Around the Bloc: Macedonia May Move Against Hizmet
Foreign Minister hints at possible measures against schools and other organizations linked to Fethullah Gulen, Turkey’s public enemy No. 1.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Foreign Minister hints at possible measures against schools and other organizations linked to Fethullah Gulen, Turkey’s public enemy No. 1.
More...
Initially rejected last November, the loan comes after pivotal IMF deal, and coincides with Romanian Prime Minister Dacian Ciolos’ first visit to Chisinau.
More...
Consulting firm run by Donald Trump's former campaign chairman, Paul Manafort, reportedly tried to undercut support for the imprisoned Ukrainian politician.
More...
Ukrainian leader warns of possible Russian invasion, while the Pentagon tries to inject a note of realism into increasingly tense debate.
More...
Disciplinary responsibility represents a form of judicial responsibility specific to the labor law, containing the ensemble of the legal norms that define disciplinary deviations, establish the sanctions and regulate the background and procedural conditions for their application.Being specific to the work relation, the disciplinary responsibility occurs whenever an employed person violates the obligation to respect labor discipline. This tipe of responsibility has a contractual nature, a strictly personal character, exercising sanctioning, preventive and educational functions.
More...
Charles-Louis Montesquieu’s outlook on justice is based on the idea of separation of powers, a fundamentalidea that founded modern constitutionalism. The work that we focus on in this article, De l'esprit des lois, highlightsthe importance of knowing the essence of laws and how their action manifests in different forms of government, asthe law constitutes a social, historical and cultural phenomenon. The law corrects and the punishment represents theprice paid for maintaining freedom.
More...
Violation of the pre-established regulations through an unappropriate behaviour triggers the responsabilityof the guilty person forcing them to bear the most different consequences of his act.Judicial responsability is both a kind and an integral part of social responsability whose singularity consists in the actthat it derives from violating a law regulation that incubates. The compulsoriness of bearing a constraint has the solereason of deviation from the judicial regulation. By triggering the responsability and bearing the consequencesdevolving from it the violated law order is established.In the content of the present article there will be approached specific aspects of the kinds of judicial responsibilitywithin the labour law, their features as well as their sanction system.
More...
The issue of land acquisition in Romania by foreign individuals or legal entities accounted for over time asensitive issue. If the regulations adopted by 2003 categorically forbade land sales to foreigners in the context ofRomania's accession to the European Union has become permissive legal framework, foreigners can acquireownership of lands, as stipulated by special laws.
More...
Results in the first round of voting give pro-Russian candidate Igor Dodon the upper hand, and 10 percent more votes than pro-West Maia Sandu.
More...
The Tibetan spiritual leader’s visit to Central Europe provides some answers to the state of Chinese relations, Havel’s legacy, and the scruples of individual politicians.
More...
Although the Conservatives won the most seats, the lack of a majority requires either the formation of a coalition, or a new round of voting.
More...
When young persons wish to study to become officers in the Estonian National Defence College (ENDC), it is necessary that they should have finished their secondary education, and also have completed the obligatory conscript service in Estonia. Sometimes, however, after their service, some cadet candidates do not wish to continue their studies at the ENDC. The aim of the paper is to examine the changes in the motivation, attitudes and values of future cadets who come to study in the ENDC. We examined cadet candidates who were accepted to the ENDC in the summer of 2013 (n=13) and started their conscript service either in July or October of 2013 and then compared their results to the reference groups (those who applied but were not accepted as candidates, n=13 and ordinary conscripts, n=84). The participants were examined three times during the conscript service. They responded to a survey regarding different aspects of their conscription. Together with evaluations of their motivation to study in the ENDC, they were also asked questions about their attitudes and values. The results demonstrated that there were no great changes in cadet candidates’ motivation during their conscript service. Future research is necessary to analyse this trend more in depth.
More...
In the past, the cultural dimension of operations abroad either went largely unnoticed or was examined with regard to specific topical aspects. The central issues of analyses were, for instance, intercultural training at domestic military bases, interaction with the local population in the theater, or the coincidence of quite diverse military cultures in multinational units.Based on an evaluation of pertinent literature and my own field research, this article seeks to take another look at the correlation between culture and operations abroad. Using the operation in Afghanistan as an example, it analyzes the claim that a profound reflection on the role of the local culture in the field is necessary and should be of central importance to individual soldiers and to commanders, and should also be recognized at the politico-strategic level at home.
More...
The main objective of this study is to examine the developments of political and economic relations between Poland and Sub‑Saharan Africa. The article is written from the Polish perspective. The author is fully aware that the perception of Sub‑Saharan Africa as a homogeneous region must result in multiple oversimplifications. However, an analysis of the Polish “African discourse” indicates that political and business elites are not aware of the heterogeneity of the continent and the latter is perceived as a “single unit”. The article demonstrates that after the eastward enlargement of the European Union in 2004 Poland realized its principal goal of foreign policy and did not attempt to redefine its role and place in international relations in terms of its potential and assets. Since 2013, the relations between Poland and Sub‑Saharan states have been intensified, but it is everything but clear whether it will become a permanent trend.
More...
Four years after the end of its uprising against the Gaddafi regime, Libya remains in chaos. It is worth noting that for the third time since their independence in 1951, the Libyans’ attempts to create a modern and powerful state seem to be ‘wishful thinking’. The first two failed attempts – in 1951 and 1969 – were essentially local affairs without significant consequences beyond the country’s borders. The ongoing turmoil which followed in the wake of the Arab Spring in 2011 is leading to serious regional and international destabilization. This paper discusses the main factors of the instability in post‑Gaddafi Libya. According to the authors’ analysis, there are the following main obstacles in the process of transition toward democracy and peace: two competing governments, multiplicity of militias and combat groups operating in Libya, jihadism rising in power as well as the regional and ethnic claims for recognition and autonomy. The last part of this paper is devoted to potential scenarios for the future of Libya.
More...
Ghana is regarded as a leader of democracy and stability in Sub‑Saharan Africa. Owing to two decades of rapid economic growth and relatively peaceful transitions of power after elections, it is also one of the fastest developing and safest countries in the region. However, some challenges for internal stability and development are still to be addressed, for instance: the quality of leadership, poverty, environmental problems or inadequate and ineffective regulations. While solving these problems Ghanaian politicians and citizens have to either choose between or bring together both tradition and modernity. One of the aspects to analyse is traditional form of governance, in particular the role of traditional leaders, such as chiefs and queen mothers, in development, as well as their relationships and coexistence with the local and state government institutions. Therefore, this article focuses on understanding how traditional ways of thinking and acting, especially in the case of traditional leaders, influence Ghana’s strive for national development. The main questions are: whether they can be used as resources or rather constitute impediments? and how are they changing to address contemporary challenges?
More...
This article analyses the forms of human thinking which fundamentally influence political life. The author distinguishes two of these forms – a monologic and a dialogic consciousness – and reveals philosophical pre conditions for their formation in modern and postmodern times. The collision of these different forms of thinking is particularly relevant both for the countries of post communist space and the old democratic traditions fostering Europe. The monologic consciousness is a closed thinking scheme rejecting the possibility of engaging in a dialogic relationship with a person holding a different viewpoint and with the reality itself. In modern-time politics, it emerged through the creation of ideologies. Surprisingly, the contemporary postmodern society also creates pre-conditions for the formation of the monologic consciousness. It is determined by the mechanisms of manipulation of thinking, the consequence of democracy turning into demagogy. However, complex postmodern thinking is also disposed towards formation of the dialogic consciousness. The author demonstrates this process by the analysis of texts of postmodern authors, J. Derrida in particular.
More...
„Svarbiausia – viską sustikliukint pagal supratimus, sustatyti teisingus vaikinus, laikyti nevykėlius prie išvietės“ („Glavnoje - ustakanit vsio po poniatijam, rastavit pravilnych pacanov, deržat lochov u parašy“)Vladimir Sorokin, „Opričniko dienos“ autorius
More...
Responsibility to protect is a very controversial principle in the international arena. One group of researchers name it the new approach and impulse for human security and human rights improvements with deeper involvement and response from the international community. On the contrary, other group of researchers state that this concept doesn’t bring any new insights for situation improvement and can even be harmful, because it may, in some way, give a better opportunity for justification of the country’s unilateral intervention. While discussion is still ongoing, the rising and concerning issue is how this concept (let it be remembered that this is the product of a special committee outside the United Nations (UN)) is evolving and fixating itself on the international and national level – as prioritizing one country humanitarian actions or the joint response from international community. To analyse this issue, the UN is taken as the most important international actor regarding the question of international peace and security. USA is taken to analyse it from the national level. The research is based on primary source analysis. Results of the UN documents and primary source analysis indicate that the concept of responsibility to protect this organisation is evolving gradually. First, it was started with the basic and uncontroversial assumptions from the concept, then the idea of the possible fruitful cooperation with other regional and transnational organisations was introduced. Furthermore, the required steps before and after the crisis are named, strictly defined cases when responsibility to protect principle can be applied. In the UN, the principle is developing in more narrow in comparison with the primal guidelines from the special committee. Organisation clearly defines that the principle of responsibility to protect can be used just by the international community with the mandate of UN Security Council. No other options for other organisations or state are declared, even in the cases when the UN Security council is not able to take appropriate actions. With some exceptions, the analysis supports the researchers’ claim that international actions are prioritised and not very specific issues are added by this principle. Regarding the position of the USA, the result estimates a very incoherent position. In various sources, the position changes from very unfavourable to favourable. One of the most opposing statements from the responsibility to protect statement for US is the obligation to act in the situations where human rights condition is in a very poor situation. This is seen as framing countries actions; for this reason, there is an intention to change it to readiness to act. Considering the time frame of written sources, it can be seen that the position is changing to more favourable towards the responsibility to protect the concept itself, but to clearly define that position – one country’s humanitarian intervention or international response – is very difficult because the stated position is very ambiguous.
More...