Recenzje i omówienia
Jerzy Holzer, Europa zimnej wojny (Jacek Tebinka) Jacek Czaputowicz, Suwerenność (Jerzy Menkes) Katarzyna Anna Nawrot, Kraje rozwijające się we współczesnej gospodarce światowej (Maria Dunin-Wąsowicz) Omówienia
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Jerzy Holzer, Europa zimnej wojny (Jacek Tebinka) Jacek Czaputowicz, Suwerenność (Jerzy Menkes) Katarzyna Anna Nawrot, Kraje rozwijające się we współczesnej gospodarce światowej (Maria Dunin-Wąsowicz) Omówienia
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The aim of the article is to answer the following questions: did Russia violate international law by executing an armed intervention in Crimea and what are the legal consequences of the Crimean crisis? The author claims that Russia committed aggression against Ukraine, thus violating a peremptory norm of international law. As a consequence, not only Russia is legally responsible for the commission of an internationally wrongful act but also third states and international organisations obliged to bring to an end serious breaches of international law. As well, these latter two are obliged to not recognise the unlawful annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia. The author analyses legal justifications of the Russian actions, such as defence of nationals, intervention by invitation, humanitarian intervention and the right to exercise self-determination. The author claims that the legal arguments presented by Russia are not convincing, taking into account the circumstances of the crisis.
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Saşa Pană was an outstanding editor, writer and poet of the Romanian vanguard in the interwar period. His diary which is an excellent source of information about other poets and writers of the time, (the figure of Geo Bogza, a close friend of Saşa Pană), is given as an example, Pană's struggle as an editor, various aspects of his life as well as and his late activity as a left movement intellectual are some of the topics of this article signed by Ioana Pârvulescu.
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The man of distinguished valor and culture Virgil Nemoianu and his book "Tradition and Liberty" make the subject of this article signed by C.Rogozeanu. In contrast to the well-known rational, balanced style previously used in his writings Virgil Nemoianu used a vivid expression in this book. He unsuccessfully tries to debate issues of large interest challenging the Romanian intellectuals such as the canon topic. An unconventional scholar, Nemoianu irritates his the formal academic compeers and, the article concludes, the time for constructive debate is yet to come.
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The author begins the article with the affirmation the in the “Golden Era” there were published quite a few good books in the “spiritual desert” of Romania, dominated by the restriction to publicly say what you thought – and he gives a few reasons why the decision makers in this area made this choice. After 1989, the “thirsty public” waited for the writers to say what they had to say and write. This happened regarding the foreign authors, lots of works from various domains were published. The author makes an analysis of what happened concerning the Romanian belletristic after 1989.
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This article looks at the share of women in the human resources in science and technology, as well as the R&D personnel in Poland. The author first presents the data about the education of girls and women; the level and profile of their education and the data about the employment of women in the R&D from grade C to A. Next, she describes selected forms of motion of the higher education of women and their employment in the R&D.
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This article deals with Estonian writings on art during the German occupation 1941–1944 through the prism of nationalism. The communicative role of art in politically and ideologically complicated context has been analysed. For the better comprehension of the context a brief overview of the contemporary discourse of nationalism has been given as well as of the different nuances of the meaning of the notion 'national' – national, nationalistic, national socialist, etc. Nationalism can be reticent and isolated, or, on the contrary, expansive and agressive. In general, 'nationality' has been defined as the manifestation of the feeling of togetherness related to linguistic, cultural, religious, racial and/or territorial self-consciousness.
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Held in the Kadriorg Art Museum and the Mikkel Museum, the Art Museum of Estonia’s collection of the Low Countries comprises approximately 100 paintings, predominantly of the 17th-century Dutch school. Extensive research has shown that almost half of the collection consists of works either authored by unknown masters, based upon the motifs found in the paintings of famous artists, or that have turned out to be either copies or forgeries of well-known Dutch masterpieces.
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This article focuses on the critical reception to the exhibition of women artists that took place in the Tallinn Art Hall in October 1939, and attempts to demonstrate how various models of differentiation, reflecting and reproducing widespread ideologies of the period, existed within the allegedly universal modernist critique. The exhibition's reception in 1939 also reflects the significance of national rhetoric and ideology in the Estonian culture of the 1930s, and in the social processes of constructing and maintaining gender ideology.
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The Bolshevic coup d’etat of 1940 laid the foundations for the re-organisation of the Estonian art scene. The major directions of intervention aimed at destroying the organisational structures of the art life of the independent Estonian Republic and substituting these with a new Soviet system. Any interpretation of artistic events during the first year of Soviet Estonia is impeded by a lack of rigid hierarchies between the different organs of state power as well as between organs of power and art institutions which were still at an early stage in their formation. This article will concentrate on an evaluation of the role of the Estonian Communist Party in the context of art events during the first Soviet year.
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Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques are particularly suitable for Energy and Environment (E&E) decisions due to multiple criteria nature of these types of problems and they have been widely applied in this area. Main points that can be taken into consideration when examining the MCDA literature related to E&E are the selection of appropriate method, selection of criteria to be used and the widely distributed application areas. The motivation behind this study is designing such a Decision Support System (DSS) that enables the energy decision makers to perform analysis using different methods of MCDA and different criteria from various application areas and test the applicability of the system through an application in Turkish Energy Sector. The system includes several methods of MCDA and common parameters from previous studies in order to provide different approaches of evaluating decision problems. With this feature, the system stands on the intersection of MCDA and E&E fields. Moreover, an application of MCDA in Turkish Energy Sector has been performed to test the applicability of the system and some conclusions about electricity distribution in Turkey are put forth.
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The concepts of effectiveness, riskness and reliability are three cornerstones which together with utility of investor constitute the base for decisions perception and management logic in order to match the possibilities of investment space with investor's objectives. Risk, which is “a chance or possibility of danger, loss, injury, or other adverse consequences” (The Oxford Modern English Dictionary) or, specifically, in the area of investment management – “the chance that an investment (as a stock or commodity) will lose value” (Webster Dictionary) is the function of risksness of selected assets altogether with skills of a subject to manage the riskness of the analysed object, process, etc. Thus risk is analysed as an interaction of possibilities riskness and abilities of a subject (investor) to manage these possibilities. The paper will reveal a consistent way towards investment possibilities set description, when investment assets possibilities are under uncertainty, what is understood in this paper as under stochasticity. As a possible means of the above mentioned match the authors propose portfolio adequate for investment stochastic nature and present its formation and application principles. This model has broad application possibilities in investing in exchange and capital markets as well as in forming sustainable investment strategies. There are many figures and schemes in the text. This is caused by the consideration that where geometrical drawing can provide a non-false solution, this drawing becomes also a decision search visualization instrument.
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We present the uncertain probabilistic ordered weighted averaging (UPOWA) operator. It is an aggregation operator that uses probabilities and OWA operators in the same formulation considering the degree of importance of each concept in the analysis. Moreover, it also uses uncertain information assessed with interval numbers in the aggregation process. The main advantage of this aggregation operator is that it is able to use the attitudinal character of the decision maker and the available probabilistic information in an environment where the information is very imprecise and can be assessed with interval numbers. We study some of its main properties and particular cases such as the uncertain probabilistic aggregation (UPA) and the uncertain OWA (UOWA) operator. We also develop an application of the new approach in a multi-person decision-making problem in political management regarding the selection of monetary policies. Thus, we obtain the multiperson UPOWA (MP-UPOWA) operator. We see that this model gives more complete information of the decision problem because it is able to deal with decision making problems under uncertainty and under risk in the same formulation.
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Fuzzy logic handles vague problems in various areas. The fuzzy numbers can represent either quantitative or qualitative variables. The quantitative fuzzy variables can embody crisp numbers, aggregates of historical data or forecasts. The qualitative fuzzy variables may be applied when dealing with ordinal scales. The MULTIMOORA method (Multiplicative and Multi-Objective Ratio Analysis) was updated with fuzzy number theory. The MULTIMOORA method consists of three parts, namely Ratio System, Reference Point and Full Multiplicative Form. Accordingly, each of them was modified with triangular fuzzy number theory. The fuzzy MULTIMOORA summarizes the three approaches. The problem remains how to summarize them. It cannot be done by summation as they are composed of ranks (ordinal). Indeed summation of ranks is against any mathematical logic. Another method, the Dominance Method, is used to rank the EU Member States according to their performance in reaching the indicator goals of the Lisbon Strategy 2000–2008. This ranking will group the best performing countries in a Core Group, followed by a Second Group, the Semi-periphery Group. Group 3, the Periphery Group, will encompass the less performing states.
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By the means of cointegrated VAR we investigated the money demand behaviour of households. Using the traditional determinants and adding variables specific for the sector we succeeded to obtain a relevant description of what influences individuals’ money holdings, gradually increasing the number of variables but also restricting on the irrelevant ones.
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This paper aims at solving hybrid multiple attributes decision-making problems under risk with attribute weight known and a new decision approach based on entropy weight and TOPSIS is proposed. First, the risk decision matrix is transformed into the certain decision matrix based on the expectation value. Then, the deviation entropy weight method is used to determine the attribute weights. And according to the definitions of the distance and the positive/negative ideal solutions for different data types, the relative closeness coefficients can be calculated by TOPSIS. Furthermore, the alternatives are ranked by the relative closeness coefficients. Finally, an application case is given to demonstrate the steps and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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