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The article contains the authors most relevant results concerning the development and the character of Constantine-Cyrils writing system, together with some unpublished ideas and material: Although based on Greek scriptural thinking (according to which each alphabetical unit has two major functions phonological and numerical, and the direction of writing is from left to right) and influenced by other writing traditions, the Glagolica nevertheless represents a new, genuine system that was formally conceived of as a so-called distance-script (like the Caucasian systems, but contrary to Cyrillic as an extended script cf. plate 1) for politicocultural reasons. In accordance with this, it also contains theological elements meant to foster the catechetic and didactic aims of its inventor.Two general features are reminiscent of the contemporary Greek minuscule the hanging position of the letters and the predominance of rounded forms. Due to the numerical function of the characters the Glagolitic alphabet comprised originally, like the Old Armenian and the Old Georgian alphabet, 36 (=4x9) units. Seven units that are superfluous from the point of view of Slavic phonology were used by Constantine as classifiers for proper names and words of Greek origin the homophonous equivalents of the Greek. Paradigmatically the Glagolitic characters are composed of 7 basic elements (graphic features), which often yield three complex, iconic units (cross, triangle, circle cf. plates 2-3). The symbolic concept of the Glagolica can also be detected syntagmatically, especially in abbreviations of nomina sacra. From the very beginning the Glagolitic system disposed of a large amount of grapheme classes and combination rules (cf. plate 4), making it a highly efficient book script.
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The analysis of the March text is in itself enough to refute Afinogenov's hypothesis on the origin of the Russian menologia. Afinogenov's methodology, by which he ignored all Slavonic texts, may also have complicated matters for him. Almost all the monthly volumes contain spe cific Slavonic texts. The South Slavonic texts are not numerous in many of the Russian menologia, but they are diverse, ranging from texts on the Slavonic apostles, the Bulgarian Life of John of Rila, and lives of the Serbian national saint, Sava. In addition, there are numerous encomia to various feasts written by John the Exarch, Gregory Camblak and others. The menologia seem to be the product of a development within the Slavonic area, where elements from several periods and areas have been included, but where the main part of most months is the translated premetaphrastic text. This can be shown to be the case for the various copies of the May menologion. The transmitted copies of the May menologion can be shown to have been copied from various sources, including a manuscript in the tradition of Uspenskij sbornik and a manuscript of the same tradition as the Russian March menologia, as well as a few texts not belonging to the month of May or March at all.
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The article considers the gradual change from the general Slavic seven-case system to a typically Balkan four-case system in Bulgarian analysing fourteenth, fifteenth and seventeenth century texts that are close to the linguistic structure of the contemporary vernacular. The data allow for the conclusion that the turning-point in the development of the case system is the first half of the fifteenth century which is also a turning-point in the social and demographic development of the Bulgarian lands. The data do not confirm, however, the wide-spread idea that cases like the instrumental and the locative died out before the fourteenth century. Among the curious facts established by the analysis is the seventeenth century Early Modern Bulgarian possessive accusative construction which has its parallels in Old French and in Early Byzantine Greek.
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The article questions the existence of the suffix -оща in the Old Bulgarian language. This hypothetical suffix is to be met with in only two words known from the Old Bulgarian manuscripts – namely the words радоща and лѣпоща. These words are recorded only in their plural form – the first is attested in the instrumental and the second in the dative case. Concerning the word радоща т there are two possible explanations available. The first one is the assumption of an autonomous suffix -ощи in the meaning of an adverb. The second one takes into account the existence of words with -ощи in old East Slavonic texts, as well as the contemporary pluralia tantum in the Ukrainian language with the suffix -oщi (pado oщi, любoщi, лас oщi etc.), deriving the hapax legomenon радощами from * радощи, not радоща. As far as the word лѣпоща is concerned it is assumed that it represents a hypercorrect form of the word лѣпота.
More...Die Grossen Lesemenaën des Metropolitan Makarij. Uspenskij spisox. Herausgeber E. Weiher, S. Šmidt, A. Šcurko. Herausgegeben unter Milarbeit von Th. Daiber, Y. Daiber, T. V. Dianova, F. Keller, N. Kindermann, N. A. Kobjak, L. M. Kostjuchina, E. Maier
More...Ангел Николов Политическа мисъл в ранносредновековна България (средата на IX– края на X век). С., 2006. 351 с.
More...Abhandlungen zu den Großen Lesemenäen des Metropoliten Makarij. Kodikologische, miszellanologische und textologische Untersuchungcn. Bd. 2. Herausgeben von Elina Maicr und Eckhard Weiher (=Monumenta linguae slavicae dialecti veteris. Fontcs ct disscr
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‘Szczecin’ was a journal that was coming out in the years 1957–1962 as a direct forerunner of the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ (Przegląd Zachodniopomorski). So far the contents of the ‘Szczecin’ Journal, as well as its role in shaping the academic community and in influencing the economic, social and political reality have not been fully analysed. Hence the conclusion that this role is underestimated o even deprecated. In all the issues of ‘Szczecin’ historical questions were covered most extensively. Yet, according to what its editor-in-chief, Henryk Lesiński, had announced the journal was to be open to all the disciplines of social science and humanities. As a result, in addition to the historical questions, the journal also dealt with literary and economic problems. Among the authors there were not only representatives of the Szczecin academic community, but scholars from outside as well. In 1963 ‘Szczecin’ was transformed into the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’, which has been published to date. The change of the name was caused by practical aspects: the former title suggested a narrow fi eld of interest, limited to the West-Pomeranian capital. After the change the regional character of the journal has been better emphasised.
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In 1964 one of the most important academic journals of the Szczecin academic community, ‘Szczecin’, was transformed into the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ (Przegląd Zachodniopomorski); after the change it was still created mainly by historians. Together with the change the journal received more solid fi nancial foundations, a proper background of authors, and it became a strictly academic quarterly. In the years 1963–1985 the journal was run by Henryk Lesiński, in the years 1985–2012 by Tadeusz Białecki. In the editorial staff there were some outstanding personalities of several academic disciplines from Szczecin. The articles published covered the questions of history, Polish studies, sociology, economics, demography, law, culture, architecture, Polish-German relations, West- Pomeranian geography. There were also published monothematic studies, session materials and jubilee issues of outstanding representatives of the academic community. The editors managed to present a signifi cant part of the local academic production in the pages of the journal and to infl uence the development of the local academic community. There were articles from other academic centres in Poland and in the German Democratic Republic. In the 1960s and 1970s the contents of the journal show that its significant part did not deal with the humanities subjects; there were many materials from the sphere of economy, agricultural and marine sciences, the favourite guilds of the State and the Party. However, in the 1980s those spheres gradually disappeared from the pages of the journal. The Szczecin scholars who wrote for the journal represented the local universities and other humanistic institutions. In the materials concerning history all the historical epochs were dealt with. The journal was the brainchild of the People’s Republic of Poland and the scientifi c policy of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR). With the passing of time, endeavours of the founders and editors and the local communities in three generations converted the journal into an important forum to elevate the successive young generations of humanists. On the other hand, in the fi rst quarter of the century of its existence, or a bit longer, the contents of the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ refl ected the German occupation experiences and the political views of the founders and their attitude of admiration towards the socialist regime and their acceptance of the historic alliance with the socialist Germany. They claimed that there was no alternative for what had happened in Poland after 1944/45. They rendered considerable services to create successive generations of Polish intelligentsia in the Polish West. If the journal is analysed from the standpoint of today, if the endeavours of its founders and editors and the whole academic community are taken into consideration, if it is seen as the work of three generations, it is becoming obvious that the journal has been an important forum to elevate the successive young generations of humanists. In the sphere of the humanities the questions most frequently treated have been the ones taken from history, sociology, the history of art and the history of architecture. As far as history is concerned, it has been the Szczecin community that contributed most to the journal; in the pages of the journal new historical epochs have appeared, the problems have been treated more precisely, the methodological tools have become more sophisticated; these facts prove that the academic community of Szczecin and Western Pomerania has made progress and has consolidated.
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After having analysed almost 50 annual bound volumes of the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ (Przegląd Zachodniopomorski), undoubtedly the most important academic journal of Western Pomerania, it is justifi ed to claim that problems of political science were always present in its pages. Yet it is necessary to emphasise that the group of political scientists from the Szczecin centre was not numerous before the end of the 1980s, and a signifcant part of them had come from the historians’ milieu. What makes things more diffi cult for the researcher are the circumstances of the epoch that was closed by the 1989 turning point. The natural restrictions of the regime had been reflected in the choice of problems, and – also – in the value of the texts published. On the other hand, in the new situation there appeared an enormous number of subjects that must be analysed again or for the fi rst time. In the research results that have been published, both regional and nation-wide, we can find many interdisciplinary texts from the sphere of sociology, history and political science. The thorough analysis of the contents of the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ within the space of the last 50 years supports the conclusion that political science has been present in almost all its issues. It would be difficult to form a general opinion on the value of those materials. However, it is true that before 1989, in spite of the fact that there were a lot of restrictions resulting from the existing regime, many articles then published avoided a primitive propaganda. Naturally, there were texts dominated by ideology. But after 1989 the texts have become typical of political science research, i.e. concerning political parties and systems and international relations.
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Tadeusz Biaecki regional achievements are extensive. They include the whole present day Western Pomerania geographically, and chronologically from the early Middle Ages up to the present moment, with the exception of modern history. A special place in Tadeusz Białecki’s academic research was occupied by Chojna, with which he had been bound emotionally since 1953. Working in the Szczecin Library he looked after the librarians from the Chojna District. He began his academic career from the demography of that District. Tadeusz Białecki’s features as a scholar-regionalist are focused in his ‘Chojna’ achievements. Not only did he do town research, but also he inspired it; for example, he was the editor of the Þ rst Polish-language monograph of the Chojna District. Professor Białecki was a keen photographer as well; in his archives there is an impressive collection of photographs of Western Pomerania starting from the 1950s. His photographic passion was the impulse to produce the Þ rst photographic album of the Chojna region. The regional activity of Professor Tadeusz Białecki does not cease in spite of his advanced age. He publishes his memoirs in the pages of ‘Chojna Yearbook’ (Rocznik Chojeski), and he participates in the discussion on creating a Chojna Museum. The Chojna fascinations are still vivid in his memory, so in 2013 ‘Chojna Yearbook’ honoured Professor Biaecki with an occasional interview with him.
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The article presents part of the academic achievements of Professor Tadeusz Białecki ,a West-Pomeranian scholar, on the occasion of his 80th birthday anniversary. In his academic achievements a prominent place is occupied by onomastic dictionaries and research projects concerning the old and present-day Szczecin. Since the end of the 1940s Tadeusz Białecki had got gradually interested in those problems living in Western Pomerania, discovering it, becoming soaked in its charms and history, which he was always eager to know. After settling in Szczecin (1959) he could develop his youthful passion and start his academic career (1962). His first texts appeared in print in 1970; they dealt with the toponymy of Szczecin after 1945. At a later stage the ‘Dictionary of the Contemporary Geographical Names of Western Pomerania’ (Słownik współczesnych nazw geograficznych Pomorza Zachodniego z nazwami przejściowymi z lat 1945–1948, Szczecin 2002, pp. 414, with the dominance of local official names) was edited and published in order to officially disseminate the proper names introduced in Western Pomerania (in the former districts of the historical New March: Strzelce, Gorzów, Choszczno, Myślibórz, Chojna, Drawsko, Wałcz, Świdwin). At the same time in the ‘Dictionary of Physiographic Names of Western Pomerania’ (Słownik nazw fizjograficznych Pomorza Zachodniego, Szczecin 2001, pp. 839) Professor Białecki gathered an enormous index of geographical names for Pomerania, the German ones (used until 1945) and the Polish ones either introduced in the 1940s by administrative decisions or used spontaneously by people and institutions. At the end of the 1990s Professor Białecki concentrated all his efforts on the editorial work of his opus magnum, ‘Szczecin Encyclopaedia’ (Encyklopedia Szczecina, 1999 –2000), which covered the Great Szczecin within its 1997 borders. The idea had already been conceived in the 1970s. The Encyclopaedia renders the current state of knowledge about the City and its distinguished late inhabitants. Although Professor Białecki won over 255 co-workers to create the first volume, and 300 to create the second one, he was aware of threats and shortcomings of his masterpiece, as there were numerous problems that required a very specialized insight. His endeavors to win over more authors resulted in three supplementary volumes published in the years 2003–2010. The supplementary volumes included new entries, supplements and rectification of errors. At the same time, the Encyclopaedia was expanded by entries concerning places situated in the districts adjacent to Szczecin at the request of their inhabitants who complained of their ignorance of their local history; that expansion was accepted by the academic community.
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Since the end of the 1950s Tadeusz Biaecki has shown an interest in memoirs concerning the post-war Western Pomerania. Still as a worker of the Regional and Municipal Library in Szczecin he initiated a cycle of reminiscences of librarians; yet, he really took to memoir literature in the mid-1960s when he gathered and sorted out an extensive output of numerous memoirs competitions and cycles. A special place in Professor’s Białecki’s social and research activities is occupied by the competition called the ‘History of Szczecin Families in the 20th Century’, with which he has been connected since the beginning, i.e. since 1969. The reminiscences collected for years, which in many cases appeared in print, are a unique source to get to know the history of Western Pomerania better. In the past few years Tadeusz Biaecki himself has been publishing his own memoirs, which depict the life and career of one of the most famous and distinguished Szczecin historians in a detailed and colourful way.
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The article is an analysis of Professor Tadeusz Białecki’s cartographic works: plans, maps and iconographic works made with the use of artistic and photographic techniques, presenting the cultural and natural countryside of Pomerania within the administrative borders fixed after 1945. Therefore, the territory of the New March has been partially included in the article. The article has been arranged according to the chronology of Professor Białecki’s publications. The analysis comprises books, articles, encyclopaedic entries, and reviews. This selection has been made on the basis of bibliographical list – compiled by Maria Frankel – of the Professor’s works written before 2003, supplemented with a bibliographical survey of his works published in the years 2004–2012. At the beginning the article explains why Professor Białecki took up producing pictorial works (pictorial works were the result of his interests in photography and sightseeing) and assesses the value of that part of his achievements as a historian. Next, Professor Białecki’s individual publications were analysed in order to find their formal and material connections. Pictorial sources played various roles in Professor Białecki’s publications; usually, they fulfilled an auxiliary function: firstly, enriching illustrated texts; secondly, together with the written texts they created the full narrative; thirdly, individual works, such as maps of Szczecin, became themselves objects of analysis; and finally, sets of works created a narrative tissue, to which the written texts were explicatory commentaries. An example of the last function were the albums, and first of all the monograph concerning the sights of Szczecin. At the end of the article it is underlined that pictorial sources have been used by Professor Białecki throughout his activity as a historian and populariser of the Pomeranian history and region.
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For many years of his academic career Professor Tadeusz Białecki has frequently dealt with the problems of the medieval Western Pomerania. Still as a student of the Warsaw University and shortly after graduating he investigated the subject of fortified towns (gords) in that region. Later, especially in the years 1958–1966, he wrote a few articles (published in the ‘West-Pomeranian Materials’ and in the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’) on the medieval onomastics and settlement in the vicinity of Szczecin and Pyrzyce, and on the settlement base of Koszalin in the 13th century, when it was located. For many years Professor Białecki concentrated his attention on the history of the Western Slavdom, especially the Slavic past of Połabie, Western Pomerania and Szczecin. Another keynote (also treated in a popularising way) were the medieval monuments of Stargard and in its vicinity and the ones of Chojna, and the heraldry of West Pomeranian towns. In spite of his involvement in the investigations into the demographic changes of Western Pomerania after WW2 and into the displacement of the Germans before the 1950s, questions concerning the Middle Ages appeared from time to time in Professor Białecki’s works (especially at the end of 1980s and afterwards) in the form of articles and monographs concerning Szczecin and the changes in onomastics and demography within the Szczecin region and in other towns and in the whole area of Western Pomerania. For many years Professor Białecki’s teaching activity (first as an independent investigator at the History Institute of the Higher School of Pedagogy, and since 1985 at the Szczecin University) was connected with medieval questions. His interest in the Middle Ages and especially the history of Western Pomerania resulted in several monographs of towns or West-Pomeranian subregions (some of them written by Professor Białecki and some edited by him); in most cases they dealt with the post-war times but somehow they referred to the times of the Duchy of Pomerania. Some medieval threads may also be found in the commentaries to the Polish edition of Thomas Kantzow’s Pomerania, published together with E. Rymar and other authors. In spite of his enormous knowledge of the Middle Ages, his keen interest in that epoch, and in spite of being Professor Aleksander Gieysztor’s disciple, Tadeusz Białecki has never become a classical medievalist. Although the Middle Ages are visible in his works, they have never become the main thread of his academic production.
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Tadeusz Białecki was employed in the West-Pomeranian Institute when that institution had already established cooperation with scientifi c institutions of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). When he became Director of the Institute those contacts strengthened and turned into an important element of scientifi c works undertaken by the Szczecin academic community. The cooperation consisted in undertaking common research topics in the sphere of history, sociology, economics, culture. The height of that cooperation was in the 1970s, and resulted in many publications and numerous articles published in the Institute’s ‘West-Pomeranian Journal (Przegląd Zachodniopomorski). The topics undertaken were interdisciplinary in character, contributing to the pioneer research track at a nationwide scale. However, the proportion between the informative value and the propagandist element of those publications and their overall value still need analysing. The texts on the GDR read today are visibly full of political factors and in accord with the political correctness of the time, which distorted the presented image so much that those texts are just testimony to the times they were written, and at present they should be interpreted accordingly. On the other hand, it should be remembered that they constituted a basis for cooperation thanks to which it was possible to get access to the GDR’s archives, and in many cases without it writing about the history of Western Pomerania would hardly have been possible for Polish authors.
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