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Endre Karátson: Otthonok (Homes), 2 vols. Jelenkor Kiadó, Pécs, 2007, 312 & 329 pp. • Gábor Vida: Nem szabad és nem királyi (Unfree and Unroyal). Budapest, Magvetô, 2007, 316 pp. • Dezsô Tandori: A komplett tandori—komplett eZ? (A complete tandori—completely nutZ?). Budapest, Palatinus Kiadó, 202 pp.
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Dubravko Lovrenovic´: Na klizisˇtu povijesti (sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska 1387–1463) (The Landslide of History: The Holy Crown of Hungary and the Holy Crown of Bosnia 1387–1463). Zagreb-Sarajevo, Synopsis, 2006, 808 pp.
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An unknown poet composed these verses after the death of Matthias Corvinus (1490). Even at this early date it records all the qualities that were to live on in popular belief for several centuries as the particular attributes and principal merits of the great king.
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György Szomjas: Vagabond • Csaba Bereczki: Életek éneke (The Song of Lives) • András Péterffy: Brassói pályaudvar (Bras¸ov Railway Station)
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I’ve often wondered what would happen were Hungary to slip off the face of the Earth from one day to the next. Would anyone care? Who’d mourn, who’d rejoice? What would the world stand to lose or gain from such an odd cataclysm? In Brueghel’s famous painting, The Fall of Icarus, Icarus has fallen from high above and only his feet are popping out of the sea. Yet no one on the shore notices. Blithely, fishermen continue to fish, the shepherd drives his flock, the farmer ploughs his land. Many would take note of Hungary’s fall, but what would they think?[...]
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The three Hunyadis, John Hunyadi and his sons László and Matthias, rose from the anonymous lesser nobility to become the most significant political figures of Hungary in the second half of the 15th century. The past two years have abounded in anniversaries connected to their lives. June 6, 2006 was 560 years to the day that the Diet meeting in Pest elected John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, to act as regent for the boy king Ladislas V (1440–1457). On July 22, 1456, John Hunyadi won a decisive victory at Belgrade over the armies of Sultan Mehmed II. Hunyadi’s feat—carried out with a small standing army combined with peasants rallied to fight the infidel by the Franciscan friar St John of Capistrano— had the effect of putting an end to Ottoman attempts on Hungary and Western Europe for the next seventy years, and is considered to have been one of the most momentous victories in Hungarian military history. The bells ringing at noon throughout Christendom are, to this day, a daily commemoration of John Hunyadi’s victory. The year 2006 saw historians observe the 550th anniversary of that event as well with an international conference and an exhibition.
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This essay grew out of a lecture assignment at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan. When I first contemplated the topic, I searched high and low, but could not locate a copy of Gyula Illyés’ Puszták népe (People of the Puszta), first published in 1936, which described a community similar to the one in which I grew up, located not far from mine. Thus I proceeded to write the lecture on my own. Years later, when I managed to get a copy of Illyés’ book, as I expected, some overlap between my essay and his became apparent, in spite of the fact that he describes a peasant community during the First World War and after, and my recollections cover the years of the Second World War. This overlap, I believe, reflects more than just the fact that I read Illyés’ book during my youth in Hungary. It also bespeaks the tenacity of a lifestyle, in this case not only because of traditional peasant resistance to change, but also because of the conservative, reactionary nature of the political regime in Hungary. The folk song I have quoted appears in Illyés’ volume with only three stanzas, while my memory dredged up an additional stanza, rebellious and defiant. A sign of times to come. “Uncle Gyula”, the best-loved poet and spiritual father to my generation of Hungarian peasant intellectuals, closed his essay with a dedication to those who will continue reporting the fate of our people, the people of the puszta. And I dedicate this update to his memory. His essay, by the way, has appeared in French, German, Chinese and English translations, the latter in 1967, from Corvina Press of Budapest.
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Bob Dent: Budapest: A Cultural and Literary History. Cities of the Imagination series. Foreword by George Szirtes, with thirty black and white drawings. Signal Books, Oxford, 2007, 237 pp.
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Richard Strauss: Elektra • Shakespeare: Macbeth • Péter Esterházy: Rubens és a nemeuklideszi asszonyok (Rubens and Non-Euclidean Women)
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Gyula Krúdy: Ladies Day (Asszonyságok díja), translated by John Batki. Budapest, Corvina Press, 2007, 190 pp.
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The paper presents possibilities of using economic mechanisms for creating an economic situation using the public authorities and limited state intervention in the market economy, in particular by introducing appropriate management and law and the introduction of the stakeholders in the governing of the company as part of the corporate governance and codes of good practice. On the example of statistical data in Poland and abroad the article presents changes in the economy associated with creating economic growth through state authorities after the economic crisis in 2008 and 2009. The article shows success, and further possible risks of these activities, with particular emphasis on stakeholders in the form of local and national authorities, and workers and trade unions in the board of the company within the framework of corporate governance of stakeholders in the management of a company. The necessity of building the economic regulations and institutional economy for the assurance of economic stability are presented as well.
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Recent years show a significant change in the functioning and development of cities and associated metropolitan areas in Poland. Particularly significant changes in the conditions on the functioning of urban areas concern the largest cities, which are distinguished by their size and are a kind of growth poles in different regions. The scope of tasks performed by local governments increase as well, but in particular, this process also applies to large cities and geographically related local government units, thus creating metropolitan areas.
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In this paper, some factors influencing local governance’s capacity to direct its own development are discussed. This capacity is weakened by globalization processes and weakening of the nation state. It creates opportunities for powerful global stakeholders to force their economic interests, which poses a threat to sustainable development. It is argued that large urban areas, integrated in the global economy, with a high level of institutional capital as well as economic and political power, are most likely to be able to influence their own development path. However, strong self-organization may empower less developed areas. In this context, the importance of multilevel governance is discussed.
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