We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The great existential antitheses challenge the great minds in human history, among which stands Epictetus with extraordinary power. Freedom-non-freedom; truth-untruth; morality-spiritual decline; material spiritual. For Epictetus non-freedom is a consequence of spiritual degradation of a corrupt mind, which is not free and trades everything against everything. In his world “the thirst for offices and wealth makes you inferior and subordinate to others”. This is the enchanted realm of the seemingly free, who “kiss the handsof the slaves of others”. Is Freedom achievable, how and when, asks Epictetus and his questions, along with his answers sound like a testament to the future people.
More...
Jan Plewiński (1898–1970) can be counted among the most outstanding people's activists in the history of the Sieradz region. Now, however, it is rather little known, as if forgotten. His activity in the years 1945–1972 in the people's movement (in SL, PSL, ZSL) is described in more detail in the biographical sketch included in issue 37 (2021) of the “Yearbook of the Historical Museum of the History of the Polish People's Movement” in Warsaw. From 1919, he was active in the peasant movement in the youth circle of his native village of Strzałki (Majaczewice commune). From 1923, he joined the PSL “Wyzwolenie” (“Liberation”), and from 1931 he was active in the Stronnictwo Ludowe – People's Party (SL), which then gathered members of three previously independently functioning peasant groups. The strongest position was achieved by Plewiński in the 1930s, both in SL and ZMW RP “Wici”. From 1934, he was a member of the SL County Management, a year later he became the county secretary and held it until the outbreak of World War II. In 1936, in 1936, he was elected to the Provincial Board of SL in Łódź. In the years 1935–1936 he headed the poviat structures of the ZMW RP “Wici”. In the years 1936–1938 he was a member of the Provincial Board of this organization. He was associated with the milieu of radical young people's activists, who focused on the periodical „Chłopskie Życie Gospodarcze” (“Peasant Economic Life”). He was a valued speaker and often performed at various public gatherings organized by the Sieradz people's movement. He co-organized the great peasant strike in 1937. At the beginning of the Nazi occupation (November–December 1939), he was imprisoned in Sieradz (as part of the anti-Polish repressions of the occupant). After escaping from prison, he actively participated in the creation of the structures of the people's underground. He belonged to the local leadership of this conspiracy (he was part of the “trio” and then the “five” of the poviat SL “Roch”, in the years 1944–1945 – after the arrest of Adam Banach, he headed the people's underground in the Sieradz district). He was also a soldier of “Chłostra”, and from 1941, of the Bataliony Chłopskie (Peasants' Battalions). During the period of the Second Polish Republic he was imprisoned several times for his activities against the Sanacja regime.
More...
Wspomnienia żołnierza Armii Krajowej Dominika Byrskiego ps. "Czarnowiejski", walczącego w szeregach 2 sekcji 3 plutonu XIV Kompanii Zgrupowania "Żelbet" w Krakowie (1940-1945).
More...
The development of the Romanian historical writing in the second part of the 17th century and the first part of the 18th century is not enough known. One of the most important chronicles of Wallachia is the one called – by the modern historians – The Cantacuzino’s Family Chronicle (Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc). The present essay – part of a monographic approach – emphasises the historical context in which was conceived the main written source of that narrative: The Chronicle of Matei Basarab.
More...
The article investigates the political engagement of CAROLINE PICHLER, one of the most important female intellectuals of the Romantic and Vormärz eras. It studies PICHLER’S attitude towards the partitions of Poland and Polish struggles for independence in the 19th century and aims to reconstruct her contacts with Polish intellectuals in Vienna. For the purpose of contextualization, a literary biography of the now forgotten female writer will be shown, and the historical background will be explained. The reconstruction of PICHLER’S views will be based on her hitherto unpublished and unexplored correspondence with the poet and publicist HELMINA VON CHÉZY, which is currently held in the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow, and on the little-known passages of PICHLER’S memoirs "Denkwürdigkeiten aus meinem Leben".
More...
This paper aims to present the subtle changes in the attitude towards death and its impacts on literature in the 16th and 17th centuries. It discusses the contributing factors to this change and their impact on the way death is presented and talked about, especially in the clerical discourse of the era. The first book of bishop Bálint Lépes that thematizes death and the Last Judgement is the perfect embodiment of all the conventional genres regarding death from the medieval era until the early modern period. Therefore, it can be considered worthy of an in-depth analysis. This paper tries to complete that task. It provides a profound study of the use and meanings of death representations reflecting the change in the attitude towards death.
More...
Sonata form is a musical form that has been used to describe instrumental works composed since Baroque era. As of Classical period, sonata form evolved into a specific musical form which is called “sonata-allegro”, especially during Romantic period. Thanks to this evolution, first movements of large scale pieces such as sonata, symphony and concerto were composed using “sonata-allegro” form. Three violin and piano sonatas of leading Romantic composer Johannes Brahms are among most frequently performed pieces of chamber music repertoire. In this work, first movement of Brahms’s Op. 100 Sonata for Violin and Piano is analyzed musically and structurally with the purpose of providing information for those who wish to study and perform this piece.
More...
In this material – written in the summer of 1987, unpublished –, are published three letters – part of the interschool correspondence – (two signed by the future scientist, agronomist Gheorghe C. Ionescu-Sișești) from 1903 (found in the Documentary Fund of the Museum of National History and Archeology in Constanța); two of them are sent to the Macedonian-Romanian student from Thessaloniki N. Tanașoca (future druggist in Constanța). In the first decade of the 20th century, the students of the „Traian” High School in Turnu-Severin will have close ties with Romanian students from Transylvania, as well as from the Balkan Peninsula, campaigning for the national unity of all Romanians
More...
The main goal of this article is to reveal the virtue of courage which plays a significant role in Plato’s political philosophy. It will be argued that the importance of this role stems from both Plato’s effort to bring together the different dimensions of Socrates’ courage, which he exhibited in his life as a philosopher, whicheven cost him his life, and that it is an integral part of the ideal state solution in which philosophy and politics can be reconciled. Plato was trying to give new philosophical meaning and role to the courage. It will be argued that this point of view can serve to understand the different dimensions of Plato’s search for a solution to construct the philosophical life, which brings together wisdom and courage embodied in the personality of Socrates, on the ideal site as a true and just life.
More...
The agricultural district of Wieluń in the interwar period was an area with less religious diversity than Poland and the Łódź Province. The Roman Catholic denomination definitely dominated – both in terms of the number of believers, the number of clergy, organizational structures and material base. Judaism occupied the second place, with the majority of the faithful concentrated around eight communes. The podium was closed by Augsburg Evangelicals scattered throughout the district with the parish in Wieluń. The remaining denominations were sparse, and among them only the Orthodox had their own parish, which were liquidated.
More...
In my study, I briefly summarize the process, as a result of which church press censorship in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 16th century was transformed into state censorship in the 18th century. Censorship, by controlling the content of written works appearing in print, served the purposes of enlightenment, enlightened absolutism instead of religion, and protected the interests of the ruler who controlled the absolutist state. After the definition of censorship and its historical antecedents in Europe, I present its beginnings in Hungary, during which the Catholic Church and the Protestants exercised control, and the rulers and the parliament fighting for orderly rights tried to create decrees to limit the operation of the press. By the end of the 17th century, overlapping jurisdictions created confusing conditions. Finally, I present the press policy of the enlightened absolutism that abolished church censorship, Maria Theresa’s and Joseph II’s decrees, which opened a new era in Hungarian press history.
More...
The article addresses the issues of race and identity as regards the Romanian people, known as ‘Roumans,’ Roumaninans or Moldo-Wallachians in the nineteenth-century British and American periodicals. Divided into two Principalities and a Province that belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the ‘Roumans’ became known to the Western readers in the latter half of the nineteenth century when the ideas of unification and desire for progress caught the attention of the Western powers. The analysis of the major periodical articles of the time will attempt to throw light on the matters of identity and the construction of Romanian identity as, I argue, Romanianness.
More...
Herta Müller’s The Hunger Angel/ Atemschaukel is an innovative attempt to remember and narrate traumatic experiences. The novel reads like a document and, at the same time, like fiction. Through a complex overlapping and poetic condensation of the most diverse memories, Herta Müller has created a place where she and her readers commemorate all those who perished or were exterminated in dictatorships, labour camps and death camps. The challenge is to keep lived memories alive by reinventing them in the process of post-memorial writing.
More...
Doktor Hoechst by Robert Menasse (staged in 2009 and published in 2013) is a “Faust-Play” (subtitle) dense with references and allusions to Goethe’s Faust, whose purpose is not so much to provide a contemporary reinterpretation of the Faustian myth, but rather a Faustian interpretation of contemporaneity. This contribution will investigate the convergences that arise between this reinterpretation, charged with tensions with the present, and the theme of memory – a memory that, although it does not belong to the source text, is overwritten on it, reactivating some essential meanings.
More...
Published in 2012, Medusa is the fifth novel by Ricardo Menéndez Salmón, a young Asturian author and an important novelist in the panorama of contemporary Spanish literature. Although the novel plot would seem quitesimple – a PhD candidate is writing a thesis on the iconography of evil in the 20th century and ends up reconstructing the biography of Prohaska, a young German who, thanks to his passion for drawing and photography, becomes a propagandist of the Nazi regime – the work results from a complex stratification of different genres and levels of reading, such as the narration of the main historical events in the 20th century; the reflections about existence and the characteristics of human nature; the value of the written word, literature and art as a manifestation and expression of a reality in which time and its passage are essential, captured and therefore communicated to catch the essence of memory and its legacy.
More...
Although a geographically small continent, Europe has fostered, over the past millennia, the emergence of an impressive number of languages, cultures and civilizations. This constitutes its richness and also its challenge: how should all these local, regional and national cultural identities be harmonized and integrated, without destroying, but rather conserving and enhancing them? A seminal concept in the investigation of the cultural, literary and artistic representations is “the imaginary” (the equivalent of the French term l’imaginaire), as opposed to the traditional concepts of “imagination” and “fantasy”. Cultural imaginaries express the relations between individuals and groups, their representations of the self and the others, of the geographical and historical milieus, of the planet and the universe. The images of Europe, positive or negative, global or fragmented, define the conscious and unconscious attitudes and comportments, hopes and fears concerning the individual and common destiny of European peoples.
More...