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An enormous amount of curiosity about Civil-Military Relations (CMR) in Turkey has emerged. In the literature, one may easily find descriptive historical analyses that seek to answer “what happened” types of questions as well as more analytical papers seeking to elucidate the “why did it happen” aspects of the story. Those who want to read model-proposing works on the “Hows” of Turkish CMR, however, would be disappointed in these pieces. This article suggests that the explanatory power of the traditional literature on Turkish CMR, which limitedly addresses the dichotomous conflict-ridden power relations between militaries and governments, has increasingly been fading away as a result of the established mutual collaboration between the Turkish Military and the governments from 2002 onwards. Then, it is time to turn over a new leaf and expand the conventional understanding of civil military relations in Turkey. The overall aim of this study, therefore, is to present a constitutive framework for more analytical “model-proposing” pieces on Turkish CMR that would transfer current debates on CMR in Turkey to more fertile ground.
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Turkey and Indonesia have continued to develop cordial relations with each other since Indonesia attained independence. The fact that both of these countries possess Muslim majority populations and that both countries’ political goals and policies exhibit major similarities has constituted the necessary basis for close and friendly relations. Furthermore, it is expected that Turkey and Indonesia will be among the top 10 economies of the world within 20 years. Thus, Indonesia is a very important country for Turkey in terms of trade partnership. However, this mutual friendship and political closeness has not been sufficiently backed by economic, cultural and social ties. Thus, bilateral economic relations remained very weak up until the beginning of the 2000s. In this respect, this study has two primary aims; first, to compile a comprehensive reading of the major occurrences in bilateral relations from the 1950s until today; and second, to propose a roadmap that will strategically guide the future development of Turkish- Indonesian bilateral relations.
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This study is aimed at providing a substantial contribution to the comparative political economy literature by conducting a theoretically enlightened analysis of late industrialisation in the Islamic World. By locating the prevailing realities of the Islamic World within a ‘comparative institutional’ conceptual framework, an original compact comprising state structures, business communities and civil societies is proposed. The essential requirements of this compact is the ‘strategic’ leadership of the state, accompanied by the existence of a well-organised and development-oriented private sector and highly educated and autonomous civil society in the process of socio-economic transformation.
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The main aim of this paper is to reveal a formula for determining transport routes that facilitate the export of Azerbaijani hydrocarbons to world markets. Azerbaijan is a country with no access to the open seas. One of the essential problems with which landlocked states are faced is the pursuit of stable and secure access to world markets, which play a crucial role in the exporting country’s political and economic stability and welfare. Without access to the open sea, these states strongly depend on the political will of their neighbors who can use their geographically advantageous location for their own national interests. This problem is also of concern to the states of the Caspian Sea region, including Azerbaijan. During the early years of its independence, Azerbaijan, whose main export items are oil and natural gas, pursued and energy policy that prioritized the provision of stable and secure routes to the world markets. For Azerbaijan, this was necessary to prevent its possible dependence on neighboring countries, as well as to be able to maneuver in the case of unforeseen circumstances. The ideal policy and the main task of Azerbaijan’s energy strategy is the diversification of export transport corridors. This article analyzes the policy of Azerbaijan to create sustainable and alternative energy transport links and to establish relations with available and potential transit states. In addition, this paper will evaluate the success of this strategy and define future prospects for the development thereof.
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