We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Research of personality of Keiki (Nurmagambet) Kukembaiula (1877–1922) – Kazakh national hero, participant of the Central Asian revolt (1916) against the Russian tsar administration and after 1917 participant of the national liberation movement against the Bolshevism (Sovietization) of Central Asian nations (the socalled “Basmachi movement”) – was not undertaken in the Soviet period for obvious reasons. Nevertheless, the image of the Kazakh hero was reflected in some of the artistic and literary works of that time. After declaration of the independence of Kazakhstan, a number of articles appeared in the periodical press and various publications on the life of Keiki-Batyr were published as well. However, they were written mostly on the basis of legends and oral stories about him, and there were various inaccuracies and inconsistencies concerning his life and the fight against Soviet power in the region. The aim of this study is the scientific depiction of the life of Keiki Kukembaiula.
More...
The alcohol monopoly which existed in the Russian Empire at the turn of the XX century remains an important object of research forRussian historical science. In certain historical periods, the alcohol issue significantly influenced the determination of the developmentvector of the country’s domestic policy. The relevance of this problem in modern Russia is obvious. The role of the alcoholmonopoly in the formation of the socio-economic climate has been the subject of a large number of works in which the problemhas been analyzed both on a national and regional scale. Russian materials are used for studying this topic for the first time, whichdetermines the research novelty. The analyzed published statistical materials, archival data and information from the periodicalpress indicate a systematic increase in the supply of officially-sold alcoholic beverages to the region before the First World War. Atthe same time, an increase in alcohol consumption by the rural population of Karelia was recorded. The negative socio-economicconsequences of these trends included significant financial losses suffered by the peasants. Concrete examples demonstrate how detrimentalthe impact of this outflow of finances was on the development of the peasant households. In addition, the negative impact ofincreased alcohol consumption on the moral character of the village was studied. However, in addition to negative factors, the studyestablished a certain economic benefit from alcohol consumption for the peasants of the border townships in the Olonets province,which resulted from smuggling alcohol to Finland.
More...
Alexandru Odobescu poate fi considerat un precursor al poporanismului. Primul teren de manifestare al criticii sale va fi cel lingvistic. El va ataca cu hotărâre excesele latiniste. Pentru Odobescu, pericolul cel mai mare rezida tocmai în posibilitatea dezvoltării, ca urmare a exceselor latiniste, a două limbi diferite: una în gazetele din Ardeal și alta în spațiul extracarpatic. În plan social și național, s-a remarcat suportul ferm al lui Odobescu pentru îmbunătățirea situației țărănimii, care ne face să-l considerăm un precursor, oricât de improbabil, al poporanismului: dorința de continuitate a edificiului național prin intermediul țărănimii, o clasă care părea necoruptă de influențele decadente ale fanariotismului și neofanariotismului. În plan literar, Odobescu este convins că literatura românească nu poate fi una autentică decât prin apelul la literatura populară ca izvor de inspirație, o idee pe care Ibrăileanu o consideră afină spiritului aceleiași școli critice moldovenești reprezentate de un Alecu Russo sau Vasile Alecsandri. Fără îndoială, Constantin Stere a fost figura inițiatoare a poporanismului, păstrându-și un ascendent important până în momentele de declin ale mișcării, în anii Primului Război Mondial. Pentru Stere, intelectualitatea „poporanistă” trebuia să militeze pentru ridicarea culturală a țărănimii în cadrul unui demers susținut de „luminare” și să lupte în același timp în plan politic pentru acordarea dreptului de vot universal și pentru o reformă agrară cuprinzătoare. Cele două planuri, cultural și politic, erau întrepătrunse în opinia lui Stere: dreptul de vot și o nouă reformă agrară nu puteau fi folosite decât de o țărănime educată și conștientă de sine și de drepturile ei. O altă convingere nezdruncinată a lui Stere era cea legată de respectarea specificului național. Și Garabet Ibrăileanu a susținut că există însușiri naționale specifice. Dincolo de declarațiile programatice ale fruntașilor săi, poporanismul rămâne încercarea de realizare a unei sinteze imposibile, cea dintre democratism și conservatorism. Limbajul general este unul progresist, modern, analiza sociologică se apropie de multe ori de cea marxistă.
More...
Le thème de la modernisation de la société roumaine s’inscrit dans le domaine d’intérêt de l’historiographie. Il traite de l’ensemble des idées et conceptions culturelles, sociales et politiques qui ont influencé l’expansion de la modernité roumaine. Le processus a commencé dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle et a changé le visage de la société roumaine. « Modernisation » et « occidentalisation » sont devenues des termes synonymes, désignant pratiquement la même réalité. Il y a eu aussi des réactions critiques, notamment anti-modernes, à ce processus de renouveau, qui a pris des formes révolutionnaires. Le processus d’occidentalisation était lié au contact direct de certains représentants de la société roumaine et de l’élite avec les réalités de l’Occident. Ce contact a généré un complexe d’infériorité culturelle, ressenti, par exemple, par Dinicu Golescu, un boyard réputé pour ses voyages en Europe et dans d’autres zones géographiques. Sa réaction étonnée, son admiration, son désir de transplanter dans l’espace roumain les réalisations de l’Occident caractériseraient également la génération d’étudiants « fortunés » des années 1830 à 1840. Anticipant la controverse entre traditionalistes et modernistes, Mihail Kogălniceanu a affirmé qu’une culture par l’imitation n’est pas souhaitable. Partisan d’une démocratie rurale, Nicolae Bălcescu, a été l’un des principaux promoteurs combatifs de la résolution du problème rural. Le phénomène d’occidentalisation était plein de tergiversations et d’ambiguïtés, au XIXe siècle. Il est visible depuis les années 1830 et s’est manifesté à travers la génération de jeunes qui admirent la culture française. Elle se faisait appeler la génération « bonjuriste », qui faisait des études juridiques, historiques, philologiques, philosophiques à Paris, Vienne, Rome, etc. Les jeunes « bonjuristi » ou « duelgi » étaient progressistes, ils voulaient la modernisation rapide de la société roumaine. Ils avaient le sentiment persistant d’appartenir à une nation marquée par une infériorité culturelle. En effet, la situation des Principautés était très difficile, du point de vue social, politique, économique et culturel, même après l’abolition du régime phanariot. Mais les conservateurs n’aimaient pas l’enthousiasme des changements, ils ne voulaient pas l’occidentalisation des jeunes. Les « bonjuriști » ou les « combattants » ont soutenu que tout devait changer: langue, institutions politiques, vêtements, mode de vie. Dans les Principautés (notamment en Muntenia), l'influence française et italienne dans la langue roumaine s’est manifestée, contribuant à cette tendance des « bonjuriști », devenus en grande partie des « artisans de paix » manteau occidental. La critique junimiste des « formes sans fond » a été la première forme articulée par le conservatisme roumain, influencé, seulement partiellement, par le conservatisme européen.
More...
This article approaches the moralist side of Titu Maiorescu and Nicolae Iorga. Maiorescu is the first Romanian moralist in the true sense of the word. Familiar with the ancient thinkers, the French moralists and the German moral philosophy, especially Schopenhauer, Maiorescu is an observer and a harsh judge of the mores of his society. Iorga, the most productive Romanian moralist, thinks of man, in full Romanian modernity, in terms of tradition (the honest man, with his purpose and respect for old rules, “ashamed” in his nature by the shamelessness of life). In his Musings,Iorga is always thinking of the traditional man, whom he wants to rescue from the shamelessness of modernity.
More...
preservation of the criteria underlying the latter’s constitution polarized post–1989 literary journalists and critics’ opinions. The supporters of preservation and perpetuation of the aesthetic criterion proclaim that the Romanian communist literature was a form of “resistance through culture” and that, consequently, the canon then built should be conserved along with the aesthetic autonomy thesis considered as its basis. On the other hand, the advocates of the more radical or moderate revision of the pre–1990 scale of values and the criteria that created it believe in the overlap between the aesthetic criterion and the ethical one or even in the subordination of the former to the latter. In this last case, of importance is the writers’ attitude towards the former regime, their open or concealed collaborationism or, on the contrary, the resistance they managed to oppose to the political element.
More...
The publication presents an archival document of the funds of the Russian archive of socio-political history (RGASPI). The document is a report prepared by the editor-in-chief of the journal «Technology — to the youth» for the Komsomol Central Committee. The report summarizes the results of the survey of Clubs of fans of science fiction (CFSF), which the journal conducted in 1982—1983. The document describes the social and age structure of the CFSF, tasks, problems that they experience in their activities. The comments give a description of the document, its attribution. The circumstances of the creation of the report are analyzed. Ideological and political conditions are described; assumptions on authorship of the document are expressed. An attempt is also made to determine the source knowledge of the published report. Three problems are identified, in the study of which this document can be useful to researchers. First, it is the degree of independence of the CFSF from the authorities; second, it is an assessment of the organizational unity of the Soviet fan movement; third, the importance that the Soviet ideological leadership attached to science fiction. The comments also describe the events that followed the creation of this document. We are talking about repressive campaigns against the journal «Technology — to the youth» and against the clubs of science fiction fans, which occurred in 1984. And although the connection of these events with the published document is more than indirect, all these events are within the framework of ideological control over science fiction. The detailed notes explain the terms, abbreviations, proper names mentioned in the report.
More...
This article investigates responses of Soviet schoolchildren of middle and older ages towards the Spanish Civil War and the arrival of Republican children to the USSR in the second half of the 1930s. Interest in reactions of this age category is connected with the fact that soon after they would bear the brunt of sacrifices in the struggle with Nazi Germany and received the status of front-line generation. Emotionally perceived events in a distant country became the source of its ideas about the future total war of the USSR and an important frontier in psychological preparation for it. Despite the refusal of the country’s political leadership to foment a revolution in Spain, this idea was guiding for young Soviet citizens. The Republican struggle, meaningful as an outbreak of world revolution, gave rise to their various manifestations of solidarity, including the collection of funds, attempts of individual and group escapes to Spain, and the self-organization of paramilitary units to join international teams. In the light of the dramatic experience of the Spanish Republicans, the future of the communist project among Soviet youth was now linked only to the fierce war that the Soviet Union was to withstand with some not necessarily decisive support from the progressive world community.
More...
This article explores the historiography of publishing sources on the history of Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Red-Army Deputies during the Civil War. The publication of documents related to the history of the Petrograd Soviet began in the 1920s. The political environment of the 1930s made this inconvenient: a study of the activities of the Soviet was conducted, first of all, in the context of the defense of Petrograd from the troops of General Yudenich. The publication of materials related to the Petrosoviet was stopped, as they often featured the names of figures deleted from Stalinist historiography: G. Zinoviev, G. Evdokimov, and others. In the post-war period, historians concentrated on activities of the Petrograd Soviet and its committees in 1917, resulting in a number of large-scale publications of sources. However, this situation did not touch documents of the Petrosoviet for the Civil War years. In 2019, a collection of transcripts from 1919 was released, to some extent filling this gap. This publication is in great interest, and it receives significant attention in this article.
More...
In the first half of the 19th century, Vienna was one of the most important centres of political, cultural, social, and economic life in Europe. Here, various sociopolitical issues were intensely discussed, and a great amount of information was gathered. The revolution of 1848 – 1849 stirred up a debate about the future of the Habsburg Empire, Hungary and about nations living in this region. Politicians, but also the public, started to be interested in the Slovak issues. Therefore, Viennese press started to reflect on the situation of the Slovaks, their politics and activities. This paper is shining light on the reflection of the Slovak question in the newly established Viennese political newspaper “Die Presse”, which was widely read throughout the Europe.
More...
The author of this study tries to analyze the possibility of using George Moss' "brutalization theory" to clarify the outbreak of violence during the Ukrainian Revolution (1917–1921). After researching each part of this theoretical concept, the author claims that it does not fit into the Ukrainian case. The author's arguments prove that this construct, built on the Western European narrative, cannot be used to understand the causes of violence during the Ukrainian Revolution.
More...
While we strive to develop existing research on fanzines in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), this article provides an introduction to the discussion about of fanzines and the specific historical contexts of CEE. This thematic issue aims to open a debate about CEE subcultures and alternative-press practices in the context of the relationship between the local and the global in contemporary history. With the cross-disciplinary view in this issue and the comparative view in the forthcoming issue we want to open up questions that go beyond the mainstream discourses in history and cultural heritage studies in CEE. The forming of a critical public, which often took place on the pages of fanzines, is reflected in the alternative narratives that undermine well-established stories of late socialism and post-socialism in CEE. Alternative scenes played a significant role in the transformation of CEE societies in recent decades, and their impact can be traced in the political and cultural debates of societies at large. Thus, research on fanzines can offer new insights from a “history from below” perspective. This article provides an overview of fanzine research and highlights three important contexts of fanzine analysis: the first is based on the interaction between creators, recipients, and their networks; the second highlights the special economic considerations of fanzine production and distribution; and the third focuses on the specific nature of the visuality and content of fanzines. We also discuss cultural transfer both between East and West and within the CEE.
More...
Science developed in Romania in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. By “science” we mean the physical and natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, geology or biology, although they have not always had the form and content they have today. With the inauguration of the Universities of Iași and Bucharest, the development of science in the Romanian Kingdom was put on a solid footing. Both Universities had Faculties of Sciences, although initially they were not autonomous, but shared the same framework with the studies of philosophy. In Iași, the scientific courses were initially integrated within the Faculty of Philosophy, together with the studies of “letters” and “theology”, according to the model practiced at the time in Germany. Within the University of Bucharest, the Faculty of Sciences went through the same process of diversification and specialization of departments. At the beginning of the 20th century, the research institutes and laboratories were affiliated with the faculties of science and the medical universities. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century, the level of Romanian science was considered satisfactory, while the Romanian scientists proved to be very receptive to the evolution of universal sciences.
More...
This article examines the way rulers are depicted in Icelandic literary sources such as Egils saga and some other literary sources belonging to medieval Scandinavia. We may presume that the construction and description of the image of Norwegian kings in that age, when Christianity had not totally replaced the Old beliefs in Iceland, are conclusive when attempting to better understand and analyze the mixed ideology of power in 12th and 13th century Norway and Iceland. Our aim is to explore the foundations of the political ideology of Early Medieval Norway, which were consolidated in the 12th and 13th centuries, when the authors and sources constructed an intercultural model of kingship based on the recently Christianized culture over which the influences of the old faith was overlapping.
More...
The text attempts to reconstruct the major factors that shaped the modern economic, political and intellectual orders. Based on the assumption that the philosophical and ideological sources of the modern state were derived from social, economic and technological changes, the article explains how these changes were prepared in the modern age and how they influence development in the following 200 years. It also presents the ideas of dependencies between the rise of the modern state and capitalist economy. The conclusion presents the challenges connected with new means of communication, new trends in economy and new social expectations, as well as the role that may be played by academic circles in responding to these.
More...
The subject of the article is to show and analyze inscriptions in Hiberno-Latin language in Marian Scotus’ World Chronicle (11th century). Marian Scotus was an Irish monk who led the life of an ascetic in Mainz, where he wrote a great Latin universal chronicle in which he applied his own count of years from the birth of Christ, shifting the date of birth 22 years back. The notes in the native language contained in the manuscript are evidence of a bond with the Irish chaplet that has not been broken despite many years spent in Germany. They show an interesting part of intellectual conditioning in the Middle Ages.
More...
The review of: Magdalena Grabowska, Zerwana genealogia. Działalność społeczna i polityczna kobiet po 1945 roku a współczesny polski ruch kobiecy; Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar 2018, ss. 322, ISBN 978-83-7383-931-1
More...