subject to confrontation. In other words, it is necessary to give priority to the teaching and, according to the understanding, one may leave room, in subsidiary, to reflection and, eventually, to doubts or disproof... That is why, we considered it necessary to devote here a first subchapter, with a prolegomenic character, to theoretical aspects such as the origins of hermeneutics, the etymology of the term, the definition of the concept, the specification of the study object, etc. Then, in another sequence, called The Paradigm of Typological Invariants, we tried to perform a periodization, but also a classification of the different types of hermeneutics, corresponding to each of the humanistic disciplines.
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The article starts from the premise that the institutional development and the legislative evolution of Romania were not only influenced by the obstacles of the international relations system from 1821-1921, by the problems related to the international political status. In addition to the Romanian Principalities proper (under Ottoman suzerainty, tsarist protectorate, the collective guarantee of the great European powers), we decided to include the Romanian regions kidnapped as a result of wars in the medieval, modern and contemporary eras: Dobrogea, Transylvania, Banat, Bucovina, Bessarabia, South Dobrogea (Quadrilater). The main reason for this choice was that after 1920, when except for Romania's border with the Soviet Union, the other borders were recognized by signed and ratified international treaties (the Union with Bessarabia was recognized by a separate protocol, not ratified, Bessarabia entering from 1918 within the borders of Romania, by the common will of the Romanians on both banks of the Prut) and Romania became Greater Romania. Then, after the Great Union, Romania also inherited the infrastructure, the system of measures on preventing and combating epidemics, as well as a certain tradition of organization, materialized in the harmonization of legislation.
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