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In the paper are presented three ideas relevant to topical social problems. On the basis of philosophical interpretation of the Gauss’s law for normal distribution of mass phenomena the author makes conclusions for the representativeness of political ideologies in society. The second idea is the ideal state – it is considered as a mathematical model of the future. The third idea is oriented to the scientific management of a future state
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The first prerequisite for the economic recovery of the country is to have as its leadership a competent, efficient and responsible government that will ensure that economic reforms are realised for the benefit of the majority of citizens, not in the interests of big capital, the world oligarchy and a small circle of the comprador class. Presupposing that the conditions for making and implementing the programme of economic modernisation are created, what must be done urgently is to relinquish the disastrous neoliberal economic policy, i.e. to dispose of the imposed atypical model of business activity, whose effects are more than devastating. It is evident that the model of business activities that has existed so far, based on (re)selling of assets, borrowing, import and spending, must be urgently replaced by a typical model of business activity, or, to put it differently, to replace spendthrift economy by frugal economy.
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AKP (Justice and Development Party) can be accepted as the last and most powerful representative of Islamism in Turkey. The party came to power alone, after the general elections in 2002 and in 2007. Within its fi rst period of power, AKP claimed divergence from its extreme Islamist views and it gained trust among the majority of intellectuals. Furthermore, some socialist and liberal intellectuals supported most claims of AKP, in its fi rst period of power. In the second period, AKP’s discourse began to have references to şeria law, more frequently; and fi nally, it lost the support of liberals and socialists. We witnessed some important and mysterious assassinations in the years 2006 and 2007 before the 2007 elections; and pre-elections period of 2007 wascharacterised by legal issues, which put AKP in a ‘suff ering’ position, once more. This essay is an eff ort in re-evaluating the tension between Islamism and laicism and some political issues of AKP years of Turkey, including four chosen acts of violence against laicite defenders or non-Muslims.
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The fulfillment of the trust left by the historical legacy and at the same time accomplishment of the joint destiny named as “ever closer union” for the peoples of Europe seems to be coming closer to its realization. The main aim of this paper is to present some latent aspects of these processes throughout the consideration on three significant elements: the establishment of European idea, concept and project, the construction and maintenance of the so called European identity and the current state of the European family of peoples and its key issues and challenges. Hence, the first part of the paper deals with the presentation of the milestone ideas, concepts and project concerned with Europe. The second part, deals with the nature of the European identity and its most influential dimensions such as culture, history, politics, economy, language. The third part deals with the present state of the European family of people and some of the challenging processes concerning it such as the enlargement.
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Артыкул прысвечаны аналізу канцэпцыі сацыяльных і палітычных зменаў у грамадстве старажытнага Шумера. Разглядаецца лінгвістычнае ўвасабленне катэгорый блізкіх да сучасных паняццяў “рэформа”, “бунт”, “рэвалюцыя” і г.д. Сэнсавае напаўненне і інтэрпрэтацыя гэтых паняццяў мае выразную кансерватыўную форму і апелюе да ўзнаўлення мінулага стану, узнаўлення традыцыі, што найбольш выразна знайшло выяўленне ў канцэпцыі ama-ar-gi (“вяртанне да маці”). The author examines the conceptions of social and political changes in the society in ancient Sumer. He focuses his attention on linguistic personification of the categories close to the concepts of “reform”, “uprising”, “revolution” etc. The semantics and the interpretation of these conceptions have a pronounced conservative form and appeals to the recovery of the past, restoring the tradition which most expressively finds its embodiment in the concept ama-ar-gi (“return to mother”).
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The present paper focuses on the fluctuations of the main demographic variables of the Bulgarian nation during its transition to a free-market economy and its integration with the developed European countries. This process of integration means to increase the economic level and to adopt a new model of development of the country's economy, which will result in better demographic variables and will help the country survive in the 21st century in spite of the difficulties it faces at present. This study makes use of the regression method of statistical analysis for the leveling in a straight line (linear function) and in a parable (square function) of the population rate, birth rate, death rate, increase in the population of the country between 1992 and 1999 and between 1992 and 2000. To make the forecasts of these variables we use the one which shows a smaller mean quadratic error. We have come to particular conclusions based on reliable data, published in specialized newsletters of the National Institute of Statistics and on comparisons of the results of the forecasts that have been made applying the regression method of statistical analysis.
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The decision to decrease by 5% the retail electricity prices as of 1 August 2013 is among the topics at the heart of political debates in Bulgaria this autumn. A similar move in 2010 clearly showed that such a politically mandated price decrease was not sustainable in the long run. It ended in the sharp increase (13% y-o-y) of electricity prices in 2012, and subsequent social unrest, which brought down the Bulgarian government in February 2013. The focus on the final consumer bill reduction in the public debate overshadows some of the other structural effects of the decision, which are worth mentioning.
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The article aims to show how the problem of prostitution was constructed as a form of social deviation and discusses the legitimate practices undertaken for its neutralization during the socialist period – 1944-1989. The historical-sociological analysis applied in the article shows that, in the time of totalitarianism, „paid love“ was ideologically deprived of a social ontology, and the authorities began a secret struggle with the „priestesses of Venus“ by undertaking a series of repressive actions against prostitutes, aimed at disciplining and resocializing them. However, with the expansion of the nomenklatura system, the authorities took a differentiated view on the prostitute: she was used, on one hand, as a mechanism for imposing communist morality and social control, on the other hand, as a means serving the dark side of the oligarchy apparatus.
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Populism as a phenomenon of modern society is fueled by a number of factors – the „rebellion of the masses“, the communication revolution, the globalization and the simultaneous polarization of the world. All of this in turn creates huge and expanding space for ideological substitutes.The author defines populism as a characteristic of political behavior that short- ens the gap between „politicians” and „the people” by eliminating the elite and uncritically accepting mass demands, attitudes and stereotypes. In populism, priority is given to short-term effects as a basis for policy decisions, as well as simplified, one-sided „views” of long-term problems. Populism is a double rejection of the elite – as a privileged social group and as a carrier of specific knowledge.Two types of populism are defined. The first one is tactical, where in a political platform or in a specific political action mass expectations are imposed in order to provide a rating effect. The second one is strategic (positive and negative), where rating decisions are not the „garnish", but the principle, the structure defining factor.The author seeks to answer the questions whether populism is only political stylistics or is it a political ideology and what its historical perspective is.
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Leasing, franchising and factoring are most common among modern legal entities. Factoring is the most unknown in Bulgaria. However, it has the same practical importance as the other two legal phenomena for the development of business, especially for small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.
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Th e article deals with evolution of state property privatization model in Belarus in 1990-2013. It describes preconditions and major historical stages of privatization of state property and evolution of views of authorities on privatization over the last 20 years. History of Belarusian privatization is the story of fi nding a compromise between the trends of modern market economy and the idea of state regulation and social protection. It is concluded that Belarusian privatization did not become a locomotive of market reforms, formation of proprietary class and big national capital. Th erefore, currently it can be considered as the periphery of market reforms in Belarus.
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The article examines different models of development of the Orthodox Old Believers identity in Belarus in the 19th – 21st centuries. Based on the first 1897 census of the Russian Empire population and on the basis of modern ethnographic expeditions, the author tries to identify the current cultural situation and in particular the identity of the Old Believers in North Belarus. Given the Census data and ethnic history author notes different, sometimes contradictory tendencies in the development of their culture and identity: acculturation, assimilation, contra-acculturation and syncreticism.
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Jedno od obeležja savremene etape razvoja društva je sve veća uloga procesa i pojava dvojnog socijalno-ekološkog karaktera. U društvenom saznanju rasprostranjena je antiscientistička ocena ekonomije i ekologije. Priroda saglasno predstavama masovnog saznanja, dobija značajan udarac ne od ekonomskog rasta kao takvog, već od promena koje su rezultat naučno-tehničkog progresa.
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The article justifies the expediency of the doctrinal recognition of economic law, its universal nature,manifested in the process of legal regulation of economic relations, both at the level of nationaleconomies and in modern geoeconomics.
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The publication content includes the description of methodology and results for empirical research of relationship between secondary school teachers reflexivity and flexibility of behavior. The objective of the research is to describe and to explain the relationship character and mechanisms between reflexivity and flexibility of behavior. The materials used: reflectivity level determination method (А.В. Карпов, В.В. Понаморева, 2000); and the scale «flexibility of behavior» from the self-actualization test (САТ) (Personal Orientation Inventory – POI; 1987, E. Shostrom, modified by E. Alyoshina, L. Gozman, M. Zagik, M. Kroz). The selection was defined and reasoned. The achieved empirical data was processed with SPSS 17 software. The results were analyzed and interpreted. Relationship between reflexivity and flexibility of behavior was stated. 80 school teachers were recruited for this research: a group of 30-40-year old people (40 people; age median 37 years) and a group of 50-60-year old people, (40 people; age median 56 years).
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