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The present memoir can be found in the legacy of hussar lieutenant Sámuel Csernátoni Vajda from Dej, preserved in the Covasna County State Archive (Sfântu-Gheorghe). The author wrote mostly about his personal experiences during the revolution and war of freedom, offering an insight into the way the inhabitants of the noble city of Dej reacted to the events of 15 March. He also wrote about the events in October and November, which were extremely important for the municipality: the Romanian revolution led by lieutenant-colonel Karl Urban started at the end of September and spread all over North Transylvania. On 16 November the city of Cluj fell, and the action led by lieutenant Miklós Katona failed on 23-24 November at Dej. The memoir speaks about the suffering of the population of Dej during the fights. Sámuel Csernátoni Vajda describes and also interprets the events and their coverage by the press. Although the author joined the hunter group of Lăpus in January 1849 and later the 3rd Hussar Hunter Regiment, he speaks about the events in a laconic way. This does not diminish the value of the memoir, though, as there are very few printed sources about these corps.
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Count Miklós Bánffy (1873–1950) was one of the most prominent fi gures of Transylvanian aristocracy in the first half of 20th century. This study presents his biography, political and artistical career. He was for a long time M.P., in 1921–1922 Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary. He is much appreciated as playwright and novelist. In the 1912–1918 period he was the general manager of the Royal Opera house from Budapest. A flourishing period of this musical theatre is connected with his name. For instance he promoted the operas of Béla Bartók to be performed. His novel trilogy (The Writing on the Wall: The Transylvanian Trilogy. English translation by Patrick Thurnsfiels and Kathy Bánffy-Jelen, London-Paris 1999–2001) written between 1934–1940 presents the decline of Hungarian aristocracy before World War I. He was also a good caricaturist and illustrator.
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Based on contemporary resources – conscriptions and different kinds of notes –, the writer gives a thorough analysis of the early 18th century demographic situation. He stresses the fact that the population of the region suffered serious losses. Between 1703-1722, the number of tax-paying families diminished from 23,285 to 21,993, the underlying reason being the 1717-1719 plague and the unfavourable weather. The series of natural disasters reduced the number of families and, moreover, the number of surviving family members. Based on the late 1719 and 1720 reports, the loss in Transylvanian population was of 170-180,000, 51-53,000 of which was lost by Szeklerland. That’s why, at the 1721-1722 conscription, the population of Szeklerland was of 90,000 instead of 145,000; by 1767, however, it rose to as much as 185,350. During the 1717-1719 plague, tormented by illness and draught, a considerable part of the population left to find a living in the western part of Transylvania, in Hungary or in the east, in the Romanian Principalities. The plague ended and part of the emigrants returned to their homes; most of the serfs, however, failed to give up their newly earned living. Also, new workforce arrived in Szeklerland and occupied the vacant serf lots, which had serious ethnical implications as the number of Romanians increased in this Hungarian region.
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Randolph L. Braham, ed., assisted by Zoltán Tibori Szabó: A magyarországi Holokauszt földrajzi enciklopédiája (The Geographical Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary), 3 vols. Budapest, Park Könyvkiadó, 2007, x, 1590 pp., maps, tables and photographs.
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On June 19, 2008 János Kornai became an Honorary Doctor of the Cracow University of Economics, the 14th honorary doctorate he has received. This is the address he gave on the occasion.
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Baron Móric Kornfeld: Reflections on Twentieth Century Hungary: A Hungarian Magnate’s View, ed. Ágnes Széchenyi, Wayne, NJ: Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, 2007. Katalin Kádár-Lynn: Tibor Eckhardt: His American Years 1941–1972. Boulder, Co: East European Monographs, 2007.
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The year 1968 started well for János Kádár, but ended badly. For the supporters of economic reform, the Prague Spring held the promise of allies next door. Moscow, on the other hand, was suspicious from the beginning, not just of Prague, but of Budapest as well. In July, Moscow opted for military intervention. Kádár was faced with some hard choices. Until mid-summer, he had tried to sweet-talk the Soviets out of intervening, even while attempting to persuade Alexander Dubček to be less outspoken in his public statements, and more prompt to reassure the Soviet leadership. Eventually, however, he agreed to Hungary taking part in the military intervention. On August 21, 1968, the armies of five members of the Warsaw Pact—600,000 soldiers from Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union—crossed the Czechoslovak borders, and put an end to the process of reform and liberalisation spearheaded by Alexander Dubček. The armies of four of the countries withdrew from Czechoslovak territory within a few weeks, but a treaty was signed legalising the presence of the Soviet forces of intervention: nearly 90,000 Soviet Army men were “temporarily” stationed in the country for the next 23 years.
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