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II a été demandé à un groupe de 30 personnes d'évaluer leur impression de l'intensité physique dans chacune des 22 strophes du poème ,,Eli, Eli, lama sabachtani!" de Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević. Bien que l'intensité ne soit pas directement décrie que dans une ou deux strophes,les appréciations des sujets concernant I'intensité sont homogènes; ceci veut dire qu'il est possible d'avoir une impression précise d'intensité meme si celle-ci n'est pas directement décrite. D'autre part, cette étude prouve également que les procédés stylistiques ont leurs réalisation s sonores correspondantes: la ligne d 'intensité évaluée pour tout le poème, où les endroits de l'intensité la plus forte et la plus faible se trouvent l'un à coté de l'autre, correspond à la structure stylistique dominante du poème - le contraste - et nous indique clairement les vers clés du poème.
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Im Aufsatz wird die Bedeutung der mündlich tradierten Dichtung für die kroatische literarische Nachkriegsprosa ausführlich dargestellt, damit aber auch die Bestimmung von Funktionalität und Kausalität der Poetik beider in ihrem zusammenhang nachgewiesen. Es ergibt sich der überzeugende Schluß, daß der Stoff der mündlich tradierten Dichtung, bedingt durch die Umwelt, in der diese Dichtung entsteht und lebt, von so entscheidender Bedeutung für die modeme kroatische Prosa ist, daß erst die Rücksichtnahme darauf einen umfassenden, zuverlässigen, zuweilen den einzig möglichen Erkenntnisweg zum schriftlichen Literaturwerk ermöglicht. Den im Aufsatz geführten Nachweis müßte auch die der mündlich tradierten Dichtung gewidmete Forschung zur Kenntnis nehmen, sowohl bei der Darstellung literarischer Sachverhalte in ihrem genetischen und kommunikativen Prozeß, wie auch als bedeutendes, bisher aber unbekannt gebliebenes Forschungsgebiet, ein Teilgebiet von Status und Schicksal des mündlichen Schöpferturns in der Gegenwart. In den Nachkriegsjahren nimmt die kroatische Kunstprosa keine einheitliche Stellung ein gegenüber der mündlichen Tradition, wie sie auch sonst Einheitlichkeit vermissen läßt. Als typisch und kohärent in ihrer Beziehung zur Sprache der Folklore, zu ihrem Umfang und ihrer Funktion ragt unter allen anderen eine Schrift stellergruppe hervor, die "durch ihre Herkunft mit Motivik und Thematik der Welt" von Dalmatinska Zagora (Hinterland von Dalmatien) verbunden ist. Sie verwerten die mündlich tradierte Dichtung primär als Ausdruck eines nationalen Fundamentalismus, während sie bei einigen anderen Autoren als Ausdruck eines individuellen Fundamentalismus erscheint. Abschließend werden interferente Gebiete des Mündlichen und des Schriftlichen in der sog. jungen Prosa aufgewiesen.
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Zu dem Leben und den Menschen, die ihn umgaben, verhielt sich Juraj Habdelic nicht auf konventionelle Weise bloß religiös-erzieherisch, er stand zu ihnen auch in menschlich emotiver Beziehung. Habdelics betont zum Ausdruck gebrachtes Mitgefühl mit den leibeigenen Bauern, seinem Volk, und ihrem schweren Leben, verleiht seiner Prosa einen starken humanen, literarisch bedeutsamen Charakter. Um diesen neuen Zug seiner Sprache zu gestalten, wußte er sich der ihm gebotenen sprachlichen Möglichkeiten schöpferisch zu bedienen. Obwohl er dem barocken Sprachstil seiner Zeit verhaftet blieb, wußte er die Ausdrucksfähigkeiten des Kajkawischen nach allen Seiten hin auszuweiten und sie schöpfensch zu heben. Effektvolle rhetorische Wiederholungen, psychologisch eindrucksvolle Steigerungen, sowie lebensnahe Metaphern mußten ihm dazu dienen, seine Thesen zu intensivieren und seinem Text überzeugungskraft mitzuteilen. Echte Stilkunst, auf Reichtum des Ausdrucks gegründet, hebt Habdelics didaktische Prosa häufig in den Bereich künstlerischer Werte.
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Linguists, especially during the last fifteen years, have become increasingly interested in situated language and communicative competence. The basic communication model (fig l) was first made relevent for literature by Jakobson building on Biihler (fig 2). In later linguistic communication models it was soon remarked that sender and source need not be one, nor need receiver and addressee. This is an important notion for critics and teachers of literature, since students frequently receive texts not direct but through the medium of another mind. More important the notion of noise came to be extended from physical to psychological noise, this refers to something in speaker or hearer preventing the message from being received as intended. Individuals have a repertoire of communication abilities which come into play both in sending and receiving messages. This repertoire is built up over time and composed of the whole amalgam of what makes us individuals. Layer on layer it is created from our linguistic skills, national, family, moral and social background, the jobs we do, the generation to which we belong. Linguistic competence and social competence together form our communicative competence. The more situations an individual can function in, in our sense the more writing he is capable of appreciating, the greater the breadth and sensitivity of his coifununication abilities. Fig 3 shows this extended model of communication. The vital area here is the shaded section. The more nearly sender's and receiver's repertoires coincide the more extensive will be the shaded section, and the more nearly will the message get through as intended. The relevance of this model for literature is clear. It would seem that an important part of our work as teachers and critics would be a reduction of psychological noise. But we must never forget that we too are part of the context of situation. We too are subject to psychological noise. Thus we have communication model 4. This is a double communication situation and a double possibility of noise, one between source repertoire and sender's (critic's or teacher's) repertoire and the second between critic's or teacher's repertoire and the repertoire of the ultimate addressee. In so far as there are a number of ultimate addressees then the noise will be different in each case. Multiple receivers means multiple kinds of noise. Another dimension of literary criticism and teaching made apparent by this model is the possibility for critics of succeeding generations, and for individuals within the course of their lifetime, to make continual reinterpretations and reassessments of literary works. This is possible because psychological mise becomes less or different and in the case of the students the final message received may be the culmination of the insights of many previous scholars and periods. A final model (no. 5) is a dynamic model as given by Argyle in the Psychology of Interpersonal Communication.
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Risk perception, as it is related to the fundamental concept of risk, poses an important research problem and its constitution represents a question difficult to answer. The theoretical field is therefore fragmented and the theories differ even in the basic assumptions about the reality of risk. The most influential psychological, cultural, and social theories of risk perception are introduced with emphasis on environmental risks and in relation to their assumptions of either constructed or objective reality of risk. These premises have serious implications for policy and decision making and for the role public perception of risk plays in it, as well as in the valuation of the public perceptions in the process of social construction of risk. The plurality of theoretical approaches used to tackle the problem of risk perception is, despite its obvious drawbacks, argued as beneficial, especially in relation to the complexity of risk and its perception and the dangers of inadequate reductionism. The need for interdisciplinarity and a critical debate between particular approaches is advocated and the problems that environmental risks pose to the risk perception research are discussed.
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Aggregate economic growth has proved to be deeply detrimental to the environment, yet it remains an icon of mainstream economic discourse. The paper suggests that we need to start thinking instead about degrowth strategies, and looks at the concept of social enterprise from a degrowth perspective. With the central question of “what should an enterprise in today’s altered circumstances look like?”, it looks at six examples of successful current and historical social enterprises and discusses some of their strong and weak points. Finally, it attempts to identify aspects of social enterprises which make them a better choice in a future degrowth society.
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The author interprets culture from the evolutionary ontology’s viewpoint. He notes that culture is a young, artificially created system, inside an older, naturally created system of nature. Culture originated as a human-constructed non-biological system with its own internal information, which is not genetic information but conceptual information, a spiritual culture. Therefore culture is not a direct continuation of natural evolution – its relation to nature is ontically opposite. The author describes two main processes of cultural structures’ origination by means of human activity: 1. An indirect process, when these structures originate without a scenario, i.e. by means of a historical succession (e.g. social institutions and ethnic languages); 2. A direct process when they originate according to a scenario, i.e. as structures with specified information (e.g. the material culture and technology). He also reminds that social wealth originates only at the expense of the natural wealth, i.e. at the expense of the evolutionarily originated inanimate and animate systems of the planet. Yet human species is not responsible for nature, which it had not created and which it does not fully understand. It is responsible for culture, its own creation, which ravages the Earth in an irreversible way.
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The paper deals with daily print media coverage of climate change in the Czech Republic in time period 1997–2010. Together 5663 articles from six countrywide daily newspapers, including four prestige-press, one tabloid and one political party affiliated newspapers, were chosen for the content analysis focused on the intensity of media coverage. Several categories were also observed, with special attention to the quality of information and its possible consequences. This study is the first long-term content analysis of media depiction of climate change in the Czech news. The results show that intensity of media attention in the Czech newspapers is similar to other EU or US daily newspapers. Regarding the observed categories, the articles in Czech papers mostly do not refer to scientific sources of information, focus more on the natural issues than social ones and equally link the climate change topics to the Czech Republic and global issues. Most of the articles can be labelled as catastrophic or sensational, only 11% of them are serious, i.e. not stressing the sensation or catastrophes and referring to some source of information. With respect to this problematic quality of information we discuss previous studies dealing with the effect of information form on the recipients. Despite the fact, that people perceive the media in various ways, some studies show that catastrophic messages can increase the climate scepticism and undermine the willingness to act in some mitigation processes. We argue that the style of media coverage can influence public perception of climate change, which could partially explore, why the Czech population belongs to those more sceptical among the EU.
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The study concerns the theme of “horizon” (i.e. the boundary defining contemporary world view) and characteristics of current “Umwelt” (place to live). Based on the thesis “our place is part of what we are” (Gary Snyder’s The Practice of the Wild) the essay aspires to draw metaphorical comparisons of the Western world and the personalities of those who live there. It almost seems as though we have lost both the wilderness in the form of natural landscape and civility – the cultural information and symbolic meanings that have always been contained in cultural landscape. Our space-time is no longer what it was: is it possible that a glimpse into the alluvium of the modern suburban areas will help us better understand the soul of Western human beings? Again, here we are in the middle of a chaotic world, like early medieval colonizers surrounded by wilderness. This time, however, the wilderness is “cultural”.
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as the regulation of trust is representing a news within the Romanian legislation, its significance will be noted in the close future. Its regulation points out marked effect, presenting however, certain imperfections approached in the present study.
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The main objective of this paper consists in the reflection of the interdependence between comparative law and the law of the European Union, with necessary references to the foreign law, international law or European Union law, trying to emphasize the fact that - despite the peculiarities of each of these law branches with elements of transnational specificity - between them resides connections which reach the same common law principles. In the content of the paper, it is also presented a general perspective of the different characteristics of these types of legislations, the concepts could not have been misinterpreted, given the numerous citations of other papers that have analyzed the respective law branches from an exclusive perspective. Therefore the current paper aims at outlining the existence of the inter linkages between these law branches, offering a different analytical approach to some information previously treated individually and from a stiffer perspective.
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The sources of international human rights law are legal means to express the rules of this branch of law. An important role is played, in the contemporary period, in addition to international treaties, by custom, judicial decisions and doctrine in the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. Promoting the understanding of the development in today’s international human rights protection through this means represents the essence of the present article.
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Electoral fraud is a phenomenon affecting many contemporary democracies and a challenge for many electoral management bodies involved in running up of elections. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to election fraud, analyzing different forms of electoral corruption associated to the specific activities and periods of the electoral cycle can undoubtedly improve the integrity of elections, increase professionalism of electoral players, and constitute a guarantee of credibility in future electoral processes. This article intends to investigate the multiple facets of the complex phenomenon of electoral fraud – the definition of the concept, characteristics, electoral players, favoring factors associated with frauds or electoral corruption, electoral frauds in the context of the electoral cycle. At the end, the article will take into account current developments of technology in the prevention of electoral fraud.
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European Union has enormous public diplomacy potential – the combined “infopolitik” might of the 27 member states and the Commission is formidable at least in theory. It is true that there are several political and administrative obstacles to a unified and integrated EU.
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The journal represents the genre of confession, presents intimate experiences of the individual. Happiness is a state of mind of the human being, an ideal to which everyone aspires. We will try to demonstrate that the coupling of the two words in the title of N. Steinhardt's title - "The Diary of Happiness" - represents its distancing from the intimate journal genre, from the daily entries of events and the entering into a state of grace, the escaping of the confinements of the epoch.
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Happiness has been the aim of any metaphysics that has ever existed, because it represents the man's reason to exist and to live. We consider that a philosophy that did not have such a telos would suspend its vocation, since happiness is inseparable from self-conscience and is characteristically related to the meaning of the man's life. One reaches the meaning of life and happiness through self-knowledge, in other words, through philosophy.
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In Comments on the Legend of Master Manole, Eliade expressed his perplexity in what concerns Romanian voivode’s obstinate quest for an abandoned unfinished wall as a place for his new revered edifice. Indeed, there is a widespread traditional belief all over the world according to which the place chosen for a new building must be free of the suspicion of a sinister past. My aim is to suggest a mythological solution that is likely to untangle Eliade’s dilemma by resorting to his very own explanative theory of ritual conduct.
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