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True contradictions are taken increasingly seriously by philosophers and logicians. Yet, the belief that contradictions are always false remains deeply intuitive. This paper confronts this belief head-on by explaining in detail how one specific contradiction is true. The contradiction in question derives from Priest’s reworking of Berkeley’s argument for idealism. However, technical aspects of the explanation offered here differ considerably from Priest’s derivation. The explanation uses novel formal and epistemological tools to guide the reader through a valid argument with, not just true, but eminently acceptable premises, to an admittedly unusual conclusion: a true contradiction. The novel formal and epistemological tools concern points of view and changes in points of view. The result is an understanding of why the contradiction is true.
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In the present paper I argue for the possibility of deriving a reasonable (though uncomfortable) sense of a relativity of set-theoretical concepts on the basis of the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem and on the so called Skolem Paradox. This relativity is, in fact, a consequence of the non-categoricity of first order theories admitting infinite models. Moreover, I suggest that, (at least) in the special case of set theory, this relativity also opens the possibility of arguing for a pervasive vagueness of set-theoretical concepts.
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The aim of this paper is twofold: 1. the analysis of the way the Liar paradox is related to the limitative theorems, by a) a presentation of the linguistic form of Gödel sentence G (of Findlays [1] account), b) a formal-arithmetical reconstruction of the sentence G, and c) an abstract formal analysis (Smullyan’s style) of the limitative theorems, in order to discover their relationship with Liar paradox, and 2. the analysis of a possible solution to some paradoxes, by detecting the inconsistencies of some self-referential systems, both in a syntactical approach and a modal one.
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Mathematics is a source of analogy. This article is a philosophical study: the use of the mathematical language. This study shows how a “linguistic interpretation” can have a “linguistic meaning” for a symbolic mathematical interpretation. It is not a mathematical approach; even if there are some mathematical case studies for linguistic examples and their contents need a correspondence with abstract algebra.1 We introduce a linguistic construction which does not exist in mathematical language: the “well-defined [mathematical] conceptual association”2. Finally we want to prove that for two classical concepts, the concepts “set” and “element”, it is not possible a well defined conceptual association.
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The Liar Paradox has been generally understood as a serious difficulty for semantics and particularly for an adequate treatment of the notion of truth. Given the present state of language studies, this diagnostic is utterly unwarranted. To derive the paradox it is required for truth to be a property of sentence, but no contemporary theory of language accepts sentences as the bearers of truth. A preliminary conclusion is that what the liar paradox shows is precisely that making of sentences the truth bearers leads to contradictions. And this conclusion perfectly fits the contemporary theories of meaning. Radical Contextualism, Relevance Theory and Inferentialism are pragmatist proposals that place logical and semantic properties on what is said by utterances in context. Minimalism or Literalism, on the other end of the spectrum, also distinguishes between what is said and the meaning of sentences, and makes truth rest on the former. Then, placing the discussions about truth and the liar paradox in the realm of contemporary theories produces the dissolution of the paradox in a natural and non ad hoc way.
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The paper presents the current situation on the market for products protected in the European Union in the context of the provisions regulating the setting up and functioning of groups of legal entities (producers and processors) connected with these products in the light of the provisions adopted by the EU and selected EU countries. The article continues focusing on the value of sales and the number of registered products protected in the EU and selected issues relating to the concerned Polish products. Additionally, the paper presents selected regulations for French and Italian groups and gives examples of those operating in the form of cooperatives. In the conclusions the authors put forward a demand for additional instruments to encourage the setting up of groups in Poland. These action would be in accordance with the guidelines of EU legislature and would contribute to an increase in importance of Polish products protected both on a National and EU level. It is also justified to introduce to Polish legislation a broader definition of an agricultural activity. It allows agricultural producers without any unnecessary formalities to participate in the next stage of the food chain, namely in the processing of protected products. Artykuł traktuje o aktualnej sytuacji na rynku produktów chronionych w Unii Europejskiej z uwzględnieniem regulacji prawnych w zakresie tworzenia i funkcjonowania grup podmiotów (producentów i przetwórców) związanych z tymi produktami w świetle przepisów unijnych. Analizie poddano wartość sprzedaży i liczbę zarejestrowanych produktów chronionych w UE oraz wybrane zagadnienia związane z omawianymi produktami w Polsce. W dalszej części przedstawiono regulacje prawne we Francji i Włoszech dotyczące grup oraz przykłady tych działających przede wszystkim w formie spółdzielni. We wnioskach wysunięto postulat wprowadzenia dodatkowych instrumentów zachęcających do tworzenia grup w Polsce, co jest zgodne z wytycznymi ustawodawcy unijnego oraz przyczyni się do zwiększenia znaczenia polskich produktów chronionych zarówno na rynku krajowym, jak też unijnym. Zasadne jest także wprowadzenie do ustawodawstwa polskiego szerszej definicji działalności rolniczej. Umożliwia ona producentom rolnym bez zbędnych formalności uczestniczyć w kolejnej fazie łańcucha żywnościowego, czyli przetwórstwie produktów chronionych.
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Rural households constitute more than two fifths of the total of Polish households. The aim of this article is to assess the size and structure of expenditure in Polish households located in rural areas and to indicate the determinants of consumption in rural households. Despite many transformations of the Polish countryside in recent years, it is still possible to find features differentiating households located in towns and villages. The main determinants of the level and structure of expenditure in rural households are the disposable income per capita and the household size. Wiejskie gospodarstwa stanowią ponad 2/5 ogółu polskich gospodarstw domowych, a według kolejnych spisów powszechnych ich liczba rośnie. Celem artykułu jest ocena wielkości i struktury wydatków w polskich gospodarstwach domowych zlokalizowanych na wsiach, a także wskazanie na czynniki determinujące konsumpcję w wiejskich gospodarstwach domowych. Mimo przeobrażeń polskiej wsi na przestrzeni ostatnich lat nadal można odnaleźć cechy różnicujące gospodarstwa domowe miejskie i wiejskie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy z wykorzystaniem indywidualnych danych z budżetów gospodarstw domowych GUS głównymi determinantami poziomu i struktury wydatków w wiejskich gospodarstwach domowych są wielkość dochodu rozporządzalnego na jedną osobę oraz wielkość gospodarstwa domowego. Znaczącą rolę odgrywają też cechy społeczne i demograficzne gospodarstw domowych, które łącznie z poziomem dochodów są odpowiedzialne za tworzenie określonych struktur wydatków konsumpcyjnych w gospodarstwach domowych.
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recenzja książki: Być regionalistą. Inspiracje, autodefinicje, perspektywy. Praca zbiorowa pod redakcją Damiana Kasprzyka. Uniwersytet Łódzki. Łódź 2014
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