We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Democracy is the most important form of government where a proper political life has become functional. On the other hand, democracies can achieve their objectives by increasing the functions of political parties. Political parties have taken part in history as an essential part of democratical life like in the other countries. Even though the legal status of political parties has a late existance, parties have the most important role to construct the democracy in today’s Turkey. Financing political parties is one of the most discussed topics in both political and social life in this area. From this point of view; legal status of government aids, whether they have government spending structure or not have been widely discussed and took its place in the literature. In this study, the legal status of political parties in Turkey and their source of finance is handled at the beginning. After that, the government aids to political parties in the last five years are evaluated.
More...
Local government tend to move out of the country boundaries in order to increase the quality of service to the service areas they serve in today's changing conditions. Instead of finding solutions to the problems faced by local government, other local government units to deal with the current which produces solutions to similar problems, and sometimes they are trying to put forward new solutions to develop these solutions. In this context, the local government are in line with each other within the boundaries of national boundaries and international fields and are going to cooperate with each other. In the changing conditions, local and national cooperations realized by the local governments are examined in the study.
More...
The first thing coming to our mind when say colonialism is exploiting the other state or community setting up domination on them with clear and secret way. Colonialism and imperialism is always used each other’s position; the concept of imperialism generally is explained with the spreader activity which is coming from the half of 19th century. The desire of getting beauties and riches has also continued after imperialist period with the sensation of being dominant and adventurous starting with big state’s geographical discovery movement. This article describes the development of the history of colonialism and colonization of the Russian Central Asia and the Caucasus focused on policy.
More...
The Central Asia, owing to its location at the crossroad of Europe and Asia has strategic importance. When great importance of the region for EU in terms of energy resources, has been apprehended, EU Member States started to pay attention to Central Asia. Partnership and Cooperation Agreements which have been made with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have been put into effect in 1999.The purpose of the study is to analyze relations of EU-Central Asian Countries and role of Central Asia in the European Union's common foreign and security policy through the new security approach of EU.
More...
This study assesses the “kut” concept of Former Turkish States, which shows the source and limits of the political power, based on the “legitimacy”. Supported by the divine source, “kut” could be retrieved by means of “kut’un sönmesi” [extinction of kut] unless the requirements of the power are satisfied. Therefore, the political power in Former Turkish States is not unlimited but it is a “limited power” due to the factors such as justice, social services, morals, merit, and conformity with God’s will which all limit the power and scope of the government. The main factor which shapes the former Turkish state and sovereignty approach is the presence of the governors, who are aware of their responsibility against the public; in other words the primary thing in determining the policy of the state against the public is the fact of “state exists for public”. In this framework, institutions like “consultancy institution”, which establish a kind of balance of powers, ensure a structure beyond the age with regards to participation into the management. It is, therefore, important to know this historical heritage during which the targets challenged to be realized by the modern democracies even today were established by Turkish States hundreds of years ago.
More...
This article reflects on the development and operation of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) from the perspective of the post–1989 attempt to extend the West European ‘Security Community’ into the wider Europe via processes of both EU enlargement and attempts to foster deep integration with former Soviet states. Whilst the EU’s strategy towards eastern neighbours should certainly notbe taken as the sole or even key cause of the ‘insecurity zone’ in and around the EU’s eastern frontier, it seems hard to avoid the conclusion that actions such as the ENP and EaP have played an important part in these developments. This is an analytical contribution rather than a study based on primary research. As well as extending existing discussions about the expansion of the European Security Community and the application of the ‘Optimum Integration Area’ concept to the EaP countries, the article includes a focus on EU states’ economic relations with Russia which is a critical albeit underexplored constraint upon EU ‘eastern’ policy.
More...
Mehmed Fuad Köprülü began his political life as a deputy of Kars in 1935 at personel request of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. However, it cannot be said that he had taken an active role in politics until 1945. In 1945, along with Adnan Menderes, Celal Bayar and Refik Koraltan, they took part in the opposition movement against the anti-democratic policies of National Chief İsmet İnönü beside the one-party government and they formed a new political party in the name of Democratic Party (DP) as a result of this opposition. Köprülü had served as Deputy Prime Ministry, in Ministry of National Defense and particularly in Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1957, when he resigned from the party in DP government. With the drifting of the Prime Minister Menderes away from the democratic understanding of the party’s foundation, Köprülü criticized this situation, made great efforts to correct it, and officially resigned from the DP on September 6, 1957, when he realized that he could not fix this situation in the party. The process of Köprülü’s separation from Democratic Party has been examined in the study.
More...
Political parties in a democratic system, are trying to get his/her vote by convincing voters. Parties make political campaign which is a political communication activities to convince voters. Parties use election promises as an important instrument of political campaign in order to be attracted the vote of the electorate. Promises which are made to answer the main problems of the country, the electorate’s expectations and demand’s, function as an effective tool to convince. In this study, it is appeared that how the economic promises which are used in AK Party’s political campaign in 1 November general election affect the election results.
More...
The purpose of this paper is to introduce evaluation of social development convergence between EU–28 member states in the context of the EU cohesion policy. The main tasks of this study is to assess social dimension and inequalities problems in the European states by applying theory of convergence for real estimations social situations in EU countries. Additionally the development challenges are discussed for improvement of the socio–economic well–being of EU states and to avoid social disparities. The research methodology is based on the convergence theory, on the EU strategies, European Commission legitimate documents application, on the calculations and socio–economic forecasts analysis of the welfare level in the EU states. This research present information about various different socio–economic indicators, indexes and scheme of information flows for social situation estimation in the EU states. This study contain changes of key concepts related to the cohesion policy of the European Union and compares objectives and general outlines of period 2014–2020 in the framework of Europe as a whole, as well as its impact on EU member states economics and living conditions. The speed of convergence depends on the initial discrepancy of the development level in the EU states. The efficiency of European convergence policy can also be improved by significant economic growth and by clever choice of the country–specific social activities. This research investigate major information for social situations estimation in EU states as well as GDP growth, population’s income level, unemployment and welfare condition indicators. The key results reflect the overall social situation analysis in the EU countries and present current and future’s European convergence policy’s impact on social development in the European states. The conclusions consist of national social development inequality problems estimations in the EU states and of new challenges of EU convergence and social policy goals.
More...
The aim of current paper is to analyse the role of internet marketing for exporting and non–exporting companies. Methods used in research: scientific publications studies, survey of companies in Latvia. The survey was conducted from November 2014 to March 2015. The company register data base LURSOFT is used for survey sample creation. A systematic sampling was applied in the survey to guarantee a random selection of units included in the sample. For the analysis of the survey data – descriptive statistical analysis, cross tabulations, Mann–Whitney U test are applied. The companies’ survey results show that exporting companies and non–exporting companies do not use internet marketing properly, the half of companies home page use only as a business card. About 32% of exporting companies and about 19% of non–exporting companies does not sell the products/services on the internet, but customers can order the product in home page. Products/services sell both on the Internet and at points of sale about 25% of exporting companies and about 26% of non–exporting companies. Theoretical findings and empirical research results indicates that internet marketing could be used more efficient in companies to promote and develop expert.
More...
As we know, China is the biggest trader in the world. European Commission has revealed that China has become the European Union (EU)`s second largest trading partner behind the United States, and EU is China`s biggest trading partner. This situation just proves the necessity of making good partnership with China, which is especially needed for such a small country as Latvia. The main export fields for Latvia are wood, metal, electrical devices and minerals. As the population of China is growing very fast, leading to more than one billion people in 2016 (increased for more than 41 million in last six years), the food market is in need of more and more products. Of course, Chinese market may seem a golden ticket to each food producer, but there are some obstacles that doesn't allow European companies export to China right away. Some researches about cultural background differences and understanding how the Chinese partners work are still missing. In this fact, based on the statistics from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia as well as sample food market research report of Latvian export to China, the authors introduce some of the legal and cultural obstacles (differences) that may stop food producers from entering Chinese market, and give some ideas to assist Latvianfood small and medium–sized enterprises (SMEs) to analyze the overview of China’s food market, explore the barriers to entry the market of China, and illustrate the market barriers. Meanwhile, the authors use descriptive and analytical method in some specific researches of marketing barriers, such as Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection issues, infrastructure and logistics, and food labelling to analyze the marketing strategy of opening the food market in China. At last, the authors provide some information and advices to Latvian and EU`s food producers to discover China market.
More...
Overqualification among migrants, defined as being employed in a job that is below their acquired skill levels through education, is well-known. Recent studies show that overqualification is more likely amongst migrants who work in the older EU15 member states. Similar studies carried out in the UK supports the argument that minorities suffer from ethnic and religious penalties in the labour market, especially among high skilled groups. Despite the relatively high employment rates of A8 migrants in the UK, they tend to be overwhelmingly employed in elementary occupations (i.e. requiring low skill levels) and likely to be underpaid. Very few studies have examined the propensity of overqualification of A8 nationals working in the UK. We have adopted the skills mismatch model to examine the skills level mismatch for the A8 migrants. Therefore, a time-series analysis was carried out using the Annual Population Survey for the period of 2005 to 2012 which marks the beginning and end of restrictions for access to the labour market for A8 nationals across the European Union. This has also given us a time span of 8 years during which the UK economy fall into recession from 2007 onwards. The evidence shows that A8 nationals have been subject to ethnic penalties in the high end of the labour market irrespective of the impact of the financial crisis. It is very common that they take up posts for which they are overqualified, or in other words, overeducated. This is particularly important as discrimination at that level is likely to have negative impact on economic recovery by supressing the full skill and entrepreneurial potential of this particular group in the UK labour market.
More...
The objective of the paper was to evaluate Turkey’s integration prospects into European structures and relationships between immigration from Turkey and economic indicators in Germany using quantitative methods. Despite Turkey’s unclear European integration prospects, it is predicted that Turkish immigration to established member countries of the EU will continue. The strongest waves may flow to Germany, Netherlands or France, where numerous Turkish minorities are already present and where the living standards are high. Results from the statistical analysis of the paper showed a positive correlation between immigration total and the growth of gross domestic product On the other hand, a negative correlation of immigration total and unemployment was found and a positive relationship between immigration total and income total which is in agreement with the expected dependency direction. With regards to immigration from Turkey it is less correlated to unemployment than immigration total. But there is a correlation between immigration from Turkey and the stock of foreigners in Germany This is in accordance with the theoretical concept of network theory where an existing community of migrants keeps attracting new migrants because the costs and risks associated with migration are lower, thanks to established linkages to the country of origin. The observed correlation of migration and unemployment points to the fact that immigration to Germany responds to changes in demand in the labour market. Even though a time lag may occur in the case of unemployment and immigration, migration appears to be a relatively effective mechanism to offset existing imbalances in German labour markets.
More...
What is the perception of Turkish migrants in elderly care? The increasing number of elder mi-grants within the German and Austrian population is causing the challenge of including them in an adequate (culturally sensitive) way into the German/Austrian health care system. Here I introduce the perception of elder Turkish migrants within the predominant paradigm of intercultural opening of health care in Germany as well as within the concept of diversity management of health care in Vienna (Austria). The qualitative investigation follows a field research in different German and Austrian cities within the last four years and an analysis based on the Grounded Theory Methodology. The meaning of intercultural opening on the one hand, and diversity management on the other hand with respect to elderly care will be evaluated. Whereas the intercultural opening directly demands a reduction of barriers to access institutional elderly care the concept of diversity is hardly successful in the inclusion of migrants into elderly care assistance – concerning both, migrants as care-givers and migrants as care-receivers. Despite the similarities between the health care systems of Germany and Austria there are decisive differences in the perception and inclusion of migrants in elderly care that is largely based on an 'individual care' concept of the responsible institutions. Finally, this investigation demonstrates how elderly care in Germany and Austria prepares to encounter the demand of 'individual care' in a diverse society.
More...
Turkish immigrants and their descendants have become the main target of anti-immigrant political mobilization in Austria since the 1990s. They have come to epitomize the image of the Oriental enemy and the Muslim other. Based on these discursive constructions, Muslims in general, and Turks in particular, have often been described as unwilling to integrate into Austrian society. The articles in this special issue show not only that these discourses and exclusionary attitudes may result in discriminatory practices towards Turkish immigrants and their descendants in Austria, but also that the alleged unwillingness to integrate may be explained by the lack of effort made by the Austrian government and Austrian institutions to integrate this group.
More...
Migration from Turkey to Austria started as labour migration and has diversified over time. National and transnational factors have shaped migration policy and the migration process over the last fifty years. In different phases, the government has used a mix of instruments to control migration flows. In this paper I analyse the role of those factors which worked against restrictive tendencies on the national level and discuss the relevance of transnational factors such as the Association Agreement with Turkey and European Union directives, migrant networks and dynamics in the emigrant state in explaining migration outcomes.
More...
The most recent Austrian Integration Report indicates that a substantial proportion of Turkish immigrants do not feel at home in Austria. Whether these lower levels of social well-being also apply to the Turkish first, second or follow-up generations in Austria is uncertain. This article aims to fill this gap by asking how the Turkish second generation perceives their social inclusion into Austrian society. Results based on the TIES survey reveal that social well-being is largely determined by immigrants’ socio-economic achievements as well as by experiences of discrimination in their educational and occupational trajectories and daily life. Intergenerational progress is also found to be positively related with social well-being but at a much lower level.
More...
Whereas studies have documented socio-cultural changes connected to migration dynamics, there is a dearth of knowledge about decision-making in transnational families. This article seeks to understand transformations in decision-making in six Zimbabwean transnational families. This is done by examining qualitative data generated through semi-structured interviews with members of the migrant families. While accentuating the need for more research on interpersonal processes in transnational families, the article illustrates that shifts in gender roles may occur alongside gender-normative behaviours that maintain women in subordinate decision-making roles.
More...
Migration has traditionally been used as a survival strategy in times of financial crisis; however, a debate exists as to whether migration influences poverty on the individual level. The current study analyses the influence of past subjective poverty on migration choice and to determine the impact of migration on current subjective poverty perception. Using a simultaneous bivariate ordered probit model, we found that poorer individuals in Egypt tend to migrate more than others. Migration was found to be a significant determinant of current poverty in Egypt. Finally, migration improved migrant’s financial situation.
More...